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Yang X, Zhang B, Ruan J, Duanmu K, Chen W. Palladium-Catalyzed Allylation of Endocyclic 1-Azaallyl Anions. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8896-8905. [PMID: 38856706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Endocyclic 1-azaallyl anions engage allyl acetates in a palladium-catalyzed allylation followed by reduction to give unprotected 2-(hetero)aryl-3-allylpiperidines and 2-allyl-3-arylmorpholines, products not easily accessible by other means. The allyl group is then readily transformed into a variety of functional groups. Preliminary studies on the asymmetric variant of the reaction using an enantiomerically pure BI-DIME-type ligand provide the product with moderate enantioselectivity. Computational studies suggest that energy barriers of inner-sphere reductive elimination and outer-sphere nucleophilic substitution are almost the same, which makes both of them possible reaction pathways. In addition, the inner-sphere mechanism displays an enantiodiscriminating C-C bond forming step, while the outer-sphere mechanism is much less selective, which combined to give the asymmetric variant of the reaction moderate enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Institute for Advanced Studies, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Biao Zhang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Institute for Advanced Studies, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Junhao Ruan
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Institute for Advanced Studies, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Kaining Duanmu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Institute for Advanced Studies, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Weijie Chen
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Institute for Advanced Studies, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
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2
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Cao VD, Joung S. Synthesis and utility of N-boryl and N-silyl enamines derived from the hydroboration and hydrosilylation of N-heteroarenes and N-conjugated compounds. Front Chem 2024; 12:1414328. [PMID: 38911995 PMCID: PMC11190178 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1414328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Catalytic hydroboration and hydrosilylation have emerged as promising strategies for the reduction of unsaturated hydrocarbons and carbonyl compounds, as well as for the dearomatization of N-heteroarenes. Various catalysts have been employed in these processes to achieve the formation of reduced products via distinct reaction pathways and intermediates. Among these intermediates, N-silyl enamines and N-boryl enamines, which are derived from hydrosilylation and hydroboration, are commonly underestimated in this reduction process. Because these versatile intermediates have recently been utilized in situ as nucleophilic reagents or dipolarophiles for the synthesis of diverse molecules, an expeditious review of the synthesis and utilization of N-silyl and N-boryl enamines is crucial. In this review, we comprehensively discuss a wide range of hydrosilylation and hydroboration catalysts used for the synthesis of N-silyl and N-boryl enamines. These catalysts include main-group metals (e.g., Mg and Zn), transition metals (e.g., Rh, Ru, and Ir), earth-abundant metals (e.g., Fe, Co, and Ni), and non-metal catalysts (including P, B, and organocatalysts). Furthermore, we highlight recent research efforts that have leveraged these versatile intermediates for the synthesis of intriguing molecules, offering insights into future directions for these invaluable building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seewon Joung
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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3
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Lei J, Xu ZG. Reaction strategies for the meta-selective functionalization of pyridine through dearomatization. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10861-5. [PMID: 38647989 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The pyridine moiety is a crucial structural component in various pharmaceuticals. While the direct ortho- and para-functionalization of pyridines is relatively straightforward, the meta-selective C-H functionalization remains a significant challenge. This review highlights dearomatization strategies as a key area of interest in expanding the application of meta-C-H functionalization of pyridines. Dearomatization enables the meta-functionalization through various catalytic methods that directly generate dearomatization products, and some products can be rearomatized back to pyridine derivatives. Furthermore, this article also covers the dearomatization of multiple positions of pyridine in the synthesis of polycyclic compounds. It offers a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in dearomatization at different positions of pyridine, aiming to provide a valuable resource for researchers in this field. It also highlights the advantages and limitations of existing technologies, aiming to inform a broader audience about this important field and foster its future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lei
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Xu
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China.
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4
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Gao Y, Hu Y, Ye J, Ma Z, Feng J, Liu X, Lei P, Szostak M. Pd-NHC (NHC = N-Heterocyclic Carbene)-Catalyzed B-Alkyl Suzuki Cross-Coupling of 2-Pyridyl Ammonium Salts by N-C Activation: Application to the Discovery of Agrochemical Molecular Hybrids. Org Lett 2024; 26:2309-2314. [PMID: 38466078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
2-Alkylpyridines are a privileged scaffold throughout the realm of organic synthesis and play a key role in natural products, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals. Herein, we report the first B-alkyl Suzuki cross-coupling of 2-pyridyl ammonium salts to access functionalized 2-alkylpyridines. The use of well-defined, operationally simple Pd-NHCs permits for an exceptionally broad scope of the challenging B-alkyl C-N cross-coupling with organoboranes containing β-hydrogen, representing a novel method for the discovery of highly sought-after molecules for plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuge Hu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiuhui Ye
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhiqing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Shaanxi Research Center of Biopesticide Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Juntao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Shaanxi Research Center of Biopesticide Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xili Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Peng Lei
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Shaanxi Research Center of Biopesticide Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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5
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Richard F, Clark P, Hannam A, Keenan T, Jean A, Arseniyadis S. Pd-Catalysed asymmetric allylic alkylation of heterocycles: a user's guide. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1936-1983. [PMID: 38206332 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00856h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This review provides an in-depth analysis of recent advances and strategies employed in the Pd-catalysed asymmetric allylic alkylation (Pd-AAA) of nucleophilic prochiral heterocycles. The review is divided into sections each focused on a specific family of heterocycle, where optimisation data and reaction scope have been carefully analysed in order to bring forward specific reactivity and selectivity trends. The review eventually opens on how computer-based technologies could be used to predict an ideally matched catalytic system for any given substrate. This user-guide targets chemists from all horizons interested in running a Pd-AAA reaction for the preparation of highly enantioenriched heterocyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Richard
- Queen Mary University of London, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, E1 4NS, London, UK.
| | - Paul Clark
- Queen Mary University of London, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, E1 4NS, London, UK.
| | - Al Hannam
- Queen Mary University of London, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, E1 4NS, London, UK.
| | - Thomas Keenan
- Queen Mary University of London, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, E1 4NS, London, UK.
| | - Alexandre Jean
- Industrial Research Centre, Oril Industrie, 13 rue Desgenétais, 76210, Bolbec, France
| | - Stellios Arseniyadis
- Queen Mary University of London, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, E1 4NS, London, UK.
