1
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Li M, Zhang T, Shi Y, He C, Duan C. Modifying Proton Relay into Bioinspired Dye-Based Coordination Polymer for Photocatalytic Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406161. [PMID: 38864758 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) imparts an energetic advantage over single electron transfer in activating inert substances. Natural PCET enzyme catalysis generally requires tripartite preorganization of proton relay, substrate-bound active center, and redox mediator, making the processes efficient and precluding side reactions. Inspired by this, a heterogeneous photocatalytic PCET system was established to achieve higher PCET driving forces by modifying proton relays into anthraquinone-based anionic coordination polymers. The proximally separated proton relays and photoredox-mediating anthraquinone moiety allowed pre-assembly of inert substrate between them, merging proton and electron into unsaturated bonds by photoreductive PCET, which enhanced reaction kinetics compared with the counter catalyst without proton relay. This photocatalytic PCET method was applied to a broad-scoped reduction of aryl ketones, unsaturated carbonyls, and aromatic compounds. The distinctive regioselectivities for the reduction of isoquinoline derivatives were found to occur on the carbon-ring sides. PCET-generated radical intermediate of quinoline could be trapped by alkene for proton relay-assisted Minisci addition, forming the pharmaceutical aza-acenaphthene scaffold within one step. When using heteroatom(X)-H/C-H compounds as proton-electron donors, this protocol could activate these inert bonds through photooxidative PCET to afford radicals and trap them by electron-deficient unsaturated compounds, furnishing the direct X-H/C-H functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mochen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Tiexin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yusheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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2
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Boaler P, Piskorz TK, Bickerton LE, Wang J, Duarte F, Lloyd-Jones GC, Lusby PJ. Origins of High-Activity Cage-Catalyzed Michael Addition. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19317-19326. [PMID: 38976816 PMCID: PMC11258793 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Cage catalysis continues to create significant interest, yet catalyst function remains poorly understood. Herein, we report mechanistic insights into coordination-cage-catalyzed Michael addition using kinetic and computational methods. The study has been enabled by the detection of identifiable catalyst intermediates, which allow the evolution of different cage species to be monitored and modeled alongside reactants and products. The investigations show that the overall acceleration results from two distinct effects. First, the cage reaction shows a thousand-fold increase in the rate constant for the turnover-limiting C-C bond-forming step compared to a reference state. Computational modeling and experimental analysis of activation parameters indicate that this stems from a significant reduction in entropy, suggesting substrate coencapsulation. Second, the cage markedly acidifies the bound pronucleophile, shifting this equilibrium by up to 6 orders of magnitude. The combination of these two factors results in accelerations up to 109 relative to bulk-phase reference reactions. We also show that the catalyst can fundamentally alter the reaction mechanism, leading to intermediates and products that are not observable outside of the cage. Collectively, the results show that cage catalysis can proceed with very high activity and unique selectivity by harnessing a series of individually weak noncovalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick
J. Boaler
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Tomasz K. Piskorz
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Laura E. Bickerton
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Jianzhu Wang
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Guy C. Lloyd-Jones
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Paul J. Lusby
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, U.K.
