1
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Wang X, He J, Wang YN, Zhao Z, Jiang K, Yang W, Zhang T, Jia S, Zhong K, Niu L, Lan Y. Strategies and Mechanisms of First-Row Transition Metal-Regulated Radical C-H Functionalization. Chem Rev 2024; 124:10192-10280. [PMID: 39115179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Radical C-H functionalization represents a useful means of streamlining synthetic routes by avoiding substrate preactivation and allowing access to target molecules in fewer steps. The first-row transition metals (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) are Earth-abundant and can be employed to regulate radical C-H functionalization. The use of such metals is desirable because of the diverse interaction modes between first-row transition metal complexes and radical species including radical addition to the metal center, radical addition to the ligand of metal complexes, radical substitution of the metal complexes, single-electron transfer between radicals and metal complexes, hydrogen atom transfer between radicals and metal complexes, and noncovalent interaction between the radicals and metal complexes. Such interactions could improve the reactivity, diversity, and selectivity of radical transformations to allow for more challenging radical C-H functionalization reactions. This review examines the achievements in this promising area over the past decade, with a focus on the state-of-the-art while also discussing existing limitations and the enormous potential of high-value radical C-H functionalization regulated by these metals. The aim is to provide the reader with a detailed account of the strategies and mechanisms associated with such functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Wang
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jing He
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chemical Theory and Mechanism, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyan Zhao
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Kui Jiang
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Intelligent Innovation, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 451162, P. R. China
| | - Shiqi Jia
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Kangbao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Linbin Niu
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chemical Theory and Mechanism, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
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2
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Fan F, Peng Y, Zhang X, Wang S, Luo Z, Luo M, Zeng X. Metal-carbene-guided twofold cross-coupling of ethers with chromium catalysis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6455. [PMID: 39085244 PMCID: PMC11292013 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50675-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Coupling by metal-carbene transfer enables the formation of several different bonds at the carbenoid site, enabling prochiral Csp3 centers that are fundamental three-dimensional substructures for medicines to be forged with increased efficiency. However, strategies using bulk chemicals are rare because of the challenge of breaking two unactivated geminal bonds. Herein, we report the reactivity of ethers to form metal-carbene intermediate by cleavage of α-Csp3-H/Csp3-O bonds, which achieve selective coupling with arylmagnesium bromides and chlorosilanes. These couplings are catalysed by cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene-chromium complex and enable the one-step formation of 1,n-arylsilyl alcohols and α-arylated silanes. Mechanistic studies indicate that the in-situ formed low-valent Cr might react with iodobenzene to form phenyl radical species, which abstracts the α-H atom of ether in giving α-oxy radical. The latter combines with Cr by breaking α-Csp3-O bond to afford metal-carbene intermediate, which couples with aryl Grignard and chlorosilane to form two σ-bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Sha Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Zheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Meiming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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3
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Dilinaer AD, J Jobin G, Drover MW. A catalytic collaboration: pairing transition metals and Lewis acids for applications in organic synthesis. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 38976284 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01550a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The use of metal catalysts to accelerate an organic transformation has proven indispensable for access to structural motifs having applications across medicinal, polymer, materials chemistry, and more. Most catalytic approaches have cast transition metals in the "leading role"; these players mediate important reactions such as C-C cross coupling and the hydrogenation of unsaturated bonds. These catalysts may require collaboration, featuring Lewis acidic or basic additives to promote a desired reaction outcome. Lewis acids can serve to accelerate reactions by way of substrate stabilization and/or activation, and as such, are valuable in optimizing catalytic transformations. A burgeoning area of chemical research which unifies these concepts has thus sought to develop transition metal complexes having ambiphilic (containing a Lewis basic and acidic unit) ligands. This approach takes advantage of metal-ligand cooperativity to increase the efficiency of a given chemical transformation, leveraging intramolecular interactions between a transition metal and an adjacent secondary ligand site. While this has shown significant potential to facilitate challenging and important transformations, there remains unexplored depth for creativity and future advancement. This Frontier highlights inter- and intramolecular combinations of transition metals and Lewis acids that together, provide a collaborative platform for chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dina Dilinaer
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N8K 3G6, Canada.
| | - Gabriel J Jobin
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N8K 3G6, Canada.
| | - Marcus W Drover
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N8K 3G6, Canada.
