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Timoshenko J, Rettenmaier C, Hursán D, Rüscher M, Ortega E, Herzog A, Wagner T, Bergmann A, Hejral U, Yoon A, Martini A, Liberra E, Monteiro MCDO, Cuenya BR. Reversible metal cluster formation on Nitrogen-doped carbon controlling electrocatalyst particle size with subnanometer accuracy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6111. [PMID: 39030207 PMCID: PMC11271611 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50379-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Copper and nitrogen co-doped carbon catalysts exhibit a remarkable behavior during the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (CO2RR), namely, the formation of metal nanoparticles from Cu single atoms, and their subsequent reversible redispersion. Here we show that the switchable nature of these species holds the key for the on-demand control over the distribution of CO2RR products, a lack of which has thus far hindered the wide-spread practical adoption of CO2RR. By intermitting pulses of a working cathodic potential with pulses of anodic potential, we were able to achieve a controlled fragmentation of the Cu particles and partial regeneration of single atom sites. By tuning the pulse durations, and by tracking the catalyst's evolution using operando quick X-ray absorption spectroscopy, the speciation of the catalyst can be steered toward single atom sites, ultrasmall metal clusters or large metal nanoparticles, each exhibiting unique CO2RR functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Timoshenko
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Clara Rettenmaier
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorottya Hursán
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Rüscher
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eduardo Ortega
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia Herzog
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timon Wagner
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Bergmann
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uta Hejral
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aram Yoon
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Martini
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eric Liberra
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Tavani F, Frateloreto F, Del Giudice D, Capocasa G, Di Berto Mancini M, Busato M, Lanzalunga O, Di Stefano S, D'Angelo P. Coupled X-ray Absorption/UV-vis Monitoring of a Prototypical Oscillating Reaction. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:7312-7319. [PMID: 38984831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Oscillating reactions are among the most intriguing phenomena in chemistry, but many questions on their mechanisms still remain unanswered, due to their intrinsic complexity and to the low sensitivity of the most common spectroscopic techniques toward the reaction brominated species. In this work, we investigate the cerium ion-catalyzed Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) oscillating reaction by means of time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), in combination with UV-vis spectroscopy and unsupervised machine learning, multivariate curve resolution, and kinetic analyses. Altogether, we provide new insights into the collective oscillatory behavior of the key brominated species involved in the classical BZ reaction and measure previously unreported oscillations in their concentrations through Br K-edge XAS, while simultaneously tracking the oscillatory Ce4+-to-Ce3+ transformation by coupling XAS with UV-vis spectroscopy. Our work evidences the potential of the XAS technique to investigate the mechanisms of oscillatory chemical systems whose species are often not detectable with conventional experimental methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tavani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Frateloreto
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Del Giudice
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Capocasa
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marika Di Berto Mancini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Busato
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Osvaldo Lanzalunga
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Stefano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola D'Angelo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
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3
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Li W, Bu Y, Ge X, Li F, Han GF, Baek JB. Recent Advances in Iridium-based Electrocatalysts for Acidic Electrolyte Oxidation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202400295. [PMID: 38362788 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Ongoing research to develop advanced electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is needed to address demand for efficient energy conversion and carbon-free energy sources. In the OER process, acidic electrolytes have higher proton concentration and faster response than alkaline ones, but their harsh strongly acidic environment requires catalysts with greater corrosion and oxidation resistance. At present, iridium oxide (IrO2) with its strong stability and excellent catalytic performance is the catalyst of choice for the anode side of commercial PEM electrolysis cells. However, the scarcity and high cost of iridium (Ir) and the unsatisfactory activity of IrO2 hinder industrial scale application and the sustainable development of acidic OER catalytic technology. This highlights the importance of further research on acidic Ir-based OER catalysts. In this review, recent advances in Ir-based acidic OER electrocatalysts are summarized, including fundamental understanding of the acidic OER mechanism, recent insights into the stability of acidic OER catalysts, highly efficient Ir-based electrocatalysts, and common strategies for optimizing Ir-based catalysts. The future challenges and prospects of developing highly effective Ir-based catalysts are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Li
