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Smiljanic M, Bleteau P, Papageorgiou A, Goffart N, Adam C, Doneux T. Introducing common oxazine fluorophores as new redox labels for electrochemical DNA sensors. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 155:108582. [PMID: 37806117 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical properties of three oxazine fluorophores, ATTO655, ATTO680 and ATTO700 have been investigated at gold electrodes. They display a reversible or quasi-reversible voltammetric behaviour involving either a 2e-, 2H+ or a 2e-, 1H+ redox process depending on the pH, at a formal potential located in the stability range of thiolate self-assembled monolayers (E°' ≈ -0.33 V vs. Ag|AgCl|3M KCl at pH 7.2). The performance of ATTO655 as redox label for electrochemical nucleic acid sensing was evaluated in a typical E-DNA configuration. The redox label has no detrimental impact on the folding of DNA, as shown with the i-motif forming sequence investigated here. An electron transfer rate constant around 40 s-1 was determined, which is comparable to the values reported for the popular methylene blue label. Hybridisation experiments show a significant signal variation between ssDNA and dsDNA, though it is emphasised that the sign and amplitude of the variation are highly dependent on the electrochemical parameters such as the frequency in square wave voltammetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milutin Smiljanic
- Chemistry of Surfaces, Interfaces and Nanomaterials (ChemSIN), Faculté des Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 2, CP 255, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium; Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Pierre Bleteau
- Chemistry of Surfaces, Interfaces and Nanomaterials (ChemSIN), Faculté des Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 2, CP 255, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium; Université de Paris-Cité, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Alexia Papageorgiou
- Chemistry of Surfaces, Interfaces and Nanomaterials (ChemSIN), Faculté des Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 2, CP 255, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Nathan Goffart
- Chemistry of Surfaces, Interfaces and Nanomaterials (ChemSIN), Faculté des Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 2, CP 255, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Catherine Adam
- Chemistry of Surfaces, Interfaces and Nanomaterials (ChemSIN), Faculté des Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 2, CP 255, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Thomas Doneux
- Chemistry of Surfaces, Interfaces and Nanomaterials (ChemSIN), Faculté des Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 2, CP 255, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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Feng C, Liu X, Sun YF, Ren CL. Double-Stranded DNA Immobilized in Lying-Flat and Upright Orientation on a PNIPAm-Coated Surface: A Theoretical Study. ACS Macro Lett 2024:105-111. [PMID: 38190547 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Surface-immobilized double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in upright orientation plays an important role in optimizing and understanding DNA-based nanosensors and nanodevices. However, it is difficult to regulate the surface density of upright DNA due to the fact that DNA usually stands vertically at a high packing density but may lie down at a low packing density. We herein report dsDNA immobilized in upright orientation on a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm)-coated surface in theory. The theoretical results reveal that the angle of upright DNA relative to the surface is larger than that of DNA immobilized on the bare surface caused by the lying-flat DNA under proper PNIPAm surface coverage at 45 °C. The surface density of upright DNA is significantly influenced by DNA concentration and DNA length. It is envisioned that the density-regulated DNA molecules immobilized in upright orientation in the present work are well suited to bottom-up construction of complex DNA-based nanostructures and nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science & Technology and Hebei Key Laboratory of Microstructural Material Physics, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science & Technology and Hebei Key Laboratory of Microstructural Material Physics, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yang-Feng Sun
- Industrial Technology Center, Chengde Petroleum College, Chengde 067000, China
| | - Chun-Lai Ren
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Grzędowski A, Ma T, Bizzotto D. FRET Imaging of Nonuniformly Distributed DNA SAMs on Gold Reveals the Role Played by the Donor/Acceptor Ratio and the Local Environment in Measuring the Rate of Hybridization. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 1:286-296. [PMID: 37388962 PMCID: PMC10302881 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.3c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Mixed DNA SAMs labeled with a fluorophore (either AlexaFluor488 or AlexaFluor647) were prepared on a single crystal gold bead electrode using potential-assisted thiol exchange and studied using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). A measure of the local environment of the DNA SAM (e.g., crowding) was possible using FRET imaging on these surfaces since electrodes prepared this way have a range of surface densities (ΓDNA). The FRET signal was strongly dependent on ΓDNA and on the ratio of AlexaFluor488 to AlexaFluor647 used to make the DNA SAM, which were consistent with a model of FRET in 2D systems. FRET was shown to provide a direct measure of the local DNA SAM arrangement on each crystallographic region of interest providing a direct assessment of the probe environment and its influence on the rate of hybridization. The kinetics of duplex formation for these DNA SAMs was also studied using FRET imaging over a range of coverages and DNA SAM compositions. Hybridization of the surface-bound DNA increased the average distance between the fluorophore label and the gold electrode surface and decreased the distance between the donor (D) and acceptor (A), both of which result in an increase in FRET intensity. This increase in FRET was modeled using a second order Langmuir adsorption rate equation, reflecting the fact that both D and A labeled DNA are required to become hybridized to observe a FRET signal. The self-consistent analysis of the hybridization rates on low and high coverage regions on the same electrode showed that the low coverage regions achieved full hybridization 5× faster than the higher coverage regions, approaching rates typically found in solution. The relative increase in FRET intensity from each region of interest was controlled by manipulating the donor to acceptor composition of the DNA SAM without changing the rate of hybridization. The FRET response can be optimized by controlling the coverage and the composition of the DNA SAM sensor surface and could be further improved with the use of a FRET pair with a larger (e.g., > 5 nm) Förster radius.
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Sensors and the Surface Chemistry Conundrum. ACS Sens 2023; 8:1-2. [PMID: 36704905 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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