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Zhang Z, Yue S, Jin B, Yang R, Wang S, Zhang T, Sun L, Lei A, Cai H. Para-selective nitrobenzene amination lead by C(sp 2)-H/N-H oxidative cross-coupling through aminyl radical. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4186. [PMID: 38760336 PMCID: PMC11101647 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Arylamines, serving as crucial building blocks in natural products and finding applications in multifunctional materials, are synthesized on a large scale via an electrophilic nitration/reduction sequence. However, the current methods for aromatic C-H amination have not yet attained the same level of versatility as electrophilic nitration. Here we show an extensively investigated transition metal-free and regioselective strategy for the amination of nitrobenzenes, enabling the synthesis of 4-nitro-N-arylamines through C(sp2)-H/N-H cross-coupling between electron-deficient nitroarenes and amines. Mechanistic studies have elucidated that the crucial aspects of these reactions encompass the generation of nitrogen radicals and recombination of nitrobenzene complex radicals. The C(sp2)-N bond formation is demonstrated to be highly effective for primary and secondary arylamines as well as aliphatic amines under mild conditions, exhibiting exceptional tolerance towards diverse functional groups in both nitroarenes and amines (>100 examples with yields up to 96%). Notably, this C(sp2)-H/N-H cross-coupling exhibits exclusive para-selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shusheng Yue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruchun Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengchun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hu Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Sil S, Krishnapriya AU, Mandal P, Kuniyil R, Mandal SK. Cross-Coupling Between Aryl Halides and Aryl Alkynes Catalyzed by an Odd Alternant Hydrocarbon. Chemistry 2024:e202400895. [PMID: 38584581 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic cross-coupling between aryl halides and alkynes is considered an extremely important organic transformation (popularly known as the Sonogashira coupling) and it requires a transition metal-based catalyst. Accomplishing such transformation without any transition metal-based catalyst in the absence of any external stimuli such as heat, photoexcitation or cathodic current is highly challenging. This work reports transition-metal-free cross-coupling between aryl halides and alkynes synthesizing a rich library of internal alkynes without any external stimuli. A chemically double-reduced phenalenyl (PLY)-based molecule with the super-reducing property was employed for single electron transfer to activate aryl halides generating reactive aryl radicals, which subsequently react with alkyne. This protocol covers not only various types of aryl, heteroaryl and polyaryl halides but also applies to a large variety of aromatic alkynes at room temperature. With a versatile substrate scope successfully tested on more than 75 entries, this radical-mediated pathway has been explained by several control experiments. All the key reactive intermediates have been characterized with spectroscopic evidence. Detailed DFT calculations have been instrumental in portraying the mechanistic pathway. Furthermore, we have successfully extended this transition-metal-free catalytic strategy for the first time towards solvent-free cross-coupling between solid aryl halide and alkyne substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Sil
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Pallabi Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Rositha Kuniyil
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Palakkad, Palakkad, 678557, Kerala, India
| | - Swadhin K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
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3
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Sugihara N, Nishimoto Y, Osakada Y, Fujitsuka M, Abe M, Yasuda M. Sequential C-F Bond Transformation of the Difluoromethylene Unit in Perfluoroalkyl Groups: A Combination of Fine-Tuned Phenothiazine Photoredox Catalyst and Lewis Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401117. [PMID: 38380969 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
A sequential process via photoredox catalysis and Lewis acid mediation for C-F bond transformation of the CF2 unit in perfluoroalkyl groups has been achieved to transform perfluoroalkylarenes into complex fluoroalkylated compounds. A phenothiazine-based photocatalyst promotes the defluoroaminoxylation of perfluoroalkylarenes with (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) under visible light irradiation, affording the corresponding aminoxylated products. These products undergo a further defluorinative transformation with various organosilicon reagents mediated by AlCl3 to provide highly functionalized perfluoroalkyl alcohols. Our novel phenothiazine catalyst works efficiently in the defluoroaminoxylation. Transient absorption spectroscopy revealed that the catalyst regeneration step is crucial for the photocatalytic aminoxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sugihara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuko Osakada
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Yamadagaoka 1-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mamoru Fujitsuka
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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4
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Deng CL, Hollister KK, Molino A, Tra BYE, Dickie DA, Wilson DJD, Gilliard RJ. Unveiling Three Interconvertible Redox States of Boraphenalene. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6145-6156. [PMID: 38380615 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Neutral 1-boraphenalene displays the isoelectronic structure of the phenalenyl carbocation and is expected to behave as an attractive organoboron multi-redox system. However, the isolation of new redox states have remained elusive even though the preparation of neutral boron(III)-containing phenalene compounds have been extensively studied. Herein, we have adopted an N-heterocyclic carbene ligand stabilization approach to achieve the first isolation of the stable and ambipolar 1-boraphenalenyl radical 1•. The 1-boraphenalenyl cation 1+ and anion 1- have also been electrochemically observed and chemically isolated, representing new redox forms of boraphenalene for the study of non-Kekulé polynuclear benzenoid molecules. Experimental and theoretical investigations suggest that the interconvertible three-redox-state species undergo reversible electronic structure modifications, which primarily take place on the polycyclic framework of the molecules, exhibiting atypical behavior compared to known donor-stabilized organoboron compounds. Initial reactivity studies, aromaticity evaluations, and photophysical studies show redox-state-dependent trends. While 1+ is luminescent in both the solution and solid states, 1• exhibits boron-centered reactivity and 1- undergoes substitution chemistry on the boraphenalenyl skeleton and serves as a single-electron transfer reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kimberly K Hollister