- UNIST-NUIST Environment and Energy Jointed Lab, UNNU), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, 210044, P. R. China
| | - Yunfei Bu
- UNIST-NUIST Environment and Energy Jointed Lab, UNNU), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, 210044, P. R. China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- UNIST-NUIST Environment and Energy Jointed Lab, UNNU), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, 210044, P. R. China
| | - Feng Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Gao-Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jong-Beom Baek
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Center for Dimension Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
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4
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van Limpt RTM, Lao M, Tsampas MN, Creatore M. Unraveling the Role of the Stoichiometry of Atomic Layer Deposited Nickel Cobalt Oxides on the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2405188. [PMID: 38958233 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202405188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Nickel cobalt oxides (NCOs) are promising, non-precious oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts. However, the stoichiometry-dependent electrochemical behavior makes it crucial to understand the structure-OER relationship. In this work, NCO thin film model systems are prepared using atomic layer deposition. In-depth film characterization shows the phase transition from Ni-rich rock-salt films to Co-rich spinel films. Electrochemical analysis in 1 m KOH reveals a synergistic effect between Co and Ni with optimal performance for the 30 at.% Co film after 500 CV cycles. Electrochemical activation correlates with film composition, specifically increasing activation is observed for more Ni-rich films as its bulk transitions to the active (oxy)hydroxide phase. In parallel to this transition, the electrochemical surface area (ECSA) increases up to a factor 8. Using an original approach, the changes in ECSA are decoupled from intrinsic OER activity, leading to the conclusion that 70 at.% Co spinel phase NCO films are intrinsically the most active. The studies point to a chemical composition dependent OER mechanism: Co-rich spinel films show instantly high activities, while the more sustainable Ni-rich rock-salt films require extended activation to increase the ECSA and OER performance. The results highlight the added value of working with model systems to disclose structure-performance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée T M van Limpt
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, Netherlands
| | - Mengmeng Lao
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), Eindhoven, 5600 HH, Netherlands
| | - Mihalis N Tsampas
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), Eindhoven, 5600 HH, Netherlands
| | - Mariadriana Creatore
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, Netherlands
- Eindhoven Institute for Renewable Energy Systems (EIRES), Eindhoven, 5600 MB, Netherlands
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5
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Murphy E, Sun B, Rüscher M, Liu Y, Zang W, Guo S, Chen YH, Hejral U, Huang Y, Ly A, Zenyuk IV, Pan X, Timoshenko J, Cuenya BR, Spoerke ED, Atanassov P. Synergizing Fe 2O 3 Nanoparticles on Single Atom Fe-N-C for Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia at Industrial Current Densities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401133. [PMID: 38619914 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction of nitrates (NO3 -) enables a pathway for the carbon neutral synthesis of ammonia (NH3), via the nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR), which has been demonstrated at high selectivity. However, to make NH3 synthesis cost-competitive with current technologies, high NH3 partial current densities (jNH3) must be achieved to reduce the levelized cost of NH3. Here, the high NO3RR activity of Fe-based materials is leveraged to synthesize a novel active particle-active support system with Fe2O3 nanoparticles supported on atomically dispersed Fe-N-C. The optimized 3×Fe2O3/Fe-N-C catalyst demonstrates an ultrahigh NO3RR activity, reaching a maximum jNH3 of 1.95 A cm-2 at a Faradaic efficiency (FE) for NH3 of 100% and an NH3 yield rate over 9 mmol hr-1 cm-2. Operando XANES and post-mortem XPS reveal the importance of a pre-reduction activation step, reducing the surface Fe2O3 (Fe3+) to highly active Fe0 sites, which are maintained during electrolysis. Durability studies demonstrate the robustness of both the Fe2O3 particles and Fe-Nx sites at highly cathodic potentials, maintaining a current of -1.3 A cm-2 over 24 hours. This work exhibits an effective and durable active particle-active support system enhancing the performance of the NO3RR, enabling industrially relevant current densities and near 100% selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Murphy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National Fuel Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Baiyu Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National Fuel Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Martina Rüscher
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuanchao Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National Fuel Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Wenjie Zang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Shengyuan Guo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National Fuel Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Yu-Han Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National Fuel Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Uta Hejral
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Alvin Ly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Iryna V Zenyuk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National Fuel Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Janis Timoshenko
