1
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Tracy J, Broderick CH, Toste FD. Development of the Squaramide Scaffold for High Potential and Multielectron Catholytes for Use in Redox Flow Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11740-11755. [PMID: 38629752 PMCID: PMC11066874 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Nonaqueous organic redox flow batteries (N-ORFBs) are a promising technology for grid-scale storage of energy generated from intermittent renewable sources. Their primary benefit over traditional aqueous RFBs is the wide electrochemical stability window of organic solvents, but the design of catholyte materials, which can exploit the upper range of this window, has proven challenging. We report herein a new class of N-ORFB catholytes in the form of squaric acid quinoxaline (SQX) and squaric acid amide (SQA) materials. Mechanistic investigation of decomposition in battery-relevant conditions via NMR, HRMS, and electrochemical methods enabled a rational design approach to optimizing these scaffolds. Three lead compounds were developed: a highly stable one-electron SQX material with an oxidation potential of 0.51 V vs Fc/Fc+ that maintained 99% of peak capacity after 102 cycles (51 h) when incorporated into a 1.58 V flow battery; a high-potential one-electron SQA material with an oxidation potential of 0.81 V vs Fc/Fc+ that demonstrated negligible loss of redox active material as measured by pre- and postcycling CV peak currents when incorporated in a 1.63 V flow battery for 110 cycles over 29 h; and a proof-of-concept two-electron SQA catholyte material with oxidation potentials of 0.48 and 0.85 V vs Fc/Fc+ that demonstrated a capacity fade of just 0.56% per hour during static H-cell cycling. These findings expand the previously reported space of high-potential catholyte materials and showcase the power of mechanistically informed synthetic design for N-ORFB materials development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob
S. Tracy
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne, Illinois 60429, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, United States
| | - Conor H. Broderick
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne, Illinois 60429, United States
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne, Illinois 60429, United States
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2
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Go CY, Shin J, Choi MK, Jung IH, Kim KC. Switchable Design of Redox-Enhanced Nonaromatic Quinones Enabled by Conjugation Recovery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311155. [PMID: 38117071 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
An innovative switchable design strategy for modulating the electronic structures of quinones is proposed herein, leading to remarkably enhanced intrinsic redox potentials by restoring conjugated but nonaromatic backbone architectures. Computational validation of two fundamental hypotheses confirms the recovery of backbone conjugation and optimal utilization of the inductive effect in switched quinones, which affords significantly improved redox chemistry and overall performance compared to reference quinones. Geometric and electronic analyses provide strong evidence for the restored backbone conjugation and nonaromaticity in the switched quinones, while highlighting the reinforcement of the inductive effect and suppression of the resonance effect. This strategic approach facilitates the development of an exceptional quinone, viz. 2,6-naphthoquinone, with outstanding performance parameters (338.9 mAh g-1 and 912.9 mWh g-1). Furthermore, 2,6-anthraquinone with superior cyclic stability, demonstrates comparable performance (257.4 mAh g-1 and 702.8 mWh g-1). These findings offer valuable insights into the design of organic cathode materials with favorable redox chemistry in secondary batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Young Go
- Computational Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, The Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Shin
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, The Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyu Choi
- Computational Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, The Republic of Korea
| | - In Hwan Jung
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, The Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Chul Kim
- Computational Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, The Republic of Korea
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, The Republic of Korea
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3
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Pancoast AR, McCormack SL, Galinat S, Walser-Kuntz R, Jett BM, Sanford MS, Sigman MS. Data science enabled discovery of a highly soluble 2,2'-bipyrimidine anolyte for application in a flow battery. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13734-13742. [PMID: 38075655 PMCID: PMC10699568 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04084d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Development of non-aqueous redox flow batteries as a viable energy storage solution relies upon the identification of soluble charge carriers capable of storing large amounts of energy over extended time periods. A combination of metrics including number of electrons stored per molecule, redox potential, stability, and solubility of the charge carrier impact performance. In this context, we recently reported a 2,2'-bipyrimidine charge carrier that stores two electrons per molecule with reduction near -2.0 V vs. Fc/Fc+ and high stability. However, these first-generation derivatives showed a modest solubility of 0.17 M (0.34 M e-). Seeking to improve solubility without sacrificing stability, we harnessed the synthetic modularity of this scaffold to design a library of sixteen candidates. Using computed molecular descriptors and a single node decision tree, we found that minimization of the solvent accessible surface area (SASA) can be used to predict derivatives with enhanced solubility. This parameter was used in combination with a heatmap describing stability to de-risk a virtual screen that ultimately identified a 2,2'-bipyrimidine with significantly increased solubility and good stability metrics in the reduced states. This molecule was paired with a cyclopropenium catholyte in a prototype all-organic redox flow battery, achieving a cell potential up to 3 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Pancoast
