1
|
Niu W, Feng J, Chen J, Deng L, Guo W, Li H, Zhang L, Li Y, Zhang B. High-efficiency C 3 electrosynthesis on a lattice-strain-stabilized nitrogen-doped Cu surface. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7070. [PMID: 39152122 PMCID: PMC11329774 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of multi-carbon (C2+) fuels via electrocatalytic reduction of CO, H2O using renewable electricity, represents a significant stride in sustainable energy storage and carbon recycling. The foremost challenge in this field is the production of extended-chain carbon compounds (Cn, n ≥ 3), wherein elevated *CO coverage (θco) and its subsequent multiple-step coupling are both critical. Notwithstanding, there exists a "seesaw" dynamic between intensifying *CO adsorption to augment θco and surmounting the C-C coupling barrier, which have not been simultaneously realized within a singular catalyst yet. Here, we introduce a facilely synthesized lattice-strain-stabilized nitrogen-doped Cu (LSN-Cu) with abundant defect sites and robust nitrogen integration. The low-coordination sites enhance θco and concurrently, the compressive strain substantially fortifies nitrogen dopants on the catalyst surface, promoting C-C coupling activity. The n-propanol formation on the LSN-Cu electrode exhibits a 54% faradaic efficiency and a 29% half-cell energy efficiency. Moreover, within a membrane electrode assembly setup, a stable n-propanol electrosynthesis over 180 h at a total current density of 300 mA cm-2 is obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhe Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Deng
- Clean Nano Energy Center, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, 066004, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Wen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China.
| | - Huajing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Clean Nano Energy Center, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, 066004, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Youyong Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Q, Fang W, Ma J, Yu X, Zhao Y, Xie H, Li G, Li H. Enhancing heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysis through pyrrolidine modification of Fe 2O 3-CuO composites with oxygen-vacancy defects. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 675:947-957. [PMID: 39002244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Enhancing the generation of reactive hydroxyl radicals (•OH) is crucial for overcoming the limitations of the low reactivity of heterogeneous Fenton Fe-based catalysts. Researchers have explored various methods to modify catalyst structures to enhance reactivity, yet often at the expense of stability. Herein, suitable carbon and nitrogen-codoped Fe2O3-CuO composites were synthesized via pyrolysis method, demonstrating high Fenton reaction activity and remarkable stability. Experimental findings and density functional theory calculations (DFT) revealed that the presence of oxygen vacancies on the catalyst surface facilitated an increase in exposed FeNC active sites, promoting electron transfer and the accelerating the rate of •OH generation. Moreover, carbon and nitrogen, particularly in the form of pyrrole nitrogen bonded to Fe imparted exceptional stability to the FeNC active sites, mitigating their dissolution. Additionally, the Fe-based catalysts exhibited strong magnetism, enabling easy separation from the reaction solution while maintaining a high degradation efficiency for various organic pollutants, even in the presence of multiple anions. Furthermore, a comprehensive mechanism for methylene blue (MB) degradation was identified, enhancing the potential practical applications of these catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China; Lanzhou Petrochemical University of Vocational Technology, Lanzhou 730060, Gansu, China
| | - Weiguo Fang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Lanzhou Petrochemical University of Vocational Technology, Lanzhou 730060, Gansu, China
| | - Xinxin Yu
- Lanzhou Petrochemical University of Vocational Technology, Lanzhou 730060, Gansu, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy and Chemical Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Haijiao Xie
- Hangzhou Yanqu Information Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guixian Li
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy and Chemical Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China.
| | - Hongwei Li
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy and Chemical Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang M, Wang H, Zhu M, Luo X, He Y, Wang M, Wu C, Zhang L, Li X, Liao X, Jiang Z, Jin Z. Review on strategies for improving the added value and expanding the scope of CO 2 electroreduction products. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5149-5189. [PMID: 38566609 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00857f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction of CO2 into value-added chemicals has been explored as a promising solution to realize carbon neutrality and inhibit global warming. This involves utilizing the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to produce a variety of single-carbon (C1) and multi-carbon (C2+) products. Additionally, the electrolyte solution in the CO2RR system can be enriched with nitrogen sources (such as NO3-, NO2-, N2, or NO) to enable the synthesis of organonitrogen compounds via C-N coupling reactions. However, the electrochemical conversion of CO2 into valuable chemicals still faces challenges in terms of low product yield, poor faradaic efficiency (FE), and unclear understanding of the reaction mechanism. This review summarizes the promising strategies aimed at achieving selective production of diverse carbon-containing products, including CO, formate, hydrocarbons, alcohols, and organonitrogen compounds. These approaches involve the rational design of electrocatalysts and the construction of coupled electrocatalytic reaction systems. Moreover, this review presents the underlying reaction mechanisms, identifies the existing challenges, and highlights the prospects of the electrosynthesis processes. The aim is to offer valuable insights and guidance for future research on the electrocatalytic conversion of CO2 into carbon-containing products of enhanced value-added potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghang Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Tianchang New Materials and Energy Technology Research Center, Institute of Green Chemistry and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Huaizhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Tianchang New Materials and Energy Technology Research Center, Institute of Green Chemistry and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Mengfei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Tianchang New Materials and Energy Technology Research Center, Institute of Green Chemistry and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, China.