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatriz Roldán Cuenya
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik D Spoerke
- Sandia National Laboratories, Energy Storage Technologies & Systems, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - Plamen Atanassov
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National Fuel Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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6
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Wang Z, Xu L, Zhou Y, Liang Y, Yang J, Wu D, Zhang S, Han X, Shi X, Li J, Yuan Y, Deng P, Tian X. Stabilizing the oxidation state of catalysts for effective electrochemical carbon dioxide conversion. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6295-6321. [PMID: 38722208 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00887h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
In the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), metal catalysts with an oxidation state generally demonstrate more favorable catalytic activity and selectivity than their corresponding metallic counterparts. However, the persistence of oxidative metal sites under reductive potentials is challenging since the transition to metallic states inevitably leads to catalytic degradation. Herein, a thorough review of research on oxidation-state stabilization in the CO2RR is presented, starting from fundamental concepts and highlighting the importance of oxidation state stabilization while revealing the relevance of dynamic oxidation states in product distribution. Subsequently, the functional mechanisms of various oxidation-state protection strategies are explained in detail, and in situ detection techniques are discussed. Finally, the prevailing and prospective challenges associated with oxidation-state protection research are discussed, identifying innovative opportunities for mechanistic insights, technology upgrades, and industrial platforms to enable the commercialization of the CO2RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Lizhi Xu
- Hainan Provincial Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Centre, Haikou 571126, China
| | - Yansong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ying Liang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Jinlin Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Daoxiong Wu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xingqi Han
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Xiaodong Shi
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Jing Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Yuliang Yuan
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Peilin Deng
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Xinlong Tian
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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7
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Chang J, Shi Y, Wu H, Yu J, Jing W, Wang S, Waterhouse GIN, Tang Z, Lu S. Oxygen Radical Coupling on Short-Range Ordered Ru Atom Arrays Enables Exceptional Activity and Stability for Acidic Water Oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12958-12968. [PMID: 38695595 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of efficient and stable electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acid is vital for the commercialization of the proton-exchange membrane water electrolyzer. In this work, we demonstrate that short-range Ru atom arrays with near-ideal Ru-Ru interatomic distances and a unique Ru-O hybridization state can trigger direct O*-O* radical coupling to form an intermediate O*-O*-Ru configuration during acidic OER without generating OOH* species. Further, the Ru atom arrays suppress the participation of lattice oxygen in the OER and the dissolution of active Ru. Benefiting from these advantages, the as-designed Ru array-Co3O4 electrocatalyst breaks the activity/stability trade-off that plagues RuO2-based electrocatalysts, delivering an excellent OER overpotential of only 160 mV at 10 mA cm-2 in 0.5 M H2SO4 and outstanding durability during 1500 h operation, representing one of the best acid-stable OER electrocatalysts reported to date. 18O-labeled operando spectroscopic measurements together with theoretical investigations revealed that the short-range Ru atom arrays switched on an oxide path mechanism (OPM) during the OER. Our work not only guides the design of improved acidic OER catalysts but also encourages the pursuit of short-range metal atom array-based electrocatalysts for other electrocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwei Chang
- College of Chemistry and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- College of Chemistry and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Han Wu
- College of Chemistry and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Jingkun Yu
- College of Chemistry and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Wen Jing
- College of Chemistry and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Siyang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | | | - Zhiyong Tang
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Siyu Lu
- College of Chemistry and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
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8