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research 9700 S. Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Sara L McCormack
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research 9700 S. Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Shelby Galinat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Ryan Walser-Kuntz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research 9700 S. Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Brianna M Jett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research 9700 S. Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research 9700 S. Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
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4
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Jesse KA, Abad SD, Studvick C, Andrade GA, Maurya S, Scott BL, Mukundan R, Popov IA, Davis BL. Impact of Pendent Ammonium Groups on Solubility and Cycling Charge Carrier Performance in Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:19218-19229. [PMID: 37948607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, electrochemical performance, and theoretical modeling of two base-metal charge carrier complexes incorporating a pendent quaternary ammonium group, [Ni(bppn-Me3)][BF4], 3', and [Fe(PyTRENMe)][OTf]3, 4', are described. Both complexes were produced in high yield and fully characterized using NMR, IR, and UV-vis spectroscopies as well as elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The solubility of 3' in acetonitrile showed a 283% improvement over its neutral precursor, whereas the solubility of complex 4' was effectively unchanged. Cyclic voltammetry indicates an ∼0.1 V positive shift for all waves, with some changes in reversibility depending on the wave. Bulk electrochemical cycling demonstrates that both 3' and 4' can utilize the second more negative wave to a degree, whereas 4' ceases to have a reversible positive wave. Flow cell testing of 3' and 4' with Fc as the posolyte reveals little improvement to the cycling performance of 3' compared with its parent complex, whereas 4' exhibits reductions in capacity decay when cycling either negative wave. Postcycling CVs indicate that crossover is the likely source of capacity loss in complexes 3, 3', and 4' because there is little change in the CV trace. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the ammonium group lowers the HOMO energy in 3' and 4', which may impart stability to cycling negative waves while making positive waves less accessible. Overall, the incorporation of a positively charged species can improve solubility, stored electron density, and capacity decay depending on the complex, features critical to high energy density redox flow battery performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A Jesse
- MPA-11: Materials Physics Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Sergio Diaz Abad
- MPA-11: Materials Physics Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Chad Studvick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Gabriel A Andrade
- MPA-11: Materials Physics Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Sandip Maurya
- MPA-11: Materials Physics Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Brian L Scott
- MPA-11: Materials Physics Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Rangachary Mukundan
- MPA-11: Materials Physics Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Ivan A Popov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Benjamin L Davis
- MPA-11: Materials Physics Applications, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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5
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Jett B, Flynn A, Sigman MS, Sanford MS. Identifying structure-function relationships to modulate crossover in nonaqueous redox flow batteries. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2023; 11:22288-22294. [PMID: 38213509 PMCID: PMC10783818 DOI: 10.1039/d3ta02633g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Nonaqueous redox flow batteries (NARFBs) offer a promising solution for large-scale storage of renewable energy. However, crossover of redox active molecules between the two sides of the cell is a major factor limiting their development, as most selective separators are designed for deployment in water, rather than organic solvents. This report describes a systematic investigation of the crossover rates of redox active organic molecules through an anion exchange separator under RFB-relevant non-aqueous conditions (in acetonitrile/KPF6) using a combination of experimental and computational methods. A structurally diverse set of neutral and cationic molecules was selected, and their rates of crossover were determined experimentally with the organic solvent-compatible anion exchange separator Fumasep FAP-375-PP. The resulting data were then fit to various descriptors of molecular size, charge, and hydrophobicity (overall charge, solution diffusion coefficient, globularity, dynamic volume, dynamic surface area, clogP). This analysis resulted in multiple statistical models of crossover rates for this separator. These models were then used to predict tether groups that dramatically slow the crossover of small organic molecules in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Jett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Autumn Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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6