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3
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Maitra PK, Bhattacharyya S, Hickey N, Mukherjee PS. Self-Assembly of a Water-Soluble Pd 16 Square Bicupola Architecture and Its Use in Aerobic Oxidation in Aqueous Medium. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15301-15308. [PMID: 38785321 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Designing supramolecular architectures with uncommon geometries has always been a key goal in the field of metal-ligand coordination-driven self-assembly. It acquires added significance if functional building units are employed in constructing such architectures for fruitful applications. In this report, we address both these aspects by developing a water-soluble Pd16L8 coordination cage 1 with an unusual square orthobicupola geometry, which was used for selective aerobic oxidation of aryl sulfides. Self-assembly of a benzothiadiazole-based tetra-pyridyl donor L with a ditopic cis-[(tmeda)Pd(NO3)2] acceptor [tmeda = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine] produced 1, and the geometry was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. Unlike the typically observed tri- or tetrafacial barrel, the present Pd16L8 coordination assembly features a distinctive structural topology and is a unique example of a water-soluble molecular architecture with a square orthobicupola geometry. Efficient and selective aerobic oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides is an important challenge as conventional oxidation generally leads to the formation of sulfoxide along with toxic sulfone. Cage 1, designed with a ligand containing a benzothiadiazole moiety, demonstrates an ability to photogenerate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in water, thus enabling it to serve as a potential photocatalyst. The cage showed excellent catalytic efficiency for highly selective conversion of alkyl and aryl sulfides to their corresponding sulfoxides, therefore without the formation of toxic sulfones and other byproducts, under visible light in aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Kumar Maitra
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Soumalya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Neal Hickey
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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4
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Sainaba AB, Saha R, Venkateswarulu M, Zangrando E, Mukherjee PS. Pt(II) Tetrafacial Barrel with Aggregation-Induced Emission for Sensing. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:508-517. [PMID: 38117135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
A new tetraphenylpyrazine-based tetraimidazole ligand (L) was synthesized and used for subcomponent self-assembly with cis-(tmeda)Pd(NO3)2 and cis-Pt(PEt3)2(OTf)2, leading to the formation of two tetrafacial barrels [Pd8L4(tmeda)8](NO3)16 (1) and [Pt8L4(PEt3)16](OTf)16 (2), respectively. Although ligand L is aggregation-induced emission (AIE) active, barrel 2 showed a magnificently higher AIE activity than ligand L, while 1 failed to retain the AIE properties of the ligand. Pd(II) barrel 1, undergoing an aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) phenomenon, nullified the AIE activity of the ligand to be used in the photophysical application. The enhanced emission in the aggregated state of Pt(II) barrel 2 was used for the recognition of picric acid (PA), which is explosive in nature and one of the groundwater contaminants in landmine areas. The recognition of picric acid was found to be selective in comparison with that of other nitroaromatic compounds (NACs), which could be attributed to ground-state complex formation and resonance energy transfer between picric acid and barrel 2. The use of new AIE-active assembly 2 for selective detection of PA with a low detection limit is noteworthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arppitha Baby Sainaba
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Rupak Saha
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mangili Venkateswarulu
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ennio Zangrando
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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5
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Baby Sainaba A, Venkateswarulu M, Bhandari P, Clegg JK, Sarathi Mukherjee P. Self-Assembly of an [M 8 L2 4 ] 16+ Intertwined Cube and a Giant [M 12 L1 6 ] 24+ Orthobicupola. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315572. [PMID: 37985377 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Through coordination-driven self-assembly, aesthetically captivating structures can be formed by tuning the length or flexibility of various components. The self-assembly of an elongated rigid terphenyl-based tetra-pyridyl ligand (L1) with a cis-Pd(II) acceptor produces an [M12 L16 ]24+ triangular orthobicupola structure (1). When flexibility is introduced into the ligand by the incorporation of a -CH2 - group between the dipyridylamine and terphenyl rings in the ligand (L2), anunique [M8 L24 ]16+ water-soluble 'intertwined cubic structure' (2) results. The inherent flexibility of ligand L2 might be the key factor behind the formation of the thermodynamically stable and 'intertwined cubic structure' in this scenario. This research showcases the ability to design and fabricate novel, topologically distinctive molecular structures by a straightforward and efficient approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arppitha Baby Sainaba
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Mangili Venkateswarulu
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Pallab Bhandari
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Jack K Clegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland-St. Lucia, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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6
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Piskorz TK, Martí-Centelles V, Spicer RL, Duarte F, Lusby PJ. Picking the lock of coordination cage catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11300-11331. [PMID: 37886081 PMCID: PMC10599471 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02586a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The design principles of metallo-organic assembly reactions have facilitated access to hundreds of coordination cages of varying size and shape. Many of these assemblies possess a well-defined cavity capable of hosting a guest, pictorially mimicking the action of a substrate binding to the active site of an enzyme. While there are now a growing collection of coordination cages that show highly proficient catalysis, exhibiting both excellent activity and efficient turnover, this number is still small compared to the vast library of metal-organic structures that are known. In this review, we will attempt to unpick and discuss the key features that make an effective coordination cage catalyst, linking structure to activity (and selectivity) using lessons learnt from both experimental and computational analysis of the most notable exemplars. We will also provide an outlook for this area, reasoning why coordination cages have the potential to become the gold-standard in (synthetic) non-covalent catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz K Piskorz