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Chen LX, Yano J. Deciphering Photoinduced Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms in Natural and Artificial Photosynthetic Systems on Multiple Temporal and Spatial Scales Using X-ray Probes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5421-5469. [PMID: 38663009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Utilization of renewable energies for catalytically generating value-added chemicals is highly desirable in this era of rising energy demands and climate change impacts. Artificial photosynthetic systems or photocatalysts utilize light to convert abundant CO2, H2O, and O2 to fuels, such as carbohydrates and hydrogen, thus converting light energy to storable chemical resources. The emergence of intense X-ray pulses from synchrotrons, ultrafast X-ray pulses from X-ray free electron lasers, and table-top laser-driven sources over the past decades opens new frontiers in deciphering photoinduced catalytic reaction mechanisms on the multiple temporal and spatial scales. Operando X-ray spectroscopic methods offer a new set of electronic transitions in probing the oxidation states, coordinating geometry, and spin states of the metal catalytic center and photosensitizers with unprecedented energy and time resolution. Operando X-ray scattering methods enable previously elusive reaction steps to be characterized on different length scales and time scales. The methodological progress and their application examples collected in this review will offer a glimpse into the accomplishments and current state in deciphering reaction mechanisms for both natural and synthetic systems. Looking forward, there are still many challenges and opportunities at the frontier of catalytic research that will require further advancement of the characterization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin X Chen
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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9
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Zhong X, Xu J, Chen J, Wang X, Zhu Q, Zeng H, Zhang Y, Pu Y, Hou X, Wu X, Niu Y, Zhang W, Wu YA, Wang Y, Zhang B, Huang K, Feng S. Spatially and Temporally Resolved Dynamic Response of Co-Based Composite Interface during the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7467-7479. [PMID: 38446421 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Interfacial interaction dictates the overall catalytic performance and catalytic behavior rules of the composite catalyst. However, understanding of interfacial active sites at the microscopic scale is still limited. Importantly, identifying the dynamic action mechanism of the "real" active site at the interface necessitates nanoscale, high spatial-time-resolved complementary-operando techniques. In this work, a Co3O4 homojunction with a well-defined interface effect is developed as a model system to explore the spatial-correlation dynamic response of the interface toward oxygen evolution reaction. Quasi in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy-electron energy-loss spectroscopy with high spatial resolution visually confirms the size characteristics of the interface effect in the spatial dimension, showing that the activation of active sites originates from strong interfacial electron interactions at a scale of 3 nm. Multiple time-resolved operando spectroscopy techniques explicitly capture dynamic changes in the adsorption behavior for key reaction intermediates. Combined with density functional theory calculations, we reveal that the dynamic adjustment of multiple adsorption configurations of intermediates by highly activated active sites at the interface facilitates the O-O coupling and *OOH deprotonation processes. The dual dynamic regulation mechanism accelerates the kinetics of oxygen evolution and serves as a pivotal factor in promoting the oxygen evolution activity of the composite structure. The resulting composite catalyst (Co-B@Co3O4/Co3O4 NSs) exhibits an approximately 70-fold turnover frequency and 20-fold mass activity than the monomer structure (Co3O4 NSs) and leads to significant activity (η10 ∼257 mV). The visual complementary analysis of multimodal operando/in situ techniques provides us with a powerful platform to advance our fundamental understanding of interfacial structure-activity relationships in composite structured catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Jingyao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Junnan Chen
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Xiyang Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Qian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yaowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yinghui Pu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Niu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Electron Microscopy Center, and Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Clean Energy Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yimin A Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, China
| | - Bingsen Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Keke Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Shouhua Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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10
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Haase FT, Ortega E, Saddeler S, Schmidt FP, Cruz D, Scholten F, Rüscher M, Martini A, Jeon HS, Herzog A, Hejral U, Davis EM, Timoshenko J, Knop-Gericke A, Lunkenbein T, Schulz S, Bergmann A, Roldan Cuenya B. Role of Fe decoration on the oxygen evolving state of Co 3O 4 nanocatalysts. ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2024; 17:2046-2058. [PMID: 38449571 PMCID: PMC10913145 DOI: 10.1039/d3ee02809g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The production of green hydrogen through alkaline water electrolysis is the key technology for the future carbon-neutral industry. Nanocrystalline Co3O4 catalysts are highly promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction and their activity strongly benefits from Fe surface decoration. However, limited knowledge of decisive catalyst motifs at the atomic level during oxygen evolution prevents their knowledge-driven optimization. Here, we employ a variety of operando spectroscopic methods to unveil how Fe decoration increases the catalytic activity of Co3O4 nanocatalysts as well as steer the (near-surface) active state formation. Our study shows a link of the termination-dependent Fe decoration to the activity enhancement and a significantly stronger Co3O4 near-surface (structural) adaptation under the reaction conditions. The near-surface Fe- and Co-O species accumulate an oxidative charge and undergo a reversible bond contraction during the catalytic process. Moreover, our work demonstrates the importance of low coordination surface sites on the Co3O4 host to ensure an efficient Fe-induced activity enhancement, providing another puzzle piece to facilitate optimized catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix T Haase