| | - Yi He
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, China.
| | - Mengjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, China.
| | - Caijun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, China.
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, Guangxi, 537000, China.
| | - Xuemei Liao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, China.
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, China
| | - Zhenju Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, China.
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, China
| | - Zhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Tianchang New Materials and Energy Technology Research Center, Institute of Green Chemistry and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jin H, Yu R, Ji P, Zeng W, Li Z, He D, Mu S. Sharply expanding single-atomically dispersed Fe-N active sites through bidirectional coordination for oxygen reduction. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7259-7268. [PMID: 38756823 PMCID: PMC11095370 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01329h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
For Fe-NC systems, high-density Fe-N sites are the basis for high-efficiency oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and P doping can further lower the reaction energy barrier, especially in the form of metal-P bonding. However, limited to the irregular agglomeration of metal atoms at high temperatures, Fe-P bonds and high-density Fe-N cannot be guaranteed simultaneously. Here, to escape the random and violent agglomeration of Fe species during high-temperature carbonization, triphenylphosphine and 2-methylimidazole with a strong metal coordination capability are introduced together to confine Fe growth. With the aid of such bidirectional coordination, the high-density Fe-N site with Fe-P bonds is realized by in situ phosphorylation of Fe in an Fe-NC system (Fe-P-NC) at high temperatures. Impressively, the content of single-atomically dispersed Fe sites for Fe-P-NC dramatically increases from 2.8% to 65.3% compared with that of pure Fe-NC, greatly improving the ORR activity in acidic and alkaline electrolytes. The theoretical calculation results show that the generated Fe2P can simultaneously facilitate the adsorption of intermediates to Fe-N4 sites and the electron transfer, thereby reducing the reaction energy barrier and obtaining superior ORR activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Fiber Optic Sensing Technology, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Ruohan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Pengxia Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Weihao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Zhengying Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Fiber Optic Sensing Technology, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Daping He
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Shichun Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Liu Y, Cao P, Chen S, Su Y, Quan X. Promoting CO 2 Electroreduction to Ethane by Iodide-Derived Copper with the Hydrophobic Surface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38604119 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to value-added products provides a feasible pathway for mitigating net carbon emissions and storing renewable energy. However, the low dimerization efficiency of the absorbed CO intermediate (*CO) and the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction hinder the selective electroreduction of CO2 to ethane (C2H6) with a high energy density. Here, we designed hydrophobic iodide-derived copper electrodes (I-Cu/Nafion) for reducing CO2 to C2H6. The Faradaic efficiency of C2H6 reached 23.37% at -0.7 V vs RHE over the I-Cu/Nafion electrode in an H-type cell, which was about 1.7 times higher than that of the I-Cu electrode. The hydrophobic properties of the I-Cu/Nafion electrodes led to an increase in the local CO2 concentration and stabilized the Cu+ species. In situ Raman characterizations and density functional theory calculations indicate that the enhanced performances could be ascribed to the strong *CO adsorption and decreased the formation energy of *COOH and *COCOH intermediates. This study highlights the effect of the hydrophobic surface on Cu-based catalysts in the electroreduction of CO2 and provides a promising way to adjust the selectivity of C2 products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yanming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Peike Cao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yan Su
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xie Quan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang H, Kang X, Han B. Rare-earth Element-based Electrocatalysts Designed for CO 2 Electro-reduction. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301539. [PMID: 38109070 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction presents a promising approach for synthesizing fuels and chemical feedstocks using renewable energy sources. Although significant advancements have been made in the design of catalysts for CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) in recent years, the linear scaling relationship of key intermediates, selectivity, stability, and economical efficiency are still required to be improved. Rare earth (RE) elements, recognized as pivotal components in various industrial applications, have been widely used in catalysis due to their unique properties such as redox characteristics, orbital structure, oxygen affinity, large ion radius, and electronic configuration. Furthermore, RE elements could effectively modulate the adsorption strength of intermediates and provide abundant metal active sites for CO2RR. Despite their potential, there is still a shortage of comprehensive and systematic analysis of RE elements employed in the design of electrocatalysts of CO2RR. Therefore, the current approaches for the design of RE element-based electrocatalysts and their applications in CO2RR are thoroughly summarized in this review. The review starts by outlining the characteristics of CO2RR and RE elements, followed by a summary of design strategies and synthetic methods for RE element-based electrocatalysts. Finally, an overview of current limitations in research and an outline of the prospects for future investigations are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hengan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinchen Kang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Buxing Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Deng Q, Yang Y, Zhao W, Tang Z, Yin K, Song Y, Zhang Y. Revealing the construction of CuOCe interfacial sites via increased support utilization for enhanced CO 2 electroreduction and Li-CO 2 batteries. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 651:883-893. [PMID: 37573734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Leveraging designed electronic oxide-metal interactions (EOMI), cerium-supported copper demonstrates remarkable competitiveness in the carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR). Nevertheless, the limited utilization efficiency of conventional cerium oxide (CeO2) support hampers the EOMI effect. Furthermore, a comprehensive understanding of the influence of distinct crystalline surfaces of CeO2 on the loaded active copper (Cu) species remains elusive. Herein, oxide carriers with diverse crystal facets are acquire for loading to load Cu species through the incorporation of cerium-based metal organic frameworks (MOFs) precursors. Simultaneously, owing to the elevated specific surface area conferred by MOF precursors, Cu/CeO2 hosts ample catalytically active sites for carbon dioxide (CO2) electrocatalytic reactions and as catalytic cathodes for lithium-CO2 (Li-CO2) batteries. Furthermore, the carbon converted from organic ligands in MOFs precursors not only proficiently immobilizes and disperses the active sites, but also enhances the inherent conductive stability of the oxide while augmenting energy utilization efficiency. Leveraging these advantages, the electrocatalyst derived from MOFs achieves a peak CO2-to-methane Faradaic efficiency of 57.9 %, whereas the assembled Li-CO2 batteries exhibit notable activity and durability, boasting a substantial full-discharge capacity of 8907 mAh/g, a discharge voltage of 2.65 V, and an extended cycle life exceeding 1000 h. Mechanistic investigations were conducted using density functional theory (DFT) calculations to thoroughly explore the impact of CeO2 carrier crystal facets, specifically (111), (100), and (110), on the loaded copper species. Notably, (110) was identified as the optimal facet due to its favorable contributions to electronic structure optimization and stability enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China.
| | - Wentian Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Zheng Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Kai Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Youchao Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang S, Song D, Liao L, Wang B, Li Z, Li M, Zhou W. Bi/Mn-Doped BiOCl Nanosheets Self-Assembled Microspheres toward Optimized Photocatalytic Performance. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2408. [PMID: 37686916 PMCID: PMC10490148 DOI: 10.3390/nano13172408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Doping engineering of metallic elements is of significant importance in photocatalysis, especially in the transition element range where metals possess empty 'd' orbitals that readily absorb electrons and increase carrier concentration. The doping of Mn ions produces dipole interactions that change the local structure of BiOCl, thus increasing the specific surface area of BiOCl and the number of mesoporous distributions, and providing a broader platform and richer surface active sites for catalytic reactions. The combination of Mn doping and metal Bi reduces the forbidden bandwidth of BiOCl, thereby increasing the absorption in the light region and strengthening the photocatalytic ability of BiOCl. The degradation of norfloxacin by Bi/Mn-doped BiOCl can reach 86.5% within 10 min. The synergistic effect of Mn doping and Bi metal can change the internal energy level and increase light absorption simultaneously. The photocatalytic system created by such a dual-technology combination has promising applications in environmental remediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (S.W.); (L.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Dongxue Song
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;
| | - Lijun Liao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (S.W.); (L.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Bo Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (S.W.); (L.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhenzi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (S.W.); (L.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Mingxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;
| | - Wei Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (S.W.); (L.L.); (Z.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Song D, Li M, Liao L, Guo L, Liu H, Wang B, Li Z. High-Crystallinity BiOCl Nanosheets as Efficient Photocatalysts for Norfloxacin Antibiotic Degradation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1841. [PMID: 37368271 DOI: 10.3390/nano13121841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor photocatalysts are essential materials in the field of environmental remediation. Various photocatalysts have been developed to solve the contamination problem of norfloxacin in water pollution. Among them, a crucial ternary photocatalyst, BiOCl, has attracted extensive attention due to its unique layered structure. In this work, high-crystallinity BiOCl nanosheets were prepared using a one-step hydrothermal method. The obtained BiOCl nanosheets showed good photocatalytic degradation performance, and the degradation rate of highly toxic norfloxacin using BiOCl reached 84% within 180 min. The internal structure and surface chemical state of BiOCl were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-visible diffuse reflectance (UV-vis), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), and photoelectric techniques. The higher crystallinity of BiOCl closely aligned molecules with each other, which improved the separation efficiency of photogenerated charges and showed high degradation efficiency for norfloxacin antibiotics. Furthermore, the obtained BiOCl nanosheets possess decent photocatalytic stability and recyclability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Song
