1
|
Leclaire J, Heldebrant DJ, Grubel K, Septavaux J, Hennebelle M, Walter E, Chen Y, Bañuelos JL, Zhang D, Nguyen MT, Ray D, Allec SI, Malhotra D, Joo W, King J. Tetrameric self-assembling of water-lean solvents enables carbamate anhydride-based CO 2 capture chemistry. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1160-1168. [PMID: 38589626 PMCID: PMC11230897 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Carbon capture, utilization and storage is a key yet cost-intensive technology for the fight against climate change. Single-component water-lean solvents have emerged as promising materials for post-combustion CO2 capture, but little is known regarding their mechanism of action. Here we present a combined experimental and modelling study of single-component water-lean solvents, and we find that CO2 capture is accompanied by the self-assembly of reverse-micelle-like tetrameric clusters in solution. This spontaneous aggregation leads to stepwise cooperative capture phenomena with highly contrasting mechanistic and thermodynamic features. The emergence of well-defined supramolecular architectures displaying a hydrogen-bonded internal core, reminiscent of enzymatic active sites, enables the formation of CO2-containing molecular species such as carbamic acid, carbamic anhydride and alkoxy carbamic anhydrides. This system extends the scope of adducts and mechanisms observed during carbon capture. It opens the way to materials with a higher CO2 storage capacity and provides a means for carbamates to potentially act as initiators for future oligomerization or polymerization of CO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Leclaire
- CNRS ICBMS UMR 5246, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - David J Heldebrant
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
- Washington State University Pullman, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | | | - Jean Septavaux
- CNRS ICBMS UMR 5246, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Secoya Technologies, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Marc Hennebelle
- CNRS ICBMS UMR 5246, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Eric Walter
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Difan Zhang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Debmalya Ray
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Sarah I Allec
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Wontae Joo
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jaelynne King
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Banaev MV, Sagatova DN, Sagatov NE, Gavryushkin PN. Pb 2[C 2O 6]- P3̄ m1: new insights into the high-pressure behavior of carbonates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:13070-13077. [PMID: 38628084 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00395k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
In the present study, based on density functional theory and crystal structure prediction approaches, we found a new high-pressure structure of lead carbonate, named Pb2[C2O6]-P3̄m1. This structure differs significantly from previously known modifications of lead carbonate. The Pb2[C2O6]-P3̄m1 structure is characterized by the presence of ethane-like [C2O6] groups, which can also be classified as orthooxalate groups. This structure is most energetically favorable at pressures above 92 GPa at low temperatures, while Pmmn (post-aragonite structure) is most favorable below this pressure. As temperature increases to 2000 K, the pressure required for the Pmmn → P3̄m1 phase transition increases to 100 GPa. The high-pressure modification Pb2[C2O6]-P3̄m1 retains its stability at least up to 200 GPa. In addition, the Raman spectrum of the newly discovered modification was calculated, which may be useful for subsequent identification of this phase in high-pressure experiments. At 100 GPa, the most intense band located at 1148 cm-1 corresponds to the symmetric stretching mode of the C-C bond in the [C2O6] orthooxalate groups. The second and third most intense modes appear at 1021 and 726 cm-1, correspondingly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maksim V Banaev
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Dinara N Sagatova
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Nursultan E Sagatov
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Pavel N Gavryushkin
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang XX, Song T, Lei ZS, Sun XW, Tian JH, Liu ZJ. Study of high-pressure thermophysical properties of orthocarbonate Sr 3CO 5 using deep learning molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:6351-6361. [PMID: 38315085 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04833k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The exploration of the physical attributes of the recently discovered orthocarbonate Sr3CO5 is significant for comprehending the carbon cycle and storage mechanisms within the Earth's interior. In this study, first-principles calculations are initially used to examine the structural phase transitions of Sr3CO5 polymorphs within the range of lower mantle pressures. The results suggest that Sr3CO5 with the Cmcm phase exhibits a minimal enthalpy between 8.3 and 30.3 GPa. As the pressure exceeds 30.3 GPa, the Cmcm phase undergoes a transition to the I4/mcm phase, while the experimentally observed Pnma phase remains metastable under our studied pressure. Furthermore, the structural data of SrO, SrCO3, and Sr3CO5 polymorphs are utilized to develop a deep learning potential model suitable for the Sr-C-O system, and the pressure-volume relationship and elastic constants calculated using the potential model are in line with the available results. Subsequently, the elastic properties of Cmcm and I4/mcm phases in Sr3CO5 at high temperature and pressure are calculated using the molecular dynamics method. The results indicate that the I4/mcm phase exhibits higher temperature sensitivity in terms of elastic moduli and wave velocities compared to the Cmcm phase. Finally, the thermodynamic properties of the Cmcm and I4/mcm phases are predicted in the range of 0-2000 K and 10-120 GPa, revealing that the heat capacity and bulk thermal expansion coefficient of both phases increase with temperature, with the constant volume heat capacity gradually approaching the Dulong-Petit limit as the temperature rises.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xuan Wang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Ting Song