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Eduardo Ortega
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Sascha Saddeler
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen [CENIDE], University of Duisburg-Essen Essen Germany
| | - Franz-Philipp Schmidt
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Daniel Cruz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Fabian Scholten
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Martina Rüscher
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Andrea Martini
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Hyo Sang Jeon
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Antonia Herzog
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Uta Hejral
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Earl M Davis
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Janis Timoshenko
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Axel Knop-Gericke
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36 45470 Mülheim Germany
| | - Thomas Lunkenbein
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen [CENIDE], University of Duisburg-Essen Essen Germany
| | - Arno Bergmann
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
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11
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Do VH, Lee JM. Surface engineering for stable electrocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2693-2737. [PMID: 38318782 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00292f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, significant progress has been achieved in rational developments of electrocatalysts through constructing novel atomistic structures and modulating catalytic surface topography, realizing substantial enhancement in electrocatalytic activities. Numerous advanced catalysts were developed for electrochemical energy conversion, exhibiting low overpotential, high intrinsic activity, and selectivity. Yet, maintaining the high catalytic performance under working conditions with high polarization and vigorous microkinetics that induce intensive degradation of surface nanostructures presents a significant challenge for commercial applications. Recently, advanced operando and computational techniques have provided comprehensive mechanistic insights into the degradation of surficial functional structures. Additionally, various innovative strategies have been devised and proven effective in sustaining electrocatalytic activity under harsh operating conditions. This review aims to discuss the most recent understanding of the degradation microkinetics of catalysts across an entire range of anodic to cathodic polarizations, encompassing processes such as oxygen evolution and reduction, hydrogen reduction, and carbon dioxide reduction. Subsequently, innovative strategies adopted to stabilize the materials' structure and activity are highlighted with an in-depth discussion of the underlying rationale. Finally, we present conclusions and perspectives regarding future research and development. By identifying the research gaps, this review aims to inspire further exploration of surface degradation mechanisms and rational design of durable electrocatalysts, ultimately contributing to the large-scale utilization of electroconversion technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet-Hung Do
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459.
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459.
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141
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12
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Liao J, Pei J, Zhang G, An P, Chu S, Ji Y, Huang H, Zhang J, Dong J. Artificial neural network for deciphering the structural transformation of condensed ZnO by extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:195402. [PMID: 38306709 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad2589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Pressure-induced structural phase transitions play a pivotal role in unlocking novel material functionalities and facilitating innovations in materials science. Nonetheless, unveiling the mechanisms of densification, which relies heavily on precise and comprehensive structural analysis, remains a challenge. Herein, we investigated the archetypalB4 →B1 phase transition pathway in ZnO by combining x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy with machine learning. Specifically, we developed an artificial neural network (NN) to decipher the extended-XAFS spectra by reconstructing the partial radial distribution functions of Zn-O/Zn pairs. This provided us with access to the evolution of the structural statistics for all the coordination shells in condensed ZnO, enabling us to accurately track the changes in the internal structural parameteruand the anharmonic effect. We observed a clear decrease inuand an increased anharmonicity near the onset of theB4 →B1 phase transition, indicating a preference for the iT phase as the intermediate state to initiate the phase transition that can arise from the softening of shear phonon modes. This study suggests that NN-based approach can facilitate a more comprehensive and efficient interpretation of XAFS under complexin-situconditions, which paves the way for highly automated data processing pipelines for high-throughput and real-time characterizations in next-generation synchrotron photon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwen Liao
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajing Pei
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Guikai Zhang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei An
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengqi Chu
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Huang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Juncai Dong