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4
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Zhao L, Liu F, Zhuang Y, Shen M, Xue J, Wang X, Zhang Y, Rong ZQ. CoH-catalyzed asymmetric remote hydroalkylation of heterocyclic alkenes: a rapid approach to chiral five-membered S- and O-heterocycles. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8888-8895. [PMID: 38873055 PMCID: PMC11168172 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01149j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Saturated heterocycles, which incorporate S and O heteroatoms, serve as fundamental frameworks in a diverse array of natural products, bioactive compounds, and pharmaceuticals. Herein, we describe a unique cobalt-catalyzed approach integrated with a desymmetrization strategy, facilitating precise and enantioselective remote hydroalkylation of unactivated heterocyclic alkenes. This method delivers hydroalkylation products with high yields and excellent stereoselectivity, representing good efficiency in constructing alkyl chiral centers at remote C3-positions within five-membered S/O-heterocycles. Notably, the broad scope and good functional group tolerance of this asymmetric C(sp3)-C(sp3) coupling enhance its applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzi Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) 127 West Youyi Road Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Feipeng Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) 127 West Youyi Road Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) 127 West Youyi Road Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Mengyang Shen
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) 127 West Youyi Road Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Jing Xue
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) 127 West Youyi Road Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Xuchao Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) 127 West Youyi Road Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) 127 West Youyi Road Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Zi-Qiang Rong
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) 127 West Youyi Road Xi'an 710072 China
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5
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Cusumano AQ, Chaffin BC, Doyle AG. Mechanism of Ni-Catalyzed Photochemical Halogen Atom-Mediated C(sp 3)-H Arylation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15331-15344. [PMID: 38778454 PMCID: PMC11246173 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Within the context of Ni photoredox catalysis, halogen atom photoelimination from Ni has emerged as a fruitful strategy for enabling hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-mediated C(sp3)-H functionalization. Despite the numerous synthetic transformations invoking this paradigm, a unified mechanistic hypothesis that is consistent with experimental findings on the catalytic systems and accounts for halogen radical formation and facile C(sp2)-C(sp3) bond formation remains elusive. We employ kinetic analysis, organometallic synthesis, and computational investigations to decipher the mechanism of a prototypical Ni-catalyzed photochemical C(sp3)-H arylation reaction. Our findings revise the previous mechanistic proposals, first by examining the relevance of SET and EnT processes from Ni intermediates relevant to the HAT-based arylation reaction. Our investigation highlights the ability for blue light to promote efficient Ni-C(sp2) bond homolysis from cationic NiIII and C(sp2)-C(sp3) reductive elimination from bipyridine NiII complexes. However interesting, the rates and selectivities of these processes do not account for the productive catalytic pathway. Instead, our studies support a mechanism that involves halogen atom evolution from in situ generated NiII dihalide intermediates, radical capture by a NiII(aryl)(halide) resting state, and key C-C bond formation from NiIII. Oxidative addition to NiI, as opposed to Ni0, and rapid NiIII/NiI comproportionation play key roles in this process. The findings presented herein offer fundamental insight into the reactivity of Ni in the broader context of catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Q Cusumano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Braden C Chaffin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Abigail G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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6
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Hu X, Cheng-Sánchez I, Kong W, Molander GA, Nevado C. Nickel-catalysed enantioselective alkene dicarbofunctionalization enabled by photochemical aliphatic C-H bond activation. Nat Catal 2024; 7:655-665. [PMID: 38947227 PMCID: PMC11208155 DOI: 10.1038/s41929-024-01153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The development of novel strategies to rapidly construct complex chiral molecules from readily available feedstocks is a long-term pursuit in the chemistry community. Radical-mediated alkene difunctionalizations represent an excellent platform towards this goal. However, asymmetric versions remain highly challenging, and more importantly, examples featuring simple hydrocarbons as reaction partners are elusive. Here we report an asymmetric three-component alkene dicarbofunctionalization capitalizing on the direct activation of C(sp 3)-H bonds through the combination of photocatalysed hydrogen atom transfer and nickel catalysis. This protocol provides an efficient platform for installing two vicinal carbon-carbon bonds across alkenes in an atom-economic fashion, providing a wide array of high-value chiral α-aryl/alkenyl carbonyls and phosphonates, as well as 1,1-diarylalkanes from ubiquitous alkane, ether and alcohol feedstocks. This method exhibits operational simplicity, broad substrate scope and excellent regioselectivity, chemoselectivity and enantioselectivity. The compatibility with bioactive motifs and expedient synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant molecules highlight the synthetic potential of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Wangqing Kong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gary A. Molander