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Zhang W, Walser-Kuntz R, Tracy JS, Schramm TK, Shee J, Head-Gordon M, Chen G, Helms BA, Sanford MS, Toste FD. Indolo[2,3- b]quinoxaline as a Low Reduction Potential and High Stability Anolyte Scaffold for Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18877-18887. [PMID: 37585274 PMCID: PMC10472437 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are a promising stationary energy storage technology for leveling power supply from intermittent renewable energy sources with demand. A central objective for the development of practical, scalable RFBs is to identify affordable and high-performance redox-active molecules as storage materials. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a new organic scaffold, indolo[2,3-b]quinoxaline, for highly stable, low-reduction potential, and high-solubility anolytes for nonaqueous redox flow batteries (NARFBs). The mixture of 2- and 3-(tert-butyl)-6-(2-methoxyethyl)-6H-indolo[2,3-b]quinoxaline exhibits a low reduction potential (-2.01 V vs Fc/Fc+), high solubility (>2.7 M in acetonitrile), and remarkable stability (99.86% capacity retention over 49.5 h (202 cycles) of H-cell cycling). This anolyte was paired with N-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-ethyl)phenothiazine (MEEPT) to achieve a 2.3 V all-organic NARFB exhibiting 95.8% capacity retention over 75.1 h (120 cycles) of cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Zhang
- Chemical
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ryan Walser-Kuntz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jacob S. Tracy
- Chemical
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tim K. Schramm
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - James Shee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Chemical
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gan Chen
- Chemical
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brett A. Helms
- Chemical
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Chemical
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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7
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Mandal D, Qu ZW, Grimme S, Stephan DW. Electron-deficient cyclopropenium cations as Lewis acids in FLP chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10508-10511. [PMID: 37564033 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02684a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopropenium cations incorporating electron deficient substituents are Lewis acidic despite the presence of π-electrons. The chloride and electron affinities are examined computationally and experimentally, respectively. These cations form classic Lewis acid-base adducts with PPh3, while sterically demanding phosphines yield frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) which participate in FLP additions. Depending on the basicity of the phosphine used, addition to alkynes or alkyne deprotonation is observed. In either case, new C-C bonds are formed, thus extending the utility of the concept of FLP chemistry to these delocalized π-cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipendu Mandal
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Zheng-Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Clausius Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, Bonn 53115, Germany.
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Clausius Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, Bonn 53115, Germany.
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
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8
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Gautam RK, Wang X, Lashgari A, Sinha S, McGrath J, Siwakoti R, Jiang JJ. Development of high-voltage and high-energy membrane-free nonaqueous lithium-based organic redox flow batteries. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4753. [PMID: 37553368 PMCID: PMC10409715 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40374-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium-based nonaqueous redox flow batteries (LRFBs) are alternative systems to conventional aqueous redox flow batteries because of their higher operating voltage and theoretical energy density. However, the use of ion-selective membranes limits the large-scale applicability of LRFBs. Here, we report high-voltage membrane-free LRFBs based on an all-organic biphasic system that uses Li metal anode and 2,4,6-tri-(1-cyclohexyloxy-4-imino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine)-1,3,5-triazine (Tri-TEMPO), N-propyl phenothiazine (C3-PTZ), and tris(dialkylamino)cyclopropenium (CP) cathodes. Under static conditions, the Li||Tri-TEMPO, Li||C3-PTZ, and Li||CP batteries with 0.5 M redox-active material deliver capacity retentions of 98%, 98%, and 92%, respectively, for 100 cycles over ~55 days at the current density of 1 mA/cm2 and a temperature of 27 °C. Moreover, the Li||Tri-TEMPO (0.5 M) flow battery delivers an initial average cell discharge voltage of 3.45 V and an energy density of ~33 Wh/L. This flow battery also demonstrates 81% of capacity for 100 cycles over ~45 days with average Coulombic efficiency of 96% and energy efficiency of 82% at the current density of 1.5 mA/cm2 and at a temperature of 27 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Gautam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Amir Lashgari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Soumalya Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Jack McGrath
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Rabin Siwakoti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Jianbing Jimmy Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA.
