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Hendi Z, Pandey MK, Kushvaha SK, Roesky HW. Recent progress in transition metal complexes featuring silylene as ligands. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:9483-9512. [PMID: 39119696 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01930j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Silylenes, divalent silicon(II) compounds, once considered highly reactive and transient species, are now widely employed as stable synthons in main-group and coordination chemistry for myriad applications. The synthesis of stable silylenes represents a major breakthrough, which led to extensive exploration of silylenes in stabilizing low-valent main-group elements and as versatile ligands in coordination chemistry and catalysis. In recent years, the exploration of transition metal complexes stabilized with silylene ligands has captivated significant research attention. This is due to their robust σ-donor characteristics and capacity to stabilize transition metals in low valent states. It has also been demonstrated that the transition metal complexes of silylenes are effective catalysts for hydroboration, hydrosilylation, hydrogenation, hydrogen isotope exchange reactions, and small molecule activation chemistry. This review article focuses on the recent progress in the synthesis and catalytic application of transition metal complexes of silylenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Hendi
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany.
| | - Madhusudan K Pandey
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany.
| | - Saroj Kumar Kushvaha
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany.
| | - Herbert W Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany.
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2
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Koike T, Sakurata N, Ishida S, Iwamoto T. Isolable Si=B Analogue of a Vinyl Halide: A Building Block for Facile Access toward Silicon-Boron Multiple Bonded Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202411283. [PMID: 39126248 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202411283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Compared to the outstanding development in the synthesis of Si-B single bonded species, borylsilanes and their application to organic synthesis, the chemistry of Si=B double bonded species, borasilenes and boratasilenes have only made little progress, first of all, due to the difficulties in accessing such double bonds. Herein we report the synthesis of the first Si=B analogue of a vinyl halide, a bromoboratasilene, via formal borylene insertion to the coordination sphere of a monoatomic Si(0) complex, using a dihaloborane as the borylene source. The treatment of bromoboratasilene toward neutral or anionic Lewis bases gives access to new boratasilenes, all of which were proved to possess significant Si=B double bond character by XRD analysis and DFT calculations. These results demonstrate exciting strategies to synthesize new types of Si=B double bonded species which should further progress the chemistry of boron, silicon-containing molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Koike
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Naoki Sakurata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shintaro Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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3
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Lei B, Cao F, Chen M, Wang X, Mo Z. Bisgermylene-Stabilized Stannylone: Catalytic Reduction of Nitrous Oxide and Nitro Compounds via Element-Ligand Cooperativity. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17817-17826. [PMID: 38780163 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study describes the synthesis, structural characterization, and catalytic application of a bis(germylene)-stabilized stannylone (2). The reduction of digermylated stannylene (1) with 2.2 equiv of potassium graphite (KC8) leads to the formation of stannylone 2 as a green solid in 78% yield. Computational studies showed that stannylone 2 possesses a formal Sn(0) center and a delocalized 3-c-2-e π-bond in the Ge2Sn core, which arises from back-donation of the p-type lone pair electrons on the Sn atom to the vacant orbitals of the Ge atoms. Stannylone 2 can serve as an efficient precatalyst for the selective reduction of nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitroarenes (ArNO2) with the formation of dinitrogen (N2) and hydrazines (ArNH-NHAr), respectively. Exposure of 2 with N2O (1 atm) resulted in the insertion of two oxygen atoms into the Ge-Ge and Ge-Sn bonds, yielding the germyl(oxyl)stannylene (3). Moreover, the stoichiometric reaction of 2 with 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene afforded an amido(oxyl)stannylene (4) through the complete scission of the N-O bonds of the nitroarene. Stannylenes 3 and 4 serve as catalytically active species for the catalytic reduction of nitrous oxide and nitroarenes, respectively. Mechanistic studies reveal that the cooperation of the low-valent Ge and Sn centers allows for multiple electron transfers to cleave the N-O bonds of N2O and ArNO2. This approach presents a new strategy for catalyzing the deoxygenation of N2O and ArNO2 using a zerovalent tin compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Lei
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fanshu Cao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xuyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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4
