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Lin LC, Dill RD, Thorley KJ, Parkin SR, Anthony JE, Johnson JC, Damrauer NH. Revealing the Singlet Fission Mechanism for a Silane-Bridged Thienotetracene Dimer. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:3982-3992. [PMID: 38717589 PMCID: PMC11129308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Tetraceno[2,3-b]thiophene is regarded as a strong candidate for singlet fission-based solar cell applications due to its mixed characteristics of tetracene and pentacene that balance exothermicity and triplet energy. An electronically weakly coupled tetraceno[2,3-b]thiophene dimer (Et2Si(TIPSTT)2) with a single silicon atom bridge has been synthesized, providing a new platform to investigate the singlet fission mechanism involving the two acene chromophores. We study the excited state dynamics of Et2Si(TIPSTT)2 by monitoring the evolution of multiexciton coupled triplet states, 1TT to 5TT to 3TT to T1 + S0, upon photoexcitation with transient absorption, temperature-dependent transient absorption, and transient/pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies. We find that the photoexcited singlet lifetime is 107 ps, with 90% evolving to form the TT state, and the complicated evolution between the multiexciton states is unraveled, which can be an important reference for future efforts toward tetraceno[2,3-b]thiophene-based singlet fission solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Chun Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Ryan D. Dill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Karl J. Thorley
- Department
of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Sean R. Parkin
- Department
of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - John E. Anthony
- Department
of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Justin C. Johnson
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Niels H. Damrauer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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2
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Kim J, Teo HT, Hong Y, Cha H, Kim W, Chi C, Kim D. Elucidating Singlet-Fission-Born Multiexciton Dynamics via Molecular Engineering: A Dilution Principle Extended to Quintet Triplet Pair. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10833-10846. [PMID: 38578848 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Multiexciton in singlet exciton fission represents a critical quantum state with significant implications for both solar cell applications and quantum information science. Two distinct fields of interest explore contrasting phenomena associated with the geminate triplet pair: one focusing on the persistence of long-lived correlation and the other emphasizing efficient decorrelation. Despite the pivotal nature of multiexciton processes, a comprehensive understanding of their dependence on the structural and spin properties of materials is currently lacking in experimental realizations. To address this gap in knowledge, molecular engineering was employed to modify the TIPS-tetracene structures, enabling an investigation of the structure-property relationships in spin-related multiexciton processes. In lieu of the time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance technique, two time-resolved magneto-optical spectroscopies were implemented for quantitative analysis of spin-dependent multiexciton dynamics. The utilization of absorption and fluorescence signals as complementary optical readouts, in the presence of a magnetic field, provided crucial insights into geminate triplet pair dynamics. These insights encompassed the duration of multiexciton correlation and the involvement of the spin state in multiexciton decorrelation. Furthermore, simulations based on our kinetic models suggested a role for quintet dilution in multiexciton dynamics, surpassing the singlet dilution principle established by the Merrifield model. The integration of intricate model structures and time-resolved magneto-optical spectroscopies served to explicitly elucidate the interplay between structural and spin properties in multiexciton processes. This comprehensive approach not only contributes to the fundamental understanding of these processes but also aligns with and reinforces previous experimental studies of solid states and theoretical assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juno Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hao Ting Teo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyojung Cha
- Department of Hydrogen and Renewable Energy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Chunyan Chi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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3
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Majdecki M, Hsu CH, Wang CH, Shi EHC, Zakrocka M, Wei YC, Chen BH, Lu CH, Yang SD, Chou PT, Gaweł P. Singlet Fission in a New Series of Systematically Designed Through-space Coupled Tetracene Oligomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401103. [PMID: 38412017 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) holds great promise for current photovoltaic technologies, where tetracenes, with their relatively high triplet energies, play a major role for application in silicon-based solar cells. However, the SF efficiencies in tetracene dimers are low due to the unfavorable energetics of their singlet and triplet energy levels. In the solid state, tetracene exhibits high yields of triplet formation through SF, raising great interest about the underlying mechanisms. To address this discrepancy, we designed and prepared a novel molecular system based on a hexaphenylbenzene core decorated with 2 to 6 tetracene chromophores. The spatial arrangement of tetracene units, induced by steric hindrance in the central part, dictates through-space coupling, making it a relevant model for solid-state chromophore organization. We then revealed a remarkable increase in SF quantum yield with the number of tetracenes, reaching quantitative (196 %) triplet pair formation in hexamer. We observed a short-lived correlated triplet pair and limited magnetic effects, indicating ineffective triplet dissociation in these through-space coupled systems. These findings emphasize the crucial role of the number of chromophores involved and the interchromophore arrangement for the SF efficiency. The insights gained from this study will aid designing more efficient and technology-compatible SF systems for applications in photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Majdecki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chao-Hsien Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Emily Hsue-Chi Shi
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Magdalena Zakrocka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yu-Chen Wei
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Han Chen
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Lu
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Da Yang
- Institute of Photonics Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Przemysław Gaweł
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Sakai H, Nonaka K, Hayasaka R, Thazhathethil S, Sagara Y, Hasobe T. Tetracene cyclophanes showing controlled intramolecular singlet fission by through-space orientations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4084-4087. [PMID: 38506713 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00278d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Tetracene cyclophanes: a series of cyclic tetracene dimers bridged by two flexible ethylene glycol units demonstrated enhanced intramolecular singlet fission through through-space orientations by suppressing the H-type excited complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Keigo Nonaka
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8522, Japan.