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9
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Walser-Kuntz R, Yan Y, Sigman M, Sanford MS. A Physical Organic Chemistry Approach to Developing Cyclopropenium-Based Energy Storage Materials for Redox Flow Batteries. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:1239-1250. [PMID: 37094181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusRedox flow batteries (RFBs) represent a promising modality for electrical energy storage. In these systems, energy is stored via paired redox reactions of molecules on opposite sides of an electrochemical cell. Thus, a central objective for the field is to design molecules with the optimal combination of properties to serve as energy storage materials in RFBs. The ideal molecules should undergo reversible redox reactions at relatively high potentials (for the molecule that is oxidized during battery charging, called the catholyte) or low potentials (for the species that is reduced during battery charging, called the anolyte). Furthermore, anolytes and catholytes must be highly soluble in the electrolyte solution and stable to extended electrochemical cycling in all battery-relevant redox states. The ideal candidates would undergo more than one reversible electron transfer event. Finally, the optimal structures should be resistant to crossover through a selective separator in order to maintain isolation of the two sides of the cell. This Account describes our design and optimization of organic molecules for this application. We first provide background for the metrics and experiments used to characterize anolytes/catholytes and to progress them toward deployment in flow batteries. We then use our studies of aminocyclopropenium-based catholytes to illustrate this workflow and approach.We identified tris(dimethylamino) cyclopropenium hexafluorophosphate as a first-generation catholyte for nonaqueous RFBs based on literature reports from the 1970s describing its reversible chemical and electrochemical oxidation. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical cycling experiments in acetonitrile/LiPF6 confirmed that this molecule undergoes oxidation at relatively high potential (0.86 V versus ferrocene/ferrocenium) and exhibits moderate stability toward charge-discharge cycling. Replacing the methyl groups with isopropyl substituents led to enhanced cycling stability but poor solubility of the radical dication (<0.1 M in acetonitrile). Solubility was optimized using quantitative structure-property relationship modeling, which predicted derivatives with ≥10-fold enhanced solubility. Cyclopropeniums with 300-500 mV higher redox potentials were identified by replacing one of the dialkylamino substituents with a less electron-donating thioalkyl or aryl group. Multielectron catholytes were developed by creating hybrid structures that contain a di(amino) cyclopropenium conjugated with a phenothiazine moeity. Finally, oligomeric tris(amino) cyclopropeniums were designed as crossover resistant catholytes. Optimization of their solubility enabled the deployment of these oligomers in high concentration asymmetric redox flow batteries with energy densities that are comparable to the state-of-the-art commercial aqueous inorganic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Walser-Kuntz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yichao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - MatthewS Sigman
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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10
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de la Cruz C, Sanz R, Suárez A, Ventosa E, Marcilla R, Mavrandonakis A. A Systematic Study on the Redox Potentials of Phenazine-Derivatives in Aqueous Media: A Combined Computational and Experimental Work. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201984. [PMID: 36753400 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phenazines are an emerging class of organic compounds that have been recently utilized in aqueous redox flow batteries, a promising technology for large-scale energy storage. A virtual screening based on density functional theory calculations is used to investigate the redox potentials of around 100 phenazine derivatives in aqueous media containing various electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups at different positions. The calculations identify the crucial positions that should be functionalized with multiple hydroxy groups to design new anolytes. The combined experimental-computational methodology reported herein guides the development of a new molecule with a record low reversible redox potential as a potential anolyte for aqueous redox flow batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos de la Cruz
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avenida Ramón de la Sagra 3, 28935, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Roberto Sanz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, Burgos, E-09001, Spain
| | - Anisley Suárez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, Burgos, E-09001, Spain
| | - Edgar Ventosa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, Burgos, E-09001, Spain
| | - Rebeca Marcilla
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avenida Ramón de la Sagra 3, 28935, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Andreas Mavrandonakis
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avenida Ramón de la Sagra 3, 28935, Móstoles, Spain
