1
|
Nelson E, Bertke JA, Thanzeel FY, Wolf C. Organometallic Chirality Sensing via "Click"-Like η 6-Arene Coordination with an Achiral Cp*Ru(II) Piano Stool Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404594. [PMID: 38634562 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Piano stool complexes have been studied over many years and found widespread applications in organic synthesis, catalysis, materials and drug development. We now report the first examples of quantitative chiroptical molecular recognition of chiral compounds through click-like η6-arene coordination with readily available half sandwich complexes. This conceptually new approach to chirality sensing is based on irreversible acetonitrile displacement of [Cp*Ru(CH3CN)3]PF6 by an aromatic target molecule, a process that is fast and complete within a few minutes at room temperature. The metal coordination coincides with characteristic circular dichroism inductions that can be easily correlated to the absolute configuration and enantiomeric ratio of the bound molecule. A relay assay that decouples the determination of the enantiomeric composition and of the total sample amount by a practical CD/UV measurement protocol was developed and successfully tested. The introduction of piano stool complexes to the chiroptical sensing realm is mechanistically unique and extends the scope of currently known methods with small-molecule probes that require the presence of amino, alcohol, carboxylate or other privileged functional groups for binding of the target compound. A broad application range including pharmaceutically relevant multifunctional molecules and the use in chromatography-free asymmetric reaction analysis are also demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eryn Nelson
- Chemistry Department, Georgetown University, 3700 O St NW, Washington, DC-20057
| | - Jeffery A Bertke
- Chemistry Department, Georgetown University, 3700 O St NW, Washington, DC-20057
| | - F Yushra Thanzeel
- Chemistry Department, Georgetown University, 3700 O St NW, Washington, DC-20057
| | - Christian Wolf
- Chemistry Department, Georgetown University, 3700 O St NW, Washington, DC-20057
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Formen JSSK, Howard JR, Anslyn EV, Wolf C. Circular Dichroism Sensing: Strategies and Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400767. [PMID: 38421186 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The analysis of the absolute configuration, enantiomeric composition, and concentration of chiral compounds are frequently encountered tasks across the chemical and health sciences. Chiroptical sensing methods can streamline this work and allow high-throughput screening with remarkable reduction of operational time and cost. During the last few years, significant methodological advances with innovative chirality sensing systems, the use of computer-generated calibration curves, machine learning assistance, and chemometric data processing, to name a few, have emerged and are now matched with commercially available multi-well plate CD readers. These developments have reframed the chirality sensing space and provide new opportunities that are of interest to a large group of chemists. This review will discuss chirality sensing strategies and applications with representative small-molecule CD sensors. Emphasis will be given to important milestones and recent advances that accelerate chiral compound analysis by outperforming traditional methods, conquer new directions, and pioneering efforts that lie at the forefront of chiroptical high-throughput screening developments. The goal is to provide the reader with a thorough understanding of the current state and a perspective of future directions of this rapidly emerging field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - James R Howard
- Chemistry Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA
| | - Eric V Anslyn
- Chemistry Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Chemistry Department, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Formen JSSK, Hassan DS, Wolf C. Chemometric sensing of stereoisomeric compound mixtures with a redox-responsive optical probe. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1498-1504. [PMID: 38274061 PMCID: PMC10806675 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05706b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The analysis of mixtures of chiral compounds is a common task in academic and industrial laboratories typically achieved by laborious and time-consuming physical separation of the individual stereoisomers to allow interference-free quantification, for example using chiral chromatography coupled with UV detection. Current practice thus impedes high-throughput and slows down progress in countless chiral compound development projects. Here we describe a chemometric solution to this problem using a redox-responsive naphthoquinone that enables chromatography-free click chemistry sensing of challenging mixtures. The achiral probe covalently binds amino alcohols within a few minutes at room temperature and generates characteristic UVA and CDA spectra that are intentionally altered via sodium borohydride reduction to provide a second, strikingly different chiroptical data set (UVB and CDB). Chemometric partial least squares processing of the chiroptical outputs then enables spectral deconvolution and accurate determination of individual analyte concentrations. The success of this approach is demonstrated with 35 samples covering considerably varied total analyte amounts and stereoisomeric ratios. All chemicals and machine learning algorithms are readily available and can be immediately adapted by any laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diandra S Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University Washington DC 20057 USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University Washington DC 20057 USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jett B, Flynn A, Sigman MS, Sanford MS. Identifying structure-function relationships to modulate crossover in nonaqueous redox flow batteries. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2023; 11:22288-22294. [PMID: 38213509 PMCID: PMC10783818 DOI: 10.1039/d3ta02633g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Nonaqueous redox flow batteries (NARFBs) offer a promising solution for large-scale storage of renewable energy. However, crossover of redox active molecules between the two sides of the cell is a major factor limiting their development, as most selective separators are designed for deployment in water, rather than organic solvents. This report describes a systematic investigation of the crossover rates of redox active organic molecules through an anion exchange separator under RFB-relevant non-aqueous conditions (in acetonitrile/KPF6) using a combination of experimental and computational methods. A structurally diverse set of neutral and cationic molecules was selected, and their rates of crossover were determined experimentally with the organic solvent-compatible anion exchange separator Fumasep FAP-375-PP. The resulting data were then fit to various descriptors of molecular size, charge, and hydrophobicity (overall charge, solution diffusion coefficient, globularity, dynamic volume, dynamic surface area, clogP). This analysis resulted in multiple statistical models of crossover rates for this separator. These models were then used to predict tether groups that dramatically slow the crossover of small organic molecules in this system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Jett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Autumn Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moor SR, Howard JR, Herrera BT, McVeigh MS, Marini F, Keatinge-Clay AT, Anslyn EV. Determination of Enantiomeric Excess and Diastereomeric Excess via Optical Methods. Application to α-methyl-β-hydroxy-carboxylic acids. Org Chem Front 2023; 10:1386-1392. [PMID: 37636898 PMCID: PMC10456989 DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01444k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of chiral molecules in solution is paramount for measuring reaction success. However, techniques to distinguish between chiral molecules containing more than one stereocenter through the use of optical techniques remains a challenge. Herein, we report a techique using a series of circular dichroism spectra to train multivariate regression models that are capable of predicting the complete speciation of 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoic acid stereoisomers. From this, it is possible to rapidly and accurately determine the enantiomeric excess and diastereomeric excess of the solution without the need for chiral chromatography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Moor
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - James R Howard
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Brenden T Herrera
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Matthew S McVeigh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Federico Marini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome I-00185, Italy
| | - Adrian T Keatinge-Clay
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Eric V Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tu Z, Stuyver T, Coley CW. Predictive chemistry: machine learning for reaction deployment, reaction development, and reaction discovery. Chem Sci 2023; 14:226-244. [PMID: 36743887 PMCID: PMC9811563 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05089g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of predictive chemistry relates to the development of models able to describe how molecules interact and react. It encompasses the long-standing task of computer-aided retrosynthesis, but is far more reaching and ambitious in its goals. In this review, we summarize several areas where predictive chemistry models hold the potential to accelerate the deployment, development, and discovery of organic reactions and advance synthetic chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengkai Tu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Thijs Stuyver
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Connor W Coley
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Howard JR, Bhakare A, Akhtar Z, Wolf C, Anslyn EV. Data-Driven Prediction of Circular Dichroism-Based Calibration Curves for the Rapid Screening of Chiral Primary Amine Enantiomeric Excess Values. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17269-17276. [PMID: 36067375 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe the prediction of the circular dichroism (CD) response of a three-component chiroptical sensor for enantiomeric excess (ee) determination of chiral amines using a multivariate fit to electronic and steric parameters. These computationally derived parameters can be computed for nearly any amine and correlate well with the CD response of the 12 amines comprising the training set. The resulting model was used to accurately predict the CD response of a test set of chiral amines. Theoretical calibration curves were then created and used to determine the ee of solutions of unknown ee. Using this method, the error in ee determination differed by less than 10% compared to experimentally generated calibration curves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R Howard