| | - Ryo Hayasaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Shakkeeb Thazhathethil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8522, Japan.
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8522, Japan.
- Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuda-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Taku Hasobe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
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5
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Wang Z, Xie X, Ma H. Simultaneous Intra- and Intermolecular Singlet Fission in Bipentacene Macrocycle Aggregates. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:3523-3530. [PMID: 38522085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) is a process where a singlet state splits into two triplet states, which is essential for enhancing optoelectronic devices. Macrocyclic structures allow for precise control of chromophore orientation and facilitate singlet fission in solutions. However, the behavior of these structures in thin films, crucial for solid-state device optimization, remains underexplored. This study examines the aggregation and singlet fission processes of bipentacene macrocycles (BPc) in thin films using molecular dynamics simulations and electronic structure calculations. Findings indicate that BPc aggregates more rapidly with less chloroform, aligning parallel to the substrate. Intramolecular singlet fission (iSF) rates are rarely changed during evaporation, but the efficiency of intermolecular singlet fission (xSF) improves due to the increase in packing domains, suggesting that orderly crystal domains are not necessary for device efficiency. This opens avenues for varied device designs and traditional solution-based methods for optimal device development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangxia Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xie
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Haibo Ma
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
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6
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Greißel PM, Thiel D, Gotfredsen H, Chen L, Krug M, Papadopoulos I, Miskolzie M, Torres T, Clark T, Brøndsted Nielsen M, Tykwinski RR, Guldi DM. Intramolecular Triplet Diffusion Facilitates Triplet Dissociation in a Pentacene Hexamer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315064. [PMID: 38092707 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Triplet dynamics in singlet fission depend strongly on the strength of the electronic coupling. Covalent systems in solution offer precise control over such couplings. Nonetheless, efficient free triplet generation remains elusive in most systems, as the intermediate triplet pair 1 (T1 T1 ) is prone to triplet-triplet annihilation due to its spatial confinement. In the solid state, entropically driven triplet diffusion assists in the spatial separation of triplets, resulting in higher yields of free triplets. Control over electronic coupling in the solid state is, however, challenging given its sensitivity to molecular packing. We have thus developed a hexameric system (HexPnc) to enable solid-state-like triplet diffusion at the molecular scale. This system is realized by covalently tethering three pentacene dimers to a central subphthalocyanine scaffold. Transient absorption spectroscopy, complemented by theoretical structural optimizations and steady-state spectroscopy, reveals that triplet diffusion is indeed facilitated due to intramolecular cluster formation. The yield of free triplets in HexPnc is increased by a factor of up to 14 compared to the corresponding dimeric reference (DiPnc). Thus, HexPnc establishes crucial design aspects for achieving efficient triplet dissociation in strongly coupled systems by providing avenues for diffusive separation of 1 (T1 T1 ), while, concomitantly, retaining strong interchromophore coupling which preserves rapid formation of 1 (T1 T1 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip M Greißel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Thiel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Henrik Gotfredsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Current address: Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Lan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Marcel Krug
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mark Miskolzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Computer-Chemie-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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