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11
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Jana S, Elvers BJ, Pätsch S, Sarkar P, Krummenacher I, Nayak MK, Maiti A, Chrysochos N, Pati SK, Schulzke C, Braunschweig H, Yildiz CB, Jana A. Air and Moisture Stable para- and ortho-Quinodimethane Derivatives Derived from bis- N-Heterocyclic Olefins. Org Lett 2023; 25:1799-1804. [PMID: 36662600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the development of a new methodology for the synthesis of various quinodimethane derivatives under two-electron oxidation of bis-N-heterocyclic olefins linked by different π-conjugated aromatic spacers. In case of para- and ortho-phenylene bridge, we obtained air and moisture stable diimidazolium para- and ortho-quinodimethane derivatives. Analogues of the para-phenylene spacer such as tetrafluoro-p-phenylene and p-anthracene also led to the corresponding air and moisture stable quinodimethane derivatives. This emphasizes the influence of imidazolium substituents which facilitate the air and moisture stability of the quinodimethane derivatives. Differences were observed for the electron transfer processes: two one-electron vs one two-electron redox transitions between bis-N-heterocyclic olefins and diimidazolium-quinodimethanes depending on the employed π-conjugated aromatic spacer. The formation of the π-conjugated radical-cations, transient redox intermediates between bis-N-heterocyclic olefins and diimidazolium-quinodimethanes, was addressed by an EPR investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Benedict J Elvers
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sebastian Pätsch
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Pallavi Sarkar
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mithilesh Kumar Nayak
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Avijit Maiti
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Nicolas Chrysochos
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Swapan K Pati
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Carola Schulzke
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cem B Yildiz
- Department of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, University of Aksaray, Aksaray 68100, Turkey
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad 500046, India
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12
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Zhang W, Yang X, Zhang S. Gaseous Nitrogen Oxides Catholyte for Rechargeable Redox Flow Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216889. [PMID: 36592132 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a strong interest in finding highly soluble redox compounds to improve the energy density of redox flow batteries (RFBs). However, the performance of electrolytes is often negatively influenced by high solute concentration. Herein, we designed a high-potential (0.5 V vs. Ag/Ag+ ) catholyte for RFBs, where the charged and discharged species are both gaseous nitrogen oxides (NOx ). These species can be liberated from the liquid electrolyte and stored in a separate gas container, allowing scale-up of storage capacity without increasing the concentration and volume of the electrolyte. The oxidation of NO in the presence of NO3 - affords N2 O3 , and the reduction of N2 O3 regenerates NO and NO3 - , together affording the electrochemical reaction: NO3 - +3 NO⇌2 N2 O3 +e- with a low mass/charge ratio of 152 grams per mole of stored electron. A proof-of-concept NOx symmetric H-cell shows 200 stable cycles over 400 hours with >97 % Coulombic efficiency and negligible capacity decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH-43210, USA
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH-43210, USA
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH-43210, USA
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13
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Pence M, Rodríguez O, Lukhanin NG, Schroeder CM, Rodríguez-López J. Automated Measurement of Electrogenerated Redox Species Degradation Using Multiplexed Interdigitated Electrode Arrays. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:62-72. [PMID: 36817007 PMCID: PMC9936799 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the decomposition of electrogenerated species in solution is essential for applications involving electrosynthesis, homogeneous electrocatalysis, and energy storage with redox flow batteries. In this work, we present an automated, multiplexed, and highly robust platform for determining the rate constant of chemical reaction steps following electron transfer, known as the EC mechanism. We developed a generation-collection methodology based on microfabricated interdigitated electrode arrays (IDAs) with variable gap widths on a single device. Using a combination of finite-element simulations and statistical analysis of experimental data, our results show that the natural logarithm of collection efficiency is linear with respect to gap width, and this quantitative analysis is used to determine the decomposition rate constant of the electrogenerated species (k c). The integrated IDA method is used in a series of experiments to measure k c values between ∼0.01 and 100 s-1 in aqueous and nonaqueous solvents and at concentrations as high as 0.5 M of the redox-active species, conditions that are challenging to address using standard methods based on conventional macroelectrodes. The versatility of our approach allows for characterization of a wide range of reactions including intermolecular cyclization, hydrolysis, and the decomposition of candidate molecules for redox flow batteries at variable concentration and water content. Overall, this new experimental platform presents a straightforward automated method to assess the degradation of redox species in solution with sufficient flexibility to enable high-throughput workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
