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Durfy CS, Zurakowski JA, Drover MW. A Blueprint for Secondary Coordination Sphere Editing: Approaches Toward Lewis-Acid Assisted Carbon Dioxide Co-Activation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202400039. [PMID: 38358843 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a potent greenhouse gas of environmental concern. Seeking to offer a solution to the "CO2-problem", the chemistry community has turned a focus toward transition metal complexes which can activate, reduce, and convert CO2 into carbon-based products. The design of such systems involves judicious selection of both metal and accompanying donor ligand; in part, these efforts are motivated by biological metalloenzymes that undertake similar transformations. As a design element, metal-ligand cooperativity, which leverages intramolecular interactions between a transition metal and an adjacent secondary ligand site, has been acknowledged as a vitally important component by the CO2 activation community. These systems offer a "push-pull" style of activation where electron density is chaperoned onto CO2 with an accompanying electrophile, such as a Lewis-acid, playing the role of acceptor. This pairing allows for the stabilization of reactive CxHyOz-containing intermediates and can bias CO2 product selectivity. In the laboratory, chemists can test hypotheses and ideas, enabling rationalization of why a given pairing of transition metal/Lewis-acid leads to selective CO2 reduction outcomes. This Concept identifies literature examples and highlights key design properties, allowing interested contributors to design, create, and implement novel systems for productive transformations of a small molecule (CO2) with huge potential impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor S Durfy
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 3K7
| | - Joseph A Zurakowski
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 3K7
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, N9B 3P4
| | - Marcus W Drover
- Department of Chemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 3K7
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Branch K, Johnson ER, Nichols EM. Porphyrin Aggregation under Homogeneous Conditions Inhibits Electrocatalysis: A Case Study on CO 2 Reduction. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:1251-1261. [PMID: 38947202 PMCID: PMC11212130 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.4c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Metalloporphyrins are widely used as homogeneous electrocatalysts for transformations relevant to clean energy and sustainable organic synthesis. Metalloporphyrins are well-known to aggregate due to π-π stacking, but surprisingly, the influence of aggregation on homogeneous electrocatalytic performance has not been investigated previously. Herein, we present three structurally related iron meso-phenylporphyrins whose aggregation properties are different in commonly used N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) electrolyte. Both spectroscopy and light scattering provide evidence of extensive porphyrin aggregation under conventional electrocatalytic conditions. Using the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO as a test reaction, cyclic voltammetry reveals an inverse dependence of the kinetics on the catalyst concentration. The inhibition extends to bulk performance, where up to 75% of the catalyst at 1 mM is inactive compared to at 0.25 mM. We additionally report how aggregation is perturbed by organic additives, axial ligands, and redox state. Periodic boundary calculations provide additional insights into aggregate stability as a function of metalloporphyrin structure. Finally, we generalize the aggregation phenomenon by surveying metalloporphyrins with different metals and substituents. This study demonstrates that homogeneous metalloporphyrins can aggregate severely in well-solubilizing organic electrolytes, that aggregation can be easily modulated through experimental conditions, and that the extent of aggregation must be considered for accurate catalytic benchmarking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin
L. Branch
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British
Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Erin R. Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Eva M. Nichols
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British
Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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3
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He H, Qiu ZY, Yin Z, Kong J, Dang JS, Lei H, Zhang W, Cao R. The meso-substituent electronic effect of Fe porphyrins on the electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5916-5919. [PMID: 38745555 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01630k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
We report Fe porphyrins bearing different meso-substituents for the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). By replacing two and four meso-phenyl groups of Fe tetraphenylporphyrin (FeTPP) with strong electron-withdrawing pentafluorophenyl groups, we synthesized FeF10TPP and FeF20TPP, respectively. We showed that FeTPP and FeF10TPP are active and selective for CO2-to-CO conversion in dimethylformamide with the former being more active, but FeF20TPP catalyzes hydrogen evolution rather than the CO2RR under the same conditions. Experimental and theoretical studies revealed that with more electron-withdrawing meso-substituents, the Fe center becomes electron-deficient and it becomes difficult for it to bind a CO2 molecule in its formal Fe0 state. This work is significant to illustrate the electronic effects of catalysts on binding and activating CO2 molecules and provide fundamental knowledge for the design of new CO2RR catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Zi-Yang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Jiafan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Jing-Shuang Dang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Haitao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Rui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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Yang G, Wang D, Wang Y, Hu W, Hu S, Jiang J, Huang J, Jiang HL. Modulating the Primary and Secondary Coordination Spheres of Single Ni(II) Sites in Metal-Organic Frameworks for Boosting Photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10798-10805. [PMID: 38579304 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Though the coordination environment of single metal sites has been recognized to be of great importance in promoting catalysis, the influence of simultaneous precise modulation of primary and secondary coordination spheres on catalysis remains largely unknown. Herein, a series of single Ni(II) sites with altered primary and secondary coordination spheres have been installed onto metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with UiO-67 skeleton, affording UiO-Ni-X-Y (X = S, O; Y = H, Cl, CF3) with X and Y on the primary and secondary coordination spheres, respectively. Upon deposition with CdS nanoparticles, the resulting composites present high photocatalytic H2 production rates, in which the optimized CdS/UiO-Ni-S-CF3 exhibits an excellent activity of 13.44 mmol g-1, ∼500 folds of the pristine catalyst (29.6 μmol g-1 for CdS/UiO), in 8 h, highlighting the key role of microenvironment modulation around Ni sites. Charge kinetic analysis and theoretical calculation results demonstrate that the charge transfer dynamics and reaction energy barrier are closely correlated with their coordination spheres. This work manifests the advantages of MOFs in the fabrication of structurally precise catalysts and the elucidation of particular influences of microenvironment modulation around single metal sites on the catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Denan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Shuaishuai Hu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jier Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Hai-Long Jiang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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Sonea A, Crudo NR, Warren JJ. Understanding the Interplay of the Brønsted Acidity of Catalyst Ancillary Groups and the Solution Components in Iron-porphyrin-Mediated Carbon Dioxide Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3721-3731. [PMID: 38307036 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The rapid and efficient conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to carbon monoxide (CO) is an ongoing challenge. Catalysts based on iron-porphyrin cores have emerged as excellent electrochemical mediators of the two proton + two electron reduction of CO2 to CO, and many of the design features that promote function are known. Of those design features, the incorporation of Brønsted acids in the second coordination sphere of the iron ion has a significant impact on catalyst turnover kinetics. The Brønsted acids are often in the form of hydroxyphenyl groups. Herein, we explore how the acidity of an ancillary 2-hydroxyphenyl group affects the performance of CO2 reduction electrocatalysts. A series of meso-5,10,15,20-tetraaryl porphyrins were prepared where only the functional group at the 5-meso position has an ionizable proton. A series of cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments reveal that the complex with -OMe positioned para to the ionizable -OH shows the largest CO2 reduction rate constants in acetonitrile solvent. This is the least acidic -OH of the compounds surveyed. The turnover frequency of the -OMe derivative can be further improved with the addition of 4-trifluoromethylphenol to the solution. In contrast, the iron-porphyrin complex with -CF3 positioned opposite the ionizable -OH shows the smallest CO2 reduction rate constants, and its turnover frequency is less enhanced with the addition of phenols to the reaction solutions. The origin of this effect is rationalized based on kinetic isotope effect experiments and density functional calculations. We conclude that catalysts with weaker internal acids coupled with stronger external acid additives provide superior CO2 reduction kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sonea
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Nicholas R Crudo
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey J Warren
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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