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Cristina Nevado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Zhou Y, Wang Y, Xu P, Han W, Xiong HY, Zhang G. Synthesis of Indolyl Phenyl Diketones through Visible-Light-Promoted Ni-Catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclization/Oxidation Sequence of Ynones. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:241-247. [PMID: 38585509 PMCID: PMC10995934 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The combination of visible light catalysis and Ni catalysis has enabled the synthesis of indolyl phenyl diketones through the cyclization/oxidation process of ynones. This reaction proceeded under mild and base-free conditions and showed a broad scope and feasibility for gram-scale synthesis. Several natural products and biologically interesting molecules could be readily postfunctionalized by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhou
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan
University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R.
China
| | - Yaping Wang
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan
University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R.
China
| | - Peidong Xu
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan
University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R.
China
| | - Weiwei Han
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan
University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R.
China
| | - Heng-Ying Xiong
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan
University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R.
China
| | - Guangwu Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan
University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R.
China
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8
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Zhang LL, Gao YZ, Cai SH, Yu H, Shen SJ, Ping Q, Yang ZP. Ni-catalyzed enantioconvergent deoxygenative reductive cross-coupling of unactivated alkyl alcohols and aryl bromides. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2733. [PMID: 38548758 PMCID: PMC10979021 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed enantioconvergent cross-coupling of an alkyl precursor presents a promising method for producing enantioenriched C(sp3) molecules. Because alkyl alcohol is a ubiquitous and abundant family of feedstock in nature, the direct reductive coupling of alkyl alcohol and aryl halide enables efficient access to valuable compounds. Although several strategies have been developed to overcome the high bond dissociation energy of the C - O bond, the asymmetric pattern remains unknown. In this report, we describe the realization of an enantioconvergent deoxygenative reductive cross-coupling of unactivated alkyl alcohol (β-hydroxy ketone) and aryl bromide in the presence of an NHC activating agent. The approach can accommodate substituents of various sizes and functional groups, and its synthetic potency is demonstrated through a gram scale reaction and derivatizations into other compound families. Finally, we apply our convergent method to the efficient asymmetric synthesis of four β-aryl ketones that are natural products or bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Zhang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Zhong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules, Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, The School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, 030031, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Han Cai
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Shou-Jie Shen
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules, Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, The School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, 030031, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Ping
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Peng Yang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Cuesta-Galisteo S, Schörgenhumer J, Hervieu C, Nevado C. Dual Nickel/Photoredox-Catalyzed Asymmetric Carbamoylation of Benzylic C(sp 3 )-H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313717. [PMID: 38214382 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Radical-mediated Hydrogen Atom Abstraction of Csp3 -H bonds has become a powerful tool for the asymmetric functionalization of organic feedstocks. Here, we present an asymmetric synthesis of α-aryl amides via carbamoylation of alkylarenes with isocyanates as electrophiles. The synergistic combination of a photoredox and a chiral nickel-catalyst, enables the use of readily available and neutral reagents under mild reaction conditions and provides straightforward access to pharmacologically relevant motifs in enantiomerically pure form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Cuesta-Galisteo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Schörgenhumer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Hervieu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Nevado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Kumar Jha R, Rohilla K, Jain S, Parganiha D, Kumar S. Blue-Light Irradiated Mn(0)-Catalyzed Hydroxylation and C(sp 3 )-H Functionalization of Unactivated Alkanes with C(sp 2 )-H Bonds of Quinones for Alkylated Hydroxy Quinones and Parvaquone. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303537. [PMID: 37991931 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective C(sp3 )-H functionalization of unreactive hydrocarbons is always challenging due to its inherited chemical inertness, slightly different reactivity of various C-H bonds, and intrinsically high bond dissociation energies. Here, a site-selective C-H alkylation of naphthoquinone with unactivated hydrocarbons using Mn2 (CO)10 as a catalyst under blue-light (457 nm) irradiation without any external acid or base and pre-functionalization is presented. The selective C-H functionalization of tertiary over secondary and secondary over primary C(sp3 )-H bonds in abundant chemical feedstocks was achieved, and hydroxylation of quinones was realized in situ by employing the developed methodology. This protocol provides a new catalytic system for the direct construction of high-value-added compounds, namely, parvaquone (a commercially available drug used to treat theileriosis) and its derivatives under ambient reaction conditions. Moreover, this operationally simple protocol applies to various linear-, branched-, and cyclo-alkanes with high degrees of site selectivity under blue-light irradiated conditions and could provide rapid and straightforward access to versatile methodologies for upgrading feedstock chemicals. Mechanistic insight by radical trapping, radical scavenging, EPR, and other controlled experiments well corroborated with DFT studies suggest that the reaction proceeds by a radical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raushan Kumar Jha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Komal Rohilla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Saket Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Devendra Parganiha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Sangit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
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11
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Li Z, Liu B, Yao CY, Gao GW, Zhang JY, Tong YZ, Zhou JX, Sun HK, Liu Q, Lu X, Fu Y. Ligand-Controlled Cobalt-Catalyzed Regio-, Enantio-, and Diastereoselective Oxyheterocyclic Alkene Hydroalkylation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3405-3415. [PMID: 38282378 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Metal-hydride-catalyzed alkene hydroalkylation has been developed as an efficient method for C(sp3)-C(sp3) coupling with broad substrate availability and high functional group compatibility. However, auxiliary groups, a conjugated group or a chelation-directing group, are commonly required to attain high regio- and enantioselectivities. Herein, we reported a ligand-controlled cobalt-hydride-catalyzed regio-, enantio-, and diastereoselective oxyheterocyclic alkene hydroalkylation without chelation-directing groups. This reaction enables the hydroalkylation of conjugated and unconjugated oxyheterocyclic alkenes to deliver C2- or C3-alkylated tetrahydrofuran or tetrahydropyran in uniformly good yields and with high regio- and enantioselectivities. In addition, hydroalkylation of C2-substituted 2,5-dihydrofuran resulted in the simultaneous construction of 1,3-distereocenters, providing convenient access to polysubstituted tetrahydrofuran with multiple enantioenriched C(sp3) centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Bingxue Liu
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Cheng-Yu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Gen-Wei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jun-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yi-Zhou Tong
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jing-Xiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hao-Kai Sun
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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12
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Xu GQ, Wang WD, Xu PF. Photocatalyzed Enantioselective Functionalization of C(sp 3)-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1209-1223. [PMID: 38170467 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Owing to its diverse activation processes including single-electron transfer (SET) and hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT), visible-light photocatalysis has emerged as a sustainable and efficient platform for organic synthesis. These processes provide a powerful avenue for the direct functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds under mild conditions. Over the past decade, there have been remarkable advances in the enantioselective functionalization of the C(sp3)-H bond via photocatalysis combined with conventional asymmetric catalysis. Herein, we summarize the advances in asymmetric C(sp3)-H functionalization involving visible-light photocatalysis and discuss two main pathways in this emerging field: (a) SET-driven carbocation intermediates are followed by stereospecific nucleophile attacks; and (b) photodriven alkyl radical intermediates are further enantioselectively captured by (i) chiral π-SOMOphile reagents, (ii) stereoselective transition-metal complexes, and (iii) another distinct stereoscopic radical species. We aim to summarize key advances in reaction design, catalyst development, and mechanistic understanding, to provide new insights into this rapidly evolving area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Wei David Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