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andrew Molino
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086 Victoria, Australia
| | - Bi Youan E Tra
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - David J D Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086 Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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5
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Hu C, Kuhn L, Makurvet FD, Knorr ES, Lin X, Kawade RK, Mentink-Vigier F, Hanson K, Alabugin IV. Tethering Three Radical Cascades for Controlled Termination of Radical Alkyne peri-Annulations: Making Phenalenyl Ketones without Oxidants. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4187-4211. [PMID: 38316011 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Although Bu3Sn-mediated radical alkyne peri-annulations allow access to phenalenyl ring systems, the oxidative termination of these cascades provides only a limited selection of the possible isomeric phenalenone products with product selectivity controlled by the intrinsic properties of the new cyclic systems. In this work, we report an oxidant-free termination strategy that can overcome this limitation and enable selective access to the full set of isomerically functionalized phenalenones. The key to preferential termination is the preinstallation of a "weak link" that undergoes C-O fragmentation in the final cascade step. Breaking a C-O bond is assisted by entropy, gain of conjugation in the product, and release of stabilized radical fragments. This strategy is expanded to radical exo-dig cyclization cascades of oligoalkynes, which provide access to isomeric π-extended phenalenones. Conveniently, these cascades introduce functionalities (i.e., Bu3Sn and iodide moieties) amenable to further cross-coupling reactions. Consequently, a variety of polyaromatic diones, which could serve as phenalenyl-based open-shell precursors, can be synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Leah Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Favour D Makurvet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Erica S Knorr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Xinsong Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Rahul K Kawade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Frederic Mentink-Vigier
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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6
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Sen PP, Roy SR. Introducing Phenalenyl-Based Organic Lewis Acid as a Photocatalyst to Facilitate Oxidative Azolation of Unactivated Arenes. Org Lett 2023; 25:1895-1900. [PMID: 36892632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
By revealing the robust photooxidant properties of phenalenyl-based organic Lewis acid, we have introduced this moiety as an effective organophotocatalyst for the oxidative azolation of unactivated and feedstock arenes. In addition to its tolerance for various functional groups and scalability, this photocatalyst was shown to be promising for the defluorinative azolation of fluoroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pratim Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sudipta Raha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
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7
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Biswas A, Bhunia A, Mandal SK. Mechanochemical solid state single electron transfer from reduced organic hydrocarbon for catalytic aryl-halide bond activation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2606-2615. [PMID: 36908958 PMCID: PMC9993847 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06119h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid-state radical generation is an attractive but underutilized methodology in the catalytic strong bond activation process, such as the aryl-halide bond. Traditionally, such a process of strong bond activation relied upon the use of transition metal complexes or strongly reducing photocatalysts in organic solvents. The generation of the aryl radical from aryl halides in the absence of transition-metal or external stimuli, such as light or cathodic current, remains an elusive process. In this study, we describe a reduced organic hydrocarbon, which can act as a super reductant in the solid state to activate strong bonds by solid-state single electron transfer (SSSET) under the influence of mechanical energy leading to a catalytic strategy based on the mechano-SSSET or mechanoredox process. Here, we investigate the solid-state synthesis of the super electron donor phenalenyl anion in a ball mill and its application as an active catalyst in strong bond (aryl halide) activation. Aryl radicals generated from aryl halides by employing this strategy are competent for various carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions under solvent-free and transition metal-free conditions. We illustrate this approach for partially soluble or insoluble polyaromatic arenes in accomplishing solid-solid C-C cross-coupling catalysis, which is otherwise difficult to achieve by traditional methods using solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Biswas
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata Mohanpur-741246 India
| | - Anup Bhunia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata Mohanpur-741246 India
| | - Swadhin K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata Mohanpur-741246 India
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