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Mingxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Lijun Liao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Liping Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Zhenzi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu K, Zhang Q, Zhou X, Zhu M, Chen H. Recent Progress and Perspectives on Photocathode Materials for CO 2 Catalytic Reduction. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13101683. [PMID: 37242099 DOI: 10.3390/nano13101683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The continuous consumption of fossil energy and excessive emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) have caused a serious energy crisis and led to the greenhouse effect. Using natural resources to convert CO2 into fuel or high-value chemicals is considered to be an effective solution. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) catalysis utilizes abundant solar energy resources, combined with the advantages of photocatalysis (PC) and electrocatalysis (EC), to achieve efficient CO2 conversion. In this review, the basic principles and evaluation criteria, of PEC catalytic reduction to CO2 (PEC CO2RR), are introduced. Next, the recent research progress on typical kinds of photocathode materials for CO2 reduction are reviewed, and the structure-function relationships between material composition/structure and activity/selectivity are discussed. Finally, the possible catalytic mechanisms and the challenges of using PEC to reduce CO2 are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kangli Xu
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Qingming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Hangrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yuan H, Gao W, Ye J, Ma T, Ma F, Wen D. Surface Hydrophobicity Engineering of Pt-Based Noble Metal Aerogels by Ionic Liquids toward Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21143-21151. [PMID: 37092815 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Modulating the surface properties of electrocatalysts with ligands could effectively regulate their catalytic properties, while limited in-depth understanding of the surface ligands restricted their rational combination. Herein, ionic liquids (ILs) with different lengths of hydrophobic side chains were employed to regulate the surface hydrophobicity of noble metal aerogels, for comprehending the relationship between surface hydrophobicity and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and enhancing electrocatalytic ORR. The volcano-like trends between the hydrophobicity and the ORR activity for various Pt-based aerogels indicated that a suitable hydrophobic surface constructed by ILs was most favorable for contacting with oxygen molecules and the desorption of oxygen intermediates. Typically, the PtPd aerogel modified by ILs (PtPd aer-[MTBD][PFSI]) exhibited an inspiring ORR activity, with a 70 mV increase in half-wave potential and a 7.1-fold mass activity compared to the commercial Pt/C. Therefore, the regularity between the surface hydrophobicity and ORR activity of noble metal aerogels was uncovered and will facilitate the modulation of electrocatalysts for practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jianqi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Tuotuo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Fangyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang C, Lv Z, Yang W, Feng X, Wang B. A rational design of functional porous frameworks for electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction reaction. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1382-1427. [PMID: 36723190 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00843b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (ECO2RR) is considered one of the approaches with the most potential to achieve lower carbon emissions in the future, but a huge gap still exists between the current ECO2RR technology and industrial applications. Therefore, the design and preparation of catalysts with satisfactory activity, selectivity and stability for the ECO2RR have attracted extensive attention. As a classic type of functional porous framework, crystalline porous materials (e.g., metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs)) and derived porous materials (e.g., MOF/COF composites and pyrolysates) have been regarded as superior catalysts for the ECO2RR due to their advantages such as designable porosity, modifiable skeleton, flexible active site structure, regulable charge transfer pathway and controllable morphology. Meanwhile, with the rapid development of nano-characterization and theoretical calculation technologies, the structure-activity relationships of functional porous frameworks have been comprehensively considered, i.e., metallic element type, local coordination environment, and microstructure, corresponding to selectivity, activity and mass transfer efficiency for the ECO2RR, respectively. In this review, the rational design strategy for functional porous frameworks is briefly but precisely generalized based on three key factors including metallic element type, local coordination environment, and microstructure. Then, details about the structure-activity relationships for functional porous frameworks are illustrated in the order of MOFs, COFs, composites and pyrolysates to analyze the effect of the above-mentioned three factors on their ECO2RR performance. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of functional porous frameworks for the further development of the ECO2RR are reasonably proposed, aiming to offer insights for future studies in this intriguing and significant research field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Zunhang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Wenxiu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu Y, Chen Q, Zhu J, Zheng K, Wu M, Fan M, Yan W, Hu J, Zhu J, Pan Y, Jiao X, Sun Y, Xie Y. Selective CO 2 -to-C 2 H 4 Photoconversion Enabled by Oxygen-Mediated Triatomic Sites in Partially Oxidized Bimetallic Sulfide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202301075. [PMID: 36792533 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202301075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Selective CO2 photoreduction into C2 fuels under mild conditions suffers from low product yield and poor selectivity owing to the kinetic challenge of C-C coupling. Here, triatomic sites are introduced into bimetallic sulfide to promote C-C coupling for selectively forming C2 products. As an example, FeCoS2 atomic layers with different oxidation degrees are first synthesized, demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy spectra. Both experiment and theoretical calculation verify more charges aggregate around the introduced oxygen atom, which enables the original Co-Fe dual sites to turn into Co-O-Fe triatomic sites, thus promoting C-C coupling of double *COOH intermediates. Accordingly, the mildly oxidized FeCoS2 atomic layers exhibit C2 H4 formation rate of 20.1 μmol g-1 h-1 , with the product selectivity and electron selectivity of 82.9 % and 96.7 %, outperforming most previously reported photocatalysts under similar conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Qingxia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Juncheng Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Mingyu Wu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Minghui Fan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Wensheng Yan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Pan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Xingchen Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Yongfu Sun
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lu L, Cheng Y, Liang Z, Yan S, Qiao G, Zou Z. Multifunctional Au/Hydroxide Interface toward Enhanced C-C Coupling for Solar-Driven CO 2 Reduction into C 2H 6. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2934-2941. [PMID: 36729017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The high-grade C2+ products from CO2 photoreduction are limited by the kinetic bottleneck. Herein, a multifunctional Au/hydroxide interface was put forward to improve the C-C coupling. As a prototype, the synthesized Au/ZnSn(OH)6 tuned the CO generation and afforded about 50% electrons toward C2H6 selectivity. The prominent enhancement resulted from the following effects: (1) strong metal-support electronic interactions built an electric field at the interface of ZnSn(OH)6 nearby the Au nanoparticles, leading to fast transfer of electrons for the C-H and C-C bonding reactions. (2) The surface solid-state Sn-OH and Zn-OH lattice hydroxyls served as donors to feed rich H+ and oxygen vacancies (OVs) via hole-induced oxidation for the boosted C2H6 formation. (3) The synergetic OVs and Au sites allowed efficient e-/H+ to boost *CO hydrogenation toward *CH3 and *CH3*CH3 formation into the C2H6 product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, China.,Eco-Materials and Renewable Energy Research Center (ERERC), National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, China
| | - Zhiping Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, China
| | - Shicheng Yan
- Eco-Materials and Renewable Energy Research Center (ERERC), National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Guanjun Qiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, China
| | - Zhigang Zou
- Eco-Materials and Renewable Energy Research Center (ERERC), National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ni B, Zhang G, Wang H, Min Y, Jiang K, Li H. Correlating Oxidation State and Surface Ligand Motifs with the Selectivity of CO 2 Photoreduction to C 2 Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215574. [PMID: 36479970 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The design for non-Cu-based catalysts with the function of producing C2+ products requires systematic knowledge of the intrinsic connection between the surface state as well as the catalytic activity and selectivity. In this work, photochemical in situ spectral surface characterization techniques combined with the first principle calculations (DFT) were applied to investigate the relationships between the composition of surface states, coordinated motifs, and catalytic selectivity of a titanium oxynitride catalyst. When the catalyst mediates CO2 photoreduction, C2 product selectivity is positively correlated with the surface Ti2+ /Ti3+ ratio and the surface oxidation state is regulated and controlled by coordinated motifs of N-Ti-O/V[O], which can reduce the potential dimerization energy barriers of *CO-CO* and promote spontaneous formation of the subsequent *CO-CH2 * intermediate. This phenomenon provides a new perspective for the design of heterogeneous catalysts for photoreduction of CO2 into useful products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baoxin Ni
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, P. R. China.,Interdisciplinary Research Center, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guiru Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huiming Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, P. R. China
| | - Yulin Min
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, P. R. China.,Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Kun Jiang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hexing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, P. R. China.,Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|