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Arya Bhakare
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zara Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Eric V Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tomasini M, Zhang J, Zhao H, Besalú E, Falivene L, Caporaso L, Szostak M, Poater A. A predictive journey towards trans-thioamides/amides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9950-9953. [PMID: 35983851 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04228b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cis-trans isomerization of (thio)amides was studied by DFT calculations to get the model for the higher preference for the cis conformation by guided predictive chemistry, suggesting how to select the alkyl/aryl substituents on the C/N atoms that lead to the trans isomer. Multilinear analysis, together with cross-validation analysis, helped to select the best fitting parameters to achieve the energy barriers of the cis to trans interconversion, as well as the relative stability between both isomers. Double experimental check led to the synthesis of the best trans candidate with sterically demanding t-butyl substituents, confirming the utility of predictive chemistry, bridging organic and computational chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tomasini
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, 6 Xuefu Road, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, 6 Xuefu Road, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Emili Besalú
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Laura Falivene
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Lucia Caporaso
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
De los Santos ZA, Lynch CC, Wolf C. Dynamic Covalent Optical Chirality Sensing with a Sterically Encumbered Aminoborane. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202028. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ciarán C. Lynch
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University Washington DC 20057 USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University Washington DC 20057 USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu B, Gao J, Hao A, Xing P. Four-Component Ugi Reaction for Optical Chirality Sensing and Surface Nanoengineering of Chiral Self-Assemblies. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200682. [PMID: 35411957 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Using green chemistry to control chirality at hierarchical levels as well as chiroptical activities endows with new opportunities to the development of multiple functions. Here, the four-component Ugi reaction is introduced for the general and precise optical chirality sensing of amines as well as the surface nanoengineering of chiral soft self-assemblies. To overcome the relatively weak Cotton effects, direct synthesis of a folded peptide structure on a rotatable ferrocene core with axial chirality was accomplished from chiral amine, 1,1'-ferrocenyl dicarboxylic acid, formaldehyde and isocyanide. Enhanced Cotton effects benefiting from the folded structure allow for the precise and quantitative sensing of natural and synthetic chiral amines covering alkyl, aromatic amines and amino acid derivatives. In addition, aqueous reaction enables the modification of amine-bearing dye to microfibers self-assembled from π-conjugated amino acids. Surface dye-modification via Ugi reaction barely changes the pristine morphology, showing non-invasive properties in contrast to dye staining, which is applicable in soft nano/microarchitectures from self-assembly. This work which combines the four-component Ugi reaction to enable precise ee% detection and surface nanoengineering of soft chiral assemblies sheds light on the advanced application of green chemistry to chirality science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education and, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education and, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Aiyou Hao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education and, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Pengyao Xing
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education and, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tian J, Yu S, Guo H, Zhu M, Lu K, Jiang Y, Yang J, Yu X, Pu L. Enantioselective Fluorescent Recognition of β‐Amino Alcohols by a Stereoselective Cyclization. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tian
- Sichuan University - Wangjiang Campus: Sichuan University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Sichuan University - Wangjiang Campus: Sichuan University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Hongyu Guo
- Sichuan University - Wangjiang Campus: Sichuan University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Maoshuai Zhu
- Sichuan University - Wangjiang Campus: Sichuan University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Kai Lu
- Sichuan University - Wangjiang Campus: Sichuan University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yixuan Jiang
- Sichuan University - Wangjiang Campus: Sichuan University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Jiaqiao Yang
- Sichuan University - Wangjiang Campus: Sichuan University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Xiaoqi Yu
- Sichuan University - Wangjiang Campus: Sichuan University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Lin Pu
- University of Virginia Chemistry McCormick Road 22904-4319 Charlottesville UNITED STATES
| |
Collapse
|