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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13
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Botella R, Cao W, Celis J, Fernández-Catalá J, Greco R, Lu L, Pankratova V, Temerov F. Activating two-dimensional semiconductors for photocatalysis: a cross-dimensional strategy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:141501. [PMID: 38086082 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad14c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The emerging two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors substantially extend materials bases for versatile applications such as semiconductor photocatalysis demanding semiconductive matrices and large surface areas. The dimensionality, while endowing 2D semiconductors the unique properties to host photocatalytic functionality of pollutant removal and hydrogen evolution, hurdles the activation paths to form heterogenous photocatalysts where the photochemical processes are normally superior over these on the mono-compositional counterparts. In this perspective, we present a cross-dimensional strategy to employ thenD (n= 0-2) clusters or nanomaterials as activation partners to boost the photocatalytic activities of the 2D semiconductors. The formation principles of heterogenous photocatalysts are illustrated specifically for the 2D matrices, followed by selection criteria of them among the vast 2D database. The computer investigations are illustrated in the density functional theory route and machine learning benefitted from the vast samples in the 2D library. Synthetic realizations and characterizations of the 2D heterogenous systems are introduced with an emphasis on chemical methods and advanced techniques to understand materials and mechanistic studies. The perspective outlooks cross-dimensional activation strategies of the 2D materials for other applications such as CO2removal, and materials matrices in other dimensions which may inspire incoming research within these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Botella
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
| | - W Cao
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
| | - J Celis
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
| | - J Fernández-Catalá
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
| | - R Greco
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
| | - L Lu
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
| | - V Pankratova
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
| | - F Temerov
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
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14
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Mondal S, Riyaz M, Bagchi D, Dutta N, Singh AK, Vinod CP, Peter SC. Distortion-Induced Interfacial Charge Transfer at Single Cobalt Atom Secured on Ordered Intermetallic Surface Enhances Pure Oxygen Production. ACS NANO 2023; 17:23169-23180. [PMID: 37955244 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, atomic cobalt (Co) incorporation into the Pd2Ge intermetallic lattice facilitates operando generation of a thin layer of CoO over Co-substituted Pd2Ge, with Co in the CoO surface layer functioning as single metal sites. Hence the catalyst has been titled Co1-CoO-Pd2Ge. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirm the existence of CoO, with some of the Co bonded to Ge by substitution of Pd sites in the Pd2Ge lattice. The role of the CoO layer in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has been verified by its selective removal using argon sputtering and conducting the OER on the etched catalyst. In situ X-ray absorption near-edge structure and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy demonstrate that CoO gets transformed to CoOOH (Co3+) in operando condition with faster charge transfer through Pd atoms in the core Pd2Ge lattice. In situ Raman spectroscopy depicts the emergence of a CoOOH phase on applying potential and shows that the phase is stable with increasing potential and time without getting converted to CoO2. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the Pd2Ge lattice induces distortion in the CoO phase and generates unpaired spins in a nonmagnetic CoOOH system resulting in an increase in the OER activity and durability. The existence of spin density even after electrocatalysis is verified from electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. We have thus successfully synthesized intermetallic supported CoO during synthesis and rigorously verified the role played by an intermetallic Pd2Ge core in enhancing charge transfer, generating spin density, improving electrochemical durability, and imparting mechanical stability to a thin CoOOH overlayer. Differential electrochemical mass spectrometry has been explored to visualize the instantaneous generation of oxygen gas during the onset of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumi Mondal
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, Karnataka 560064, India
- School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Mohd Riyaz
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, Karnataka 560064, India
- School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Debabrata Bagchi
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, Karnataka 560064, India
- School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Nilutpal Dutta
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, Karnataka 560064, India
- School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Singh
- School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, Karnataka 560064, India
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Chathakudath P Vinod
- Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 410008, India
| | - Sebastian C Peter
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, Karnataka 560064, India
- School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, Karnataka 560064, India
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