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Wee MYS, Quek S, Wu CS, Su MD, So CW. Isolable Spirocyclic Silylone: π-Delocalized Spiro[3.3]heptasila-2,6-diylidone. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14410-14415. [PMID: 38754079 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Strained cyclic tetrylones are important synthons due to various synthetic applications. Connecting two cyclic tetrylone rings through a single shared quaternary group 14 element atom to form a spirocyclic molecule has been unexplored both theoretically and experimentally. The formation of a spirocyclic motif has been a synthetic challenge. In contrast, the reaction of amidinato disilicon(I) 1, (Me3P)2SiCl4, and KC8 afforded π-delocalized spiro[3.3]heptasila-2,6-diylidone2 and tetrasilacyclobutadiene byproducts 3 and 4. Compound 2 is the smallest spirocyclic tetrylone derivative, which is composed of a σ-type lone pair and delocalized π bond in each all-silicon spirocyclic ring. The electronic property is supported by its coordination with a W(CO)5 moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meldon Yi-Shuo Wee
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Shina Quek
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Chi-Shiun Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
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5
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Sugamata K, Asakawa T, Minoura M. A tin analogue of propadiene with cumulated C[double bond, length as m-dash]Sn double bonds. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7072-7078. [PMID: 38756791 PMCID: PMC11095364 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00093e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis, structure, and properties of a stable, linear 2-stannapropadiene are reported. The identical C[double bond, length as m-dash]Sn bonds in this 2-stannapropadiene are the shortest hitherto reported C-Sn bonds. This 2-stannapropadiene features a 119Sn NMR signal at 507 ppm for the central tin atom, indicative of an unsaturated Sn4+ oxidation state. Due to the inert-pair effect, the tin atom displays a pronounced preference for the +2 oxidation state over the +4 oxidation state. Nevertheless, by employing silyl substituents, it is possible to disrupt the inert-pair effect, leading to the formation of an isolable 2-stannapropadiene with a linear structure centered on a Sn4+ atom. Treatment of this 2-stannapropadiene with SnBr2·dioxane resulted in the formation of a novel four-membered cyclic 1,1-dibromo-1,3-distannetane, which was subsequently reduced to afford the corresponding stable four-membered cyclic bis(stannylene).
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Sugamata
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
| | - Teppei Asakawa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
| | - Mao Minoura
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku Tokyo 171-8501 Japan
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6
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Qiao Z, Li X, Chen M, Cao F, Mo Z. Double 1,2-Carbon Migration at Mixed Heavier Sn=Ge Vinylidenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401570. [PMID: 38380578 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
1,2-migration is one recurring isomerization reaction in organic chemistry. In contrast, double 1,2-migration remains rare and limited to transition-metal complexes. Herein, we describe the synthesis, characterization and reactivity of mixed heavier Sn=Ge vinylidenes. Double 1,2-carbon migration enables the isomerization of the stannagermenylidene (3) to the germastannenylidene (4). X-ray diffraction analysis and DFT calculations revealed that 3 and 4 feature a Sn=Ge double bond. The reaction of 3 with IMe4 (1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazoline-2-ylidene) results in the electron redistribution in the Sn=Ge core to give the germylone-stannylene adduct (5). Moreover, treatment of 3 with 0.25 equiv. of (AlCp*)4 produces the heteronuclear aluminyl stannagermyne (6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Qiao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Fanshu Cao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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7
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Segizbayev M, Tho Nguyen M, Gusev DG, Dmitrienko A, Pilkington M, van der Est A, Nikonov GI. A Guanidine-Supported π-Complex of Germanium Amenable to Intramolecular C-C Cleavage in Arene and Ge Atom Transfer. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301981. [PMID: 37732936 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The germylone dimNHCGe (dimNHC=diimino N-heterocyclic carbene) reacts with azides N3 R (R=SiMe3 or p-tolyl) to furnish the first examples of germanium π-complexes, i. e. guanidine-ligated compounds (dimNHI-SiMe3 )Ge (NHI=N-heterocyclic imine, R=SiMe3 ) and (dimNHI-Tol)Ge (R=p-tolyl). DFT calculations suggest that these species are formed by a Staudinger type replacement of dinitrogen in the azide by a nucleophilic germylone, leading to a transient carbene adduct of iminogermylidene. Heating a solution of compound (dimNHI-SiMe3 )Ge to 70 °C results in extrusion of the iminogermylidene that further aggregates to produce the known [Me3 SiNGe]4 tetramer, whereas the imidazolylidene fragment transforms into an unusual heptatriene species that can be considered as a product of carbene insertion into the C-C bond of a pendant Ar substituent at the imidazolylidene nitrogen of the dimNHC. Reaction of (dimNHI-SiMe3 )Ge with tetrachloro-o-benzoquinone results in the net transfer of a germanium atom and formation of the free diimino-guanidine ligand. This ligand also forms when (dimNHI-SiMe3 )Ge is treated with azide N3 (p-Tol), with the germanium product being [(p-Tol)NGe]n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medet Segizbayev
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Minh Tho Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Dmitry G Gusev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2 L 3 C5, Canada