A. Pence
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Oliver Rodríguez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Nikita G. Lukhanin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Charles M. Schroeder
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
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14
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Yan Y, Sitaula P, Odom SA, Vaid TP. High Energy Density, Asymmetric, Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries without a Supporting Electrolyte. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:49633-49640. [PMID: 36315441 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Energy density in nonaqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs) is often limited by the modest solubility of the redox-active organic molecules (ROMs). In addition, the lack of a separator that prevents ROMs from crossing between anolyte and catholyte solutions necessitates the use of 1:1 mixtures of two ROMs in both the anolyte and catholyte solutions in symmetric RFBs, further limiting concentrations. We show that permanently cationic oligomers of viologen, tris(dialkylamino)cyclopropenium, and phenothiazine molecules have high solubility in acetonitrile and cross over an anion exchange membrane at slow to undetectable rates, enabling the creation of asymmetric RFBs with low crossover. No added supporting electrolyte is necessary, with only the PF6- counteranions of the ROMs crossing the membrane during charge/discharge. An oligomeric viologen + oligomeric cyclopropenium RFB at 1.0 M (redox equivalents) has a voltage of 1.66 V and a theoretical energy density of 22.2 Wh/L, one of the highest reported for nonaqueous RFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Paban Sitaula
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Susan A Odom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Thomas P Vaid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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15
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Tracy JS, Horst ES, Roytman VA, Toste FD. Development of high-voltage bipolar redox-active organic molecules through the electronic coupling of catholyte and anolyte structures. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10806-10814. [PMID: 36320695 PMCID: PMC9491095 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03450f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
All-organic non-aqueous redox flow batteries (O-NRFBs) are a promising technology for grid-scale energy storage. However, most examples of high-voltage (>2 V) O-NRFBs rely upon the use of distinct anolytes and catholytes separated by a membrane or porous separator which can result in crossover of redox active material from one side of the battery to the other. The resulting electrolyte mixing leads to irreversible reductions in energy density and capacity. A potentially attractive solution to overcome this crossover issue is the implementation of symmetric flow batteries where a single bipolar molecule functions as both an anolyte and a catholyte. Herein, we report the development of a new class of bipolar redox active materials for use in such symmetric flow batteries through the electronic coupling of phenothiazine catholytes and phthalimide anolytes. Such a strategy results in hybrid molecules possessing higher cell voltages than what could be obtained together by their uncoupled building blocks. Performance in flow batteries is demonstrated for two members of this new class of molecules, with the highest performing candidate featuring a ΔE of 2.31 V and demonstrating 93.6% average coulombic efficiency, 86.8% energy efficiency, and 68.6% capacity retention over the course of 275 charge-discharge cycles and 5 cell polarity reversals. Finally, the superior performance of symmetric O-NRFBs is experimentally confirmed by comparing these results to an asymmetric flow battery constructed with a distinct phenothiazine catholyte and a distinct phthalimide anolyte on opposing sides of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Tracy
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR) 9700 South Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Elena S Horst
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR) 9700 South Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Vladislav A Roytman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
| | - F Dean Toste
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR) 9700 South Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
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16