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Zhen-Shuai Lei
- Faculty of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Sun
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Jun-Hong Tian
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Zi-Jiang Liu
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Spahr D, Bayarjargal L, Bykov M, Brüning L, Reuter TH, Milman V, Liermann HP, Winkler B. High-pressure synthesis of acentric sodium pyrocarbonate, Na 2[C 2O 5]. Dalton Trans 2023; 53:40-44. [PMID: 38054559 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03673a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The inorganic pyrocarbonate salt Na2[C2O5] crystallizes in the acentric, monoclinic space group P21 with Z = 2. It contains monovalent alkali metal cations together with isolated pyrocarbonate anions. The [C2O5]2--groups consist of two planar [CO3]2--groups which are slightly tilted with respect to each other around the bridging oxygen atom. Na2[C2O5] was synthesized in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell at 20(2) GPa by heating a mixture of Na2[CO3] + CO2 to ≈800(200) K. Its crystal structure was obtained by single crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction and confirmed by density functional theory-based calculations in combination with Raman spectroscopy. Second harmonic generation measurements verified the acentric space group symmetry. The crystal structure is characterized by alternating layers of Na+-cations and [C2O5]2--complex anions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Spahr
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Geosciences, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Lkhamsuren Bayarjargal
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Geosciences, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Maxim Bykov
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- University of Cologne, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Greinstraße 6, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Lukas Brüning
- University of Cologne, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Greinstraße 6, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim H Reuter
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Geosciences, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Victor Milman
- Dassault Systèmes BIOVIA, 334 Cambridge Science Park, CB4 0WN Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Björn Winkler
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Geosciences, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sagatova DN, Gavryushkin PN, Sagatov NE, Banaev MV. Crystal structures and P-T phase diagrams of SrC 2 O 5 and BaC 2 O 5 . J Comput Chem 2023; 44:2453-2460. [PMID: 37610074 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present the results of a search for new stable structures of SrC2 O5 and BaC2 O5 in the pressure range of 0-100 GPa based on the density functional theory and crystal structure prediction approaches. We have shown that the recently synthesized pyrocarbonate structure SrC2 O5 - P 2 1 / c is thermodynamically stable for both SrC2 O5 and BaC2 O5 . Thus, SrC2 O5 - P 2 1 / c is stable relative to decomposition reaction above 10 GPa, while the lower-pressure stability limit for BaC2 O5 - P 2 1 / c is 5 GPa, which is the lowest value for the formation of pyrocarbonates. For SrC2 O5 , the following polymorphic transitions were found with increasing pressure: P 2 1 / c → F d d 2 at 40 GPa and 1000 K, F d d 2 → C 2 at 90 GPa and 1000 K. SrC2 O5 - F d d 2 and SrC2 O5 - C 2 are characterized by the framework and layered structures of [CO4 ]4 - tetrahedra, respectively. For BaC2 O5 , with increasing pressure, decomposition of BaC2 O5 - P 2 1 / c into BaCO3 and CO2 is observed at 34 GPa without any polymorphic transitions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinara N Sagatova
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Pavel N Gavryushkin
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nursultan E Sagatov
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maksim V Banaev
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Spahr D, Bayarjargal L, Haussühl E, Luchitskaia R, Friedrich A, Milman V, Fedotenko T, Winkler B. Twisted [C 2O 5] 2--groups in Ba[C 2O 5] pyrocarbonate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11951-11954. [PMID: 37747265 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03324d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The inorganic pyrocarbonate salt Ba[C2O5] contains twisted pyrocarbonate anions ([C2O5]2-), an atomic arrangement previously not observed in other pyrocarbonates. This unexpected additional structural degree of freedom points towards an enlarged chemical variability in this novel group of compounds. Ba[C2O5] was synthesized in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell at 30(2) GPa by heating a mixture of Ba[CO3] + CO2 to ≈ 1500(200) K. Its crystal structure was solved from single crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction data and confirmed by density functional theory-based calculations. The two planar [CO3]2--groups of the [C2O5]2--anion are strongly twisted around the bridging oxygen atom. Ba[C2O5] has been observed in the pressure range of 5-30 GPa, where its symmetry is P6/m with Z = 12.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Spahr
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Geosciences, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt 60438, Germany.
| | - Lkhamsuren Bayarjargal
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Geosciences, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt 60438, Germany.
| | - Eiken Haussühl
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Geosciences, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt 60438, Germany.