| | - Anton Dmitrienko
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Melanie Pilkington
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Art van der Est
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Georgii I Nikonov
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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8
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Nishino R, Tokitoh N, Sasayama R, Waterman R, Mizuhata Y. Unusual nuclear exchange within a germanium-containing aromatic ring that results in germanium atom transfer. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4519. [PMID: 37507362 PMCID: PMC10382490 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40188-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The delivery of single atoms is highly desirable for the straightforward synthesis of complex molecules, however this approach is limited by a lack of suitable atomic transfer reagents. Here, we report a germanium atom transfer reaction employing a germanium analogue of the phenyl anion. The reaction yields a germanium-substituted benzene, along with a germanium atom which can be transferred to other chemical species. The transfer of atomic germanium is demonstrated by the formation of well-defined germanium doped molecules. Furthermore, computational studies reveal that the reaction mechanism proceeds via the first example of an aromatic-to-aromatic nuclear germanium replacement reaction on the germabenzene ring. This unusual reaction pathway was further probed by the reaction of our aromatic germanium anion with a molecular silicon species, which selectively yielded the corresponding silicon-substituted benzene derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Nishino
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Ryuto Sasayama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Rory Waterman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405-0125, USA
| | - Yoshiyuki Mizuhata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
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Wang X, Lei B, Zhang Z, Chen M, Rong H, Song H, Zhao L, Mo Z. Isolation and characterization of bis(silylene)-stabilized antimony(I) and bismuth(I) cations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2968. [PMID: 37221189 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38606-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Monovalent group 15 cations L2Pn + (L = σ-donor ligands, Pn = N, P, As, Sb, Bi) have attracted significant experimental and theoretical interest because of their unusual electronic structures and growing synthetic potential. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a family of antimony(I) and bismuth(I) cations supported by a bis(silylene) ligand [(TBDSi2)Pn][BArF4] (TBD = 1, 8, 10, 9-triazaboradecalin; ArF = 3,5-CF3-C6H3; Pn = Sb, (2); Bi, (3)). The structures of 2 and 3 have been unambiguously characterized spectroscopically and by X-ray diffraction analysis and DFT calculations. They feature bis-coordinated Sb and Bi atoms which exhibit two lone pairs of electrons. The reactions of 2 and 3 with methyl trifluoromethane sulfonate provide a approach for the preparation of dicationic antimony(III) and bismuth(III) methyl complexes. Compounds 2 and 3 serve as 2e donors to group 6 metals (Cr, Mo), giving rise to ionic antimony and bismuth metal carbonyl complexes 6-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Binglin Lei
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaoyin Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Rong
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Haibin Song
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071, Tianjin, China.
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Wang Y, Robinson GH. Counterintuitive Chemistry: Carbene Stabilization of Zero-Oxidation State Main Group Species. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5592-5612. [PMID: 36876997 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbenes have evolved from transient laboratory curiosities to a robust, diverse, and surprisingly impactful ligand class. A variety of different carbenes have significantly contributed to the development of low-oxidation state main group chemistry. This Perspective focuses upon advances in the chemistry of carbene complexes containing main group element cores in the formal oxidation state of zero, including their diverse synthetic strategies, unusual bonding and structural motifs, and utility in transition metal coordination chemistry and activation of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Gregory H Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
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11
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Yao S, Saddington A, Xiong Y, Driess M. Chelating Bis-silylenes As Powerful Ligands To Enable Unusual Low-Valent Main-Group Element Functions. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:475-488. [PMID: 36720115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusSilylenes are divalent silicon species with an unoccupied 3p orbital and one lone pair of electrons at the SiII center. Owing to the excellent σ-donating ability of amidinato-based silylenes, which stems from the intramolecular imino-N donor interaction with the vacant 3p orbital of the silicon atom, N-heterocyclic amidinato bis(silylenes) [bis(NHSi)s] can serve as versatile strong donating ligands for cooperative stabilization of central atoms in unusually low oxidation states. Herein, we present our recent achievement on the application of bis(NHSi) ligands with electronically and spatially different spacers to main-group chemistry, which has allowed the isolation of a variety of low-valent compounds consisting of monatomic zero-valent group 14 E0 complexes (named "metallylones", E = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb); monovalent group 15 EI complexes (E = N, P, isoelectronic with metallylones); and diatomic low-valent E2 complexes (E = Si, Ge, P) with intriguing electronic structures and chemical reactivities.The role of the SiII···SiII distance was revealed to be crucial in this chemistry. Utilizing the pyridine-based bis(NHSi) (Si···Si distance: 7.8 Å) ligand, germanium(0) complexes with additional Fe(CO)4 protection at the Ge0 site have been isolated. Featuring a shorter Si···Si distance of 4.3 Å, the xanthene-based bis(NHSi) has allowed the realization of the full series of heavy zero-valent group 14 element E0 complexes (E = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb), while the o-carborane-based bis(NHSi) (Si···Si distance: 3.3 Å) has enabled the isolation of Si0 and Ge0 complexes. Remarkably, reduction of the o-carborane-based bis(NHSi)-supported Si0 and Ge0 complexes induces the movement of two electrons into the o-carborane core and provides access to SiI-SiI and GeI-GeI species as oxidation products. Additionally, the o-carborane-based bis(NHSi) reacts with adamantyl azide, leading to a series of nitrogen(I) complexes as isoelectronic species of a carbone (C0 complex). Moreover, cooperative activation of white phosphorus gives bis(NHSi)-supported phosphorus complexes with varying and unexpected electronic structures when employing the xanthene-, o-carborane-, and aniline-based bis(NHSi)s. With the better kinetic protection provided by the xanthene-based bis(NHSi), small-molecule activation and functionalization of the bis(NHSi)-supported central E or E2 atoms (E = Si, Ge, P) are possible and furnish several novel functionalized silicon, germanium, and phosphorus compounds.With knowledge of the ability of chelating bis(NHSi)s in coordinating and functionalizing low-valent group 14 and 15 elements, the application of these ligand systems to other main-group elements such as group 2 and 13 is quite promising. To fully understand the role of the NHSi in a bis(NHSi) ligand, introducing a mixed ligand, i.e., the combination of an NHSi with other functional groups, such as Lewis acidic borane or Lewis basic borylene, in one chelating ligand could lead to new types of low-valent main-group species. Furthermore, the development of a genuine acyclic silylene, without an imino-N interaction with the vacant 3p orbital at the silicon(II) atom, as part of a chelating bis(acyclic silylene) has the potential to form very electronically different main-group element complexes that could achieve even more challenging bond activations such as N2 or unactivated C-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglai Yao
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Sekr. C2, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Artemis Saddington
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Sekr. C2, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yun Xiong
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Sekr. C2, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Sekr. C2, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Zhang Y, Wu L, Wang H. Application of N-heterocyclic silylenes in low-valent group 13, 14 and 15 chemistry. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Chen M, Zhang Z, Qiao Z, Zhao L, Mo Z. An Isolable Bis(Germylene)-Stabilized Plumbylone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215146. [PMID: 36421062 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the synthesis of a stable plumbylone (3) by reduction of a bromodigermylplumbylene (2) with 2.2 equiv of potassium graphite (KC8 ). The molecular structure of 3 was established by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study and features a two-coordinated Pb center with an acute Ge-Pb-Ge bond angle. Computational studies showed that this complex (3) possesses a singlet electronic ground state with a Pb0 center. Its high thermal stability can be most likely ascribed to the delocalization of π electrons over the Ge-Pb-Ge moiety. A preliminary reactivity study demonstrates that complex 3 can deliver Pb0 atoms to an organic azide producing a tetrameric imido complex [(PbNDipp)4 ] (Dipp=2,6-i Pr-C6 H3 , 4) and perform a metathesis reaction with GeCl2 ⋅dioxane to produce a bis(germylene)-stabilized germylone (5), highlighting the synthetic utility of 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhaoyin Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zihao Qiao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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14
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Yadav R, Sun X, Köppe R, Gamer MT, Weigend F, Roesky PW. Stimuli Responsive Silylene: Electromerism Induced Reversible Switching Between Mono- and Bis-Silylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211115. [PMID: 36161745 PMCID: PMC9828679 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Electromerism is a very well-known phenomenon in transition metal chemistry. In main group chemistry, this concept has only started getting attention recently. We report stimuli responsive low-valent silicon compounds exhibiting electromerism. A mixed-valent silaiminyl-silylene 1, [LSi-Si(NDipp)L] (L=PhC(Nt Bu)2 ), was synthesized in a single step from amidinate-chlorosilylene. Compound 1 has two interconnected Si atoms in formally +I and +III oxidation states. Upon treatment with Lewis acidic CuI X (X=mesityl, Cl, Br, I), electron redistribution occurs resulting in the formation of [{LSi(NDipp)Si(L)}-CuX], in which both silicon atoms are in the +II formal oxidation state. Removal of the copper center from [{LSi(NDipp)Si(L)}-CuX] by using a Lewis basic carbene led to reformation of the precursor [LSi-Si(NDipp)L]. Thus, the process is fully reversible. This showcases the first example of Lewis acid/base-induced reversible electromerism in silicon chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Yadav