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Xu D, Zhang C, Li Y. Molecular engineering redox-active organic materials for nonaqueous redox flow battery. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2022.100851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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S. V. SS, Law JN, Tripp CE, Duplyakin D, Skordilis E, Biagioni D, Paton RS, St. John PC. Multi-objective goal-directed optimization of de novo stable organic radicals for aqueous redox flow batteries. NAT MACH INTELL 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s42256-022-00506-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAdvances in the field of goal-directed molecular optimization offer the promise of finding feasible candidates for even the most challenging molecular design applications. One example of a fundamental design challenge is the search for novel stable radical scaffolds for an aqueous redox flow battery that simultaneously satisfy redox requirements at the anode and cathode, as relatively few stable organic radicals are known to exist. To meet this challenge, we develop a new open-source molecular optimization framework based on AlphaZero coupled with a fast, machine-learning-derived surrogate objective trained with nearly 100,000 quantum chemistry simulations. The objective function comprises two graph neural networks: one that predicts adiabatic oxidation and reduction potentials and a second that predicts electron density and local three-dimensional environment, previously shown to be correlated with radical persistence and stability. With no hard-coded knowledge of organic chemistry, the reinforcement learning agent finds molecule candidates that satisfy a precise combination of redox, stability and synthesizability requirements defined at the quantum chemistry level, many of which have reasonable predicted retrosynthetic pathways. The optimized molecules show that alternative stable radical scaffolds may offer a unique profile of stability and redox potentials to enable low-cost symmetric aqueous redox flow batteries.
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18
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Bheemireddy SR, Li Z, Zhang J, Agarwal G, Robertson LA, Shkrob IA, Assary RS, Zhang Z, Wei X, Cheng L, Zhang L. Fluorination Enables Simultaneous Improvements of a Dialkoxybenzene-Based Redoxmer for Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:28834-28841. [PMID: 35709493 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Redoxmers or redox-active organic materials, are one critical component for nonaqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs), which hold high promise in enabling the time domain of the grid. While tuning redox potentials of redoxmers is a very effective way to enhance energy densities of NRFBs, those improvements often accompany accelerated kinetics of the charged species, undermining stability and cycling performance. Herein, a strategy for designing redoxmers with simultaneous improvements in redox potential and stability is proposed. Specifically, the redoxmer 1,4-di-tert-butyl-2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzene (ANL-C46) is developed by incorporating fluorinated substitutions into the dialkoxybenzene-based platform. Compared to the non-fluorinated analogue, ANL-C46 demonstrates not only an increased (∼0.41 V) redox potential but also much enhanced stability (1.6 times) and cyclability (4 times) evidenced by electron paramagnetic resonance kinetic study, H-cell and flow cell cycling. In fact, the cycling performance of ANL-C46 is among the best of high potential (>1.0 V vs Ag/Ag+) redoxmers ever reported. Density functional theory calculations suggest that while the introduced fluorine substitutions elevate the redox potentials, they also help to depress the decomposition reactions of the charged redoxmers, affording excellent stability. The findings represent an interesting strategy for simultaneously improving energy density and stability, which could further prompt the development of high-performance redoxmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambasiva R Bheemireddy
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439-4837, United States
| | - Zhiguang Li
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439-4837, United States
- Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5143, United States
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439-4837, United States
| | - Garvit Agarwal
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439-4837, United States
| | - Lily A Robertson
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439-4837, United States
| | - Ilya A Shkrob
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439-4837, United States
| | - Rajeev S Assary
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5143, United States
| | - Zhengcheng Zhang
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439-4837, United States
| | - Xiaoliang Wei
- Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5143, United States
| | - Lei Cheng
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5143, United States
| | - Lu Zhang
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439-4837, United States
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19
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Quan Q, Zhao Y, Chen K, Zhou H, Zhou C, Chen M. Organocatalyzed Controlled Copolymerization of Perfluorinated Vinyl Ethers and Unconjugated Monomers Driven by Light. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinzhi Quan
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yucheng Zhao
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kaixuan Chen
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huyan Zhou
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chengda Zhou
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mao Chen
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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