| | - Rita Luchitskaia
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Geosciences, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt 60438, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Friedrich
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Victor Milman
- Dassault Systèmes BIOVIA, 334 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0WN, UK
| | | | - Björn Winkler
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Geosciences, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt 60438, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bayarjargal L, Spahr D, Milman V, Marquardt J, Giordano N, Winkler B. Anhydrous Aluminum Carbonates and Isostructural Compounds. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:13910-13918. [PMID: 37579301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized the inorganic anhydrous aluminum carbonates Al2[C2O5][CO3]2 and Al2[CO3]3 by reacting Al2O3 with CO2 at high pressures and temperatures and characterized them by Raman spectroscopy. Their structures were solved by X-ray diffraction. Al2[CO3]3 forms at around 24-28 GPa, while Al2[C2O5][CO3]2 forms above 38(3) GPa. The distinguishing feature of the new Al2[C2O5][CO3]2-structure type is the presence of pyrocarbonate [C2O5]2--groups, trigonal [CO3]2─groups, and octahedrally coordinated trivalent cations. Al2[CO3]3 has isolated [CO3]2--groups. Both Al-carbonates can be recovered under ambient conditions. Density functional theory calculations predict that CO2 will react with Fe2O3, Ti2O3, Ga2O3, In2O3, and MgSiO3 at high pressures to form compounds which are isostructural to Al2[C2O5][CO3]2. MgSi[C2O5][CO3]2 is predicted to be stable at pressures relative to abundant mantle minerals in the presence of CO2. This structure type allows the incorporation of four elements (Mg, Si, Fe, and Al) abundant in the Earth's mantle in octahedral coordination and provides an alternative phase with novel carbon speciation for carbon storage in the deep Earth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lkhamsuren Bayarjargal
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Dominik Spahr
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Victor Milman
- Dassault Systèmes BIOVIA, 334 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0WN, U.K
| | - Julien Marquardt
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Nico Giordano
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Björn Winkler
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li Z, Guo X, Xue X, Xu X, Wang B. Investigations on Kinetics and Mechanisms of CaCO 3 Calcination in Calcium Looping. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
|
9
|
Sagatova DN, Gavryushkin PN, Sagatov NE, Banaev MV. High-pressure transformations of CaC 2O 5 - a full structural trend from double [CO 3] triangles through the isolated group of [CO 4] tetrahedra to framework and layered structures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:23578-23586. [PMID: 36129339 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01748b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, the concept of carbonates, as the salts of MCO3 or composition with [CO3] triangles in the crystal structures, was sufficiently extended. In addition to carbonates, crystal structures with stoichiometry M3CO5, M2CO4 and MC2O5 were predicted and successfully synthesized. In the present study, based on density functional theory and crystal structure prediction algorithms, we found a novel structure of CaC2O5, namely Ca-pyrocarbonate with monoclinic symmetry Cc, which is one of the possible agents of the global carbon cycle. This structure is characterized by the isolated [C2O5] groups consisting of two [CO3] triangles connected through a common oxygen atom. The thermodynamic stability field of Ca-pyrocarbonate with respect to the decomposition reaction into calcium carbonate and carbon dioxide begins at a pressure of 10 GPa. As the pressure increases to 21 GPa, the structure of Ca-pyrocarbonate transforms into the recently synthesized tetragonal modification I4̄2d, in the structure of which carbon is in the sp3-hybridized state and [CO4] tetrahedra form isolated pyramidal [C4O10] anionic groups. At 59 GPa in the temperature range of 0-2500 K, CaC2O5-I4̄2d undergoes a phase transition to CaC2O5-Fdd2, with the framework structure of [CO4] tetrahedra. On further compression to about 80 GPa, the framework structure transforms into layered ones, C2 and Pc. In addition, we estimated the thermodynamic stability of CaC2O5 with respect to the minerals of the Earth's mantle. We found that CaC2O5 can coexist with bridgmanite up to pressures of 54 GPa at 300 K, where it reacts with the formation of a Ca-perovskite, magnesite, and solid CO2-V.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinara N Sagatova
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation. .,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel N Gavryushkin
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation. .,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nursultan E Sagatov
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation. .,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Maksim V Banaev
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation. .,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
High‐Pressure Crystal Structures of Pb
2
CO
4
and PbC
2
O
5
with Tetrahedral [CO
4
] and Pyrocarbonate [C
2
O
5
] atomic groups. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
11
|
Spahr D, König J, Bayarjargal L, Luchitskaia R, Milman V, Perlov A, Liermann HP, Winkler B. Synthesis and Structure of Pb[C 2O 5]: An Inorganic Pyrocarbonate Salt. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:9855-9859. [PMID: 35730801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized Pb[C2O5], an inorganic pyrocarbonate salt, in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC) at 30 GPa by heating a Pb[CO3] + CO2 mixture to ≈2000(200) K. Inorganic pyrocarbonates contain isolated [C2O5]2- groups without functional groups attached. The [C2O5]2- groups consist of two oxygen-sharing [CO3]3- groups. Pb[C2O5] was characterized by synchrotron-based single-crystal structure refinement, Raman spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. Pb[C2O5] is isostructural to Sr[C2O5] and crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with Z = 4. The synthesis of Pb[C2O5] demonstrates that, just like in other carbonates, cation substitution is possible and that therefore inorganic pyrocarbonates are a novel family of carbonates, in addition to the established sp2 and sp3 carbonates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Spahr
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Jannes König
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Lkhamsuren Bayarjargal
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Rita Luchitskaia
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Victor Milman
- Dassault Systèmes BIOVIA, 334 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0WN, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Perlov
- Dassault Systèmes BIOVIA, 334 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0WN, United Kingdom
| | | | - Björn Winkler
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| |
Collapse
|