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Ralf Köppe
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Michael T. Gamer
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Strasse 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
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15
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Banerjee S, Vanka K. Computational insights into hydroboration with acyclic α-Borylamido-germylene and stannylene catalysts: Cooperative dual catalysis the key to system efficiency. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Wu M, He Y, Zhang L, Wei R, Wang D, Liu J, Liu LL, Tan G. An Acyclic Silylone Stabilized by Mesoionic Carbene. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuhao He
- Soochow University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Li Zhang
- Guangxi University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | - Rui Wei
- Southern University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | | | | | - Liu Leo Liu
- SUSTC: Southern University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | - Gengwen Tan
- Soochow University College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Ren'ai Road #199 215123 Suzhou CHINA
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17
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Du S, Jia H, Rong H, Song H, Cui C, Mo Z. Synthesis and Reactivity of N-Heterocyclic Silylene Stabilized Disilicon(0) Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115570. [PMID: 35132739 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis and reactivity of disilicon(0) complexes are of fundamental and application importance. Herein, we report the development of an N-heterocyclic imino-substituted silylene (1), which has strong σ-donating ability and is significantly sterically hindered. The one-pot reaction of this silylene with [IPr→SiCl2 ] (IPr=1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazol-2-ylidene) and KC8 (2 equiv) in THF at -30 °C leads to a silylene-ligated disilicon(0) complex (2), isolated as red crystals in 60 % yield. Characterization data and DFT calculations show that the trans-bent Si4 skeleton in 2 features a Si0 =Si0 double bond with significant π-π bonding and one lone pair of electrons on each of these two Si0 atoms. Complex 2 reacts readily with phenylacetylene, producing a structurally intriguing silatricyclic complex 6,8-diaza-1,2,5-trisilatricyclo-[3.2.1.02,7 ]-oct-3-ene (3), and revealing new aspects of low-valent silicon chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhi Du
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hongwei Jia
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hua Rong
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Haibin Song
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Du S, Jia H, Rong H, Song H, Cui C, Mo Z. Synthesis and Reactivity of N‐Heterocyclic Silylene Stabilized Disilicon(0) Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhi Du
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Hongwei Jia
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Hua Rong
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Haibin Song
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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19
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20
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Greb L. Valence Tautomerism of p-Block Element Compounds - An Eligible Phenomenon for Main Group Catalysis? Eur J Inorg Chem 2022; 2022:e202100871. [PMID: 35910784 PMCID: PMC9306562 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Valence tautomerism has had a remarkable impact on several branches of transition metal chemistry. By switching between different valence tautomeric states, physicochemical properties and reactivities can be triggered reversibly. Is this phenomenon transferrable into the p-block - or is it already happening there? This Perspective collects observations of p-block element-ligand systems that might be assignable to valence tautomerism. Further, it discusses occurrences in p-block element compounds that exhibit the related effect of redox-induced electron transfer. As disclosed, the concept of valence tautomerism with p-block elements is at a very early stage. However, given the substantial disparity in the properties of those elements in different redox states, it might offer a valid extension for future developments in main group catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Greb
- Anorganische ChemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstr. 34–3614195BerlinGermany
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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21
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Koike T, Honda S, Iwamoto T. An Isolable 2,4-Diaminotetrasilabicyclo[1.1.0]but-1(3)-ene: Effects of Amino Groups at the Bridge Positions. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Koike
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shunya Honda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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22
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Koike T, Iwamoto T. Twisted push–pull disilenes obtained by direct 1,2-hydro/chloroborylation of a silylone. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8061-8064. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02160a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Twisted 1-amino-2-boryl disilenes which feature highly polarized SiSi bonds were synthesized by the direct hydro/chloroborylation of a silylene-stabilized monatomic silicon complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Koike
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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