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Liu T, Meng Z, Zhou Y, Wang T, Lv K. Mechanistic Insights into the Ligand-Directed Divergent Synthesis of 2-Benzazepine Derivatives via Ni-Catalyzed Tunable Cyclization/Cross-Coupling: A DFT Study. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:17946-17953. [PMID: 37851378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The detailed mechanisms of Ni-catalyzed ligand-controlled cyclization/cross-coupling of o-bromobenzenesulfonyl acrylamide (1a) with trifluoromethyl alkene were investigated by DFT calculations. The computational results support a single-electron reduction of NiII precatalyst to give BrNiIL species, which would react with 1a via oxidative addition to afford the (Ar)NiIIILBr2 complex. The subsequent cyclizations did not proceed until (Ar)NiIIILBr2 was reduced to the key (Ar)NiIL complex. For the bpy-involving reaction, the subsequent steps include nucleophilic attack to the carbonyl carbon atom, N-C bond breaking, intramolecular migratory insertion, as well as concerted C-C cross-coupling and β-F elimination. While the ligand of terpyridine promotes the 7-endocyclization followed by stepwise migratory insertion and β-F elimination to afford 2-benzazepine 2,5-dione. For both reactions, a theoretical study implied that the most favorable mechanism involved a NiI-NiIII-NiI catalytic cycle. The origins of the chemoselectivity, coupled with the factors responsible, were addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Jining University, Qufu 273155, Shandong, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Zitong Meng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Jining University, Qufu 273155, Shandong, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Yihang Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Jining University, Qufu 273155, Shandong, China
| | - Teng Wang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Jining University, Qufu 273155, Shandong, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Kang Lv
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Jining University, Qufu 273155, Shandong, China
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Meger FS, Murphy JA. Recent Advances in C-H Functionalisation through Indirect Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Molecules 2023; 28:6127. [PMID: 37630379 PMCID: PMC10459052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionalisation of C-H bonds has been an enormous achievement in synthetic methodology, enabling new retrosynthetic disconnections and affording simple synthetic equivalents for synthons. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is a key method for forming alkyl radicals from C-H substrates. Classic reactions, including the Barton nitrite ester reaction and Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag reaction, among others, provided early examples of HAT. However, recent developments in photoredox catalysis and electrochemistry have made HAT a powerful synthetic tool capable of introducing a wide range of functional groups into C-H bonds. Moreover, greater mechanistic insights into HAT have stimulated the development of increasingly site-selective protocols. Site-selectivity can be achieved through the tuning of electron density at certain C-H bonds using additives, a judicious choice of HAT reagent, and a solvent system. Herein, we describe the latest methods for functionalizing C-H/Si-H/Ge-H bonds using indirect HAT between 2018-2023, as well as a critical discussion of new HAT reagents, mechanistic aspects, substrate scopes, and background contexts of the protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip S. Meger
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 16 Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
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Maity B, Dutta S, Cavallo L. The mechanism of visible light-induced C-C cross-coupling by C sp3-H bond activation. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5373-5387. [PMID: 37464786 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00960a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Csp3-C cross-coupling by activating Csp3-H bonds is a dream reaction for the chemical community, and visible light-induced transition metal-catalysis under mild reaction conditions is considered a powerful tool to achieve it. Advancement of this research area is still in its infancy because of the chemical and technical complexity of this catalysis. Mechanistic studies illuminating the operative reaction pathways can rationalize the increasing amount of experimental catalysis data and provide the knowledge allowing faster and rational advances in the field. This goal requires complementary experimental and theoretical mechanistic studies, as each of them is unfit to clarify the operative mechanisms alone. In this tutorial review we summarize representative experimental and computational mechanistic studies, highlighting weaknesses, strengths, and synergies between the two approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bholanath Maity
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sayan Dutta
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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