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Jiménez-Arévalo N, Filoscia F, Marchiani D, Frisenda R, Betti MG, Rago I, Pandolfi F, Cavoto G, Mariani C. Potassium doping of vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:214707. [PMID: 38832746 DOI: 10.1063/5.0206952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Alkali metal doping of multi-walled carbon nanotubes is of great interest, both fundamentally to explore the effect of dopants on quasi-one-dimensional electrical systems and for energy applications such as alkali metal storage. We present an investigation with complementary photoemission and Raman spectroscopies, fully carried out in an ultra-high vacuum, to unveil the electronic and vibrational response of a forest of highly aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes by in situ potassium doping. The charge donation by the alkali adatoms induces a plasmon mode, and the density of states undergoes an energy shift consistent with electron donation and band filling of the multi-walled carbon nanotube band structure. The π-states in the valence band and the Raman peaks unveil an evolution that can be ascribed to charge donation and partially to a tensile strain exerted by the K adatoms on the carbon lattice. All these effects are thermally reversible, fostering these materials as a potential system for electronic charge harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Jiménez-Arévalo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza," Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Filoscia
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza," Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Marchiani
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza," Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Frisenda
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza," Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Betti
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza," Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rago
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Pandolfi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Cavoto
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza," Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Mariani
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza," Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Ghasemlou M, Pn N, Alexander K, Zavabeti A, Sherrell PC, Ivanova EP, Adhikari B, Naebe M, Bhargava SK. Fluorescent Nanocarbons: From Synthesis and Structure to Cancer Imaging and Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312474. [PMID: 38252677 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Nanocarbons are emerging at the forefront of nanoscience, with diverse carbon nanoforms emerging over the past two decades. Early cancer diagnosis and therapy, driven by advanced chemistry techniques, play a pivotal role in mitigating mortality rates associated with cancer. Nanocarbons, with an attractive combination of well-defined architectures, biocompatibility, and nanoscale dimension, offer an incredibly versatile platform for cancer imaging and therapy. This paper aims to review the underlying principles regarding the controllable synthesis, fluorescence origins, cellular toxicity, and surface functionalization routes of several classes of nanocarbons: carbon nanodots, nanodiamonds, carbon nanoonions, and carbon nanohorns. This review also highlights recent breakthroughs regarding the green synthesis of different nanocarbons from renewable sources. It also presents a comprehensive and unified overview of the latest cancer-related applications of nanocarbons and how they can be designed to interface with biological systems and work as cancer diagnostics and therapeutic tools. The commercial status for large-scale manufacturing of nanocarbons is also presented. Finally, it proposes future research opportunities aimed at engendering modifiable and high-performance nanocarbons for emerging applications across medical industries. This work is envisioned as a cornerstone to guide interdisciplinary teams in crafting fluorescent nanocarbons with tailored attributes that can revolutionize cancer diagnostics and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Ghasemlou
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
- Center for Sustainable Products, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Navya Pn
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Katia Alexander
- School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Peter C Sherrell
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Elena P Ivanova
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Benu Adhikari
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Minoo Naebe
- Carbon Nexus, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Suresh K Bhargava
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
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Yang Z, Xu T, Li H, She M, Chen J, Wang Z, Zhang S, Li J. Zero-Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials for Fluorescent Sensing and Imaging. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11047-11136. [PMID: 37677071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Advances in nanotechnology and nanomaterials have attracted considerable interest and play key roles in scientific innovations in diverse fields. In particular, increased attention has been focused on carbon-based nanomaterials exhibiting diverse extended structures and unique properties. Among these materials, zero-dimensional structures, including fullerenes, carbon nano-onions, carbon nanodiamonds, and carbon dots, possess excellent bioaffinities and superior fluorescence properties that make these structures suitable for application to environmental and biological sensing, imaging, and therapeutics. This review provides a systematic overview of the classification and structural properties, design principles and preparation methods, and optical properties and sensing applications of zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials. Recent interesting breakthroughs in the sensitive and selective sensing and imaging of heavy metal pollutants, hazardous substances, and bioactive molecules as well as applications in information encryption, super-resolution and photoacoustic imaging, and phototherapy and nanomedicine delivery are the main focus of this review. Finally, future challenges and prospects of these materials are highlighted and envisaged. This review presents a comprehensive basis and directions for designing, developing, and applying fascinating fluorescent sensors fabricated based on zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials for specific requirements in numerous research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, P. R. China
| | - Mengyao She
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Shengyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Jianli Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
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Marchiani D, Tonelli A, Mariani C, Frisenda R, Avila J, Dudin P, Jeong S, Ito Y, Magnani FS, Biagi R, De Renzi V, Betti MG. Tuning the Electronic Response of Metallic Graphene by Potassium Doping. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:170-176. [PMID: 36562744 PMCID: PMC9838101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electron doping of graphene has been extensively studied on graphene-supported surfaces, where the metallicity is influenced by the substrate. Herewith we propose potassium adsorption on free-standing nanoporous graphene, thus eluding any effect due to the substrate. We monitor the electron migration in the π* downward-shifted conduction band. In this rigid band shift, we correlate the spectral density of the π* state in the upper Dirac cone with the associated plasmon, blue-shifted with increasing K dose, as deduced by electron energy loss spectroscopy. These results are confirmed by the Dirac plasmon activated by the C 1s emitted electrons, thanks to spatially resolved photoemission. This crosscheck constitutes a reference on the correlation between the electronic π* states in the conduction band and the Dirac plasmon evolution upon in situ electron doping of fully free-standing graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Marchiani
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Tonelli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche (FIM), Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125Modena, Italy
| | - Carlo Mariani
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Frisenda
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - José Avila
- Synchrotron
SOLEIL, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint Aubin, BP 48, 91192Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Pavel Dudin
- Synchrotron
SOLEIL, Université Paris-Saclay, Saint Aubin, BP 48, 91192Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Samuel Jeong
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba305-8573, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ito
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba305-8573, Japan
| | - Francesco Saverio Magnani
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche (FIM), Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto Biagi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche (FIM), Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125Modena, Italy
- S3,
Istituto Nanoscienze, Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Campi 213/A, 41125Modena, Italy
| | - Valentina De Renzi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche (FIM), Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125Modena, Italy
- S3,
Istituto Nanoscienze, Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Campi 213/A, 41125Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Betti
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
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