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Siddiqi Z, Bingham TW, Shimakawa T, Hesp KD, Shavnya A, Sarlah D. Oxidative Dearomatization of Pyridines. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2358-2363. [PMID: 38230893 PMCID: PMC11006438 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Dearomatization of pyridines is a well-established synthetic approach to access piperidines. Although remarkably powerful, existing dearomatization processes have been limited to the hydrogenation or addition of carbon-based nucleophiles to activated pyridiniums. Here, we show that arenophile-mediated dearomatizations can be applied to pyridines to directly introduce heteroatom functionalities without prior substrate activation. The arenophile platform in combination with olefin oxidation chemistry provides access to dihydropyridine cis-diols and epoxides. These previously elusive compounds are now readily accessible and can be used for the downstream preparation of diversely functionalized piperidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohaib Siddiqi
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States; and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tanner W. Bingham
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States; and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tsukasa Shimakawa
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States; and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kevin D. Hesp
- Treeline Biosciences, 500 Arsenal St, second Floor, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Andre Shavnya
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David Sarlah
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States; and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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7
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Xia Y, Tang M, Zhang Q, Yu W. Dearomatization of Pyridines: Stereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized [1,2,4]Triazolo[4,3- a]pyridines. Org Lett 2023; 25:9087-9091. [PMID: 38112501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The stereoselective preparation of functionalized [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridines from N-tosylhydrazones and pyridines was developed through the dearomatization of pyridines. The current transformation features good step- and atom-economy, high diastereoselectivity, and the efficient formation of four new carbon-heteroatom bonds in the corresponding product tetrahydro pyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Meng Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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8
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Ortiz KG, Hammons JS, Karimov RR. Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Functionalization of Quinoxalinium Salts. Org Lett 2023; 25:8987-8991. [PMID: 38060420 PMCID: PMC11032262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
We report a rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric addition of aryl and alkenyl boronic acids to quinoxalinium salts that generates dihydroquinoxalines with high enantioselectivity. Functionalization of the reaction products, dihydroquinoxaline, allows the preparation of tetrahydroquinoxalines with various substitution patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacey G Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, 179 Chemistry Building, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Jensen S Hammons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, 179 Chemistry Building, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Rashad R Karimov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, 179 Chemistry Building, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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9
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Hu M, Ding H, DeSnoo W, Tantillo DJ, Nairoukh Z. The Construction of Highly Substituted Piperidines via Dearomative Functionalization Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202315108. [PMID: 37860947 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen heterocycles play a vital role in pharmaceuticals and natural products, with the six-membered aromatic and aliphatic architectures being commonly used. While synthetic methods for aromatic N-heterocycles are well-established, the synthesis of their aliphatic functionalized analogues, particularly piperidine derivatives, poses a significant challenge. In that regard, we propose a stepwise dearomative functionalization reaction for the construction of highly decorated piperidine derivatives with diverse functional handles. We also discuss challenges related to site-selectivity, regio- and diastereoselectivity, and provide insights into the reaction mechanism through mechanistic studies and density functional theory computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hu
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Hao Ding
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - William DeSnoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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10
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Pappoppula M, Olsen KL, Ketelboeter DR, Aponick A. Enantio- and Regioselective Copper-Catalyzed 1,2-Dearomatization of Pyridines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312967. [PMID: 37820350 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed dearomative alkynylation of pyridines is reported with excellent regio- and enantioselectivities. The synthetically valuable enantioenriched 2-alkynyl-1,2-dihydropyridine products afforded are generated from the readily available feedstock, pyridine, and commercially available terminal alkynes. The three-component reaction between a pyridine, a terminal alkyne, and methyl chloroformate employs copper chloride and StackPhos, a chiral biaryl P,N- ligand, as the catalytic system. Under mild reaction conditions, the desired 1,2-addition products are delivered in up to 99 % yield with regioselectivity ratios up to 25 : 1 and enantioselectivities values of up to 99 % ee. Activated and non-activated terminal alkynes containing a wide range of functional groups are well tolerated. Even acetylene gas delivered mono-alkynylated products in high yield and ee. Application of the methodology in an efficient enantioselective synthesis of the chiral piperidine indolizidine, coniceine, is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Pappoppula
- Department of Chemistry and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Kathryn L Olsen
- Department of Chemistry and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Devin R Ketelboeter
- Department of Chemistry and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Aaron Aponick
- Department of Chemistry and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
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11
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Tian JJ, Li RR, Tian GX, Wang XC. Enantioselective C3-Allylation of Pyridines via Tandem Borane and Palladium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307697. [PMID: 37395559 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a one-pot method for enantioselective C-H allylation of pyridines at C3 via tandem borane and palladium catalysis. This method involves borane-catalyzed pyridine hydroboration to generate dihydropyridines, then palladium-catalyzed enantioselective allylation of the dihydropyridines with allylic esters, and finally air oxidation of the allylated dihydropyridines to afford the products. This method enables the introduction of an allylic group at C3 with excellent regio- and enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Tian
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Rui-Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Gui-Xiu Tian
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
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