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Vicente Martí-Centelles
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València Camino de Vera, s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Rebecca L Spicer
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University Lancaster LA14YB UK
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Paul J Lusby
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Scotland EH9 3FJ UK
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7
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Liang Y, Zhou X, Gopi S, Wang R. Distinct selectivity inside self-assembled coordination cages. Front Chem 2023; 11:1269471. [PMID: 37731456 PMCID: PMC10507711 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1269471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular containers have long been applied to regulate organic reactions with distinct selectivity, owing to their diverse functions such as the ability to pose a guest molecule(s) with a certain orientation and conformation. In this review, we try to illustrate how self-assembled coordination cages could achieve this goal. Two representative cage hosts, namely, self-assembled Pd(II)-ligand octahedral coordination cages ([Pd6L4]12+) and self-assembled Ga(III)-ligand tetrahedral coordination cages ([Ga4L6]12-) are selected as the pilot hosts that this mini review covers. Representative works in this area are presented here in brief.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sreeraj Gopi
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Chen Q, Li Z, Lei Y, Chen Y, Tang H, Wu G, Sun B, Wei Y, Jiao T, Zhang S, Huang F, Wang L, Li H. The sharp structural switch of covalent cages mediated by subtle variation of directing groups. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4627. [PMID: 37532710 PMCID: PMC10397198 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is considered a more formidable task to precisely control the self-assembled products containing purely covalent components, due to a lack of intrinsic templates such as transition metals to suppress entropy loss during self-assembly. Here, we attempt to tackle this challenge by using directing groups. That is, the self-assembly products of condensing a 1:2 mixture of a tetraformyl and a biamine can be precisely controlled by slightly changing the substituent groups in the aldehyde precursor. This is because different directing groups provide hydrogen bonds with different modes to the adjacent imine units, so that the building blocks are endowed with totally different conformations. Each conformation favors the formation of a specific product that is thus produced selectively, including chiral and achiral cages. These results of using a specific directing group to favor a target product pave the way for accomplishing atom economy in synthesizing purely covalent molecules without relying on toxic transition metal templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Zhaoyong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Ye Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Hua Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Guangcheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Bin Sun
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, PR China
| | - Yuxi Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Tianyu Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Songna Zhang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, PR China.
| | - Feihe Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, PR China.
| | - Linjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, PR China.
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9
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Prajapati D, Bhandari P, Hickey N, Mukherjee PS. Water-Soluble Pd 6L 3 Molecular Bowl for Separation of Phenanthrene from a Mixture of Isomeric Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37263966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenanthrene is a high-value raw material in chemical industries. Separation of phenanthrene from isomeric anthracene continues to be a big challenge in the industry due to their very similar physical properties. Herein, we report the self-assembly of a water-soluble molecular bowl (TB) from a phenothiazine-based unsymmetrical terapyridyl ligand (L) and a cis-blocked 90° Pd(II) acceptor. TB featured an unusual bowl-like topology, with a wide rim diameter and a hydrophobic inner cavity fenced by the aromatic rings of the ligand. The above-mentioned features of TB allow it to bind polyaromatic hydrocarbons in its confined cavity. TB shows a higher affinity for phenanthrene over its isomer anthracene in water, which enables it to separate phenanthrene with ∼93% purity from an equimolar mixture of phenanthrene and anthracene. TB is also able to extract pyrene with around ∼90% purity from an equimolar mixture of coronene, perylene, and pyrene. Moreover, TB can be reused for several cycles without significant degradation in its performance as an extracting agent. This clean strategy of separation of phenanthrene and pyrene from a mixture of hydrophobic hydrocarbons by aqueous extraction is noteworthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmraj Prajapati
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Pallab Bhandari
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Neal Hickey
- Center of Excellence in Biocrystallography, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceuticals Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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10
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Hong D, Shi L, Liu X, Ya H, Han X. Photocatalysis in Water-Soluble Supramolecular Metal Organic Complex. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104068. [PMID: 37241809 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As an emerging subset of organic complexes, metal complexes have garnered considerable attention owing to their outstanding structures, properties, and applications. In this content, metal-organic cages (MOCs) with defined shapes and sizes provide internal spaces to isolate water for guest molecules, which can be selectively captured, isolated, and released to achieve control over chemical reactions. Complex supramolecules are constructed by simulating the self-assembly behavior of the molecules or structures in nature. For this purpose, massive amounts of cavity-containing supramolecules, such as metal-organic cages (MOCs), have been extensively explored for a large variety of reactions with a high degree of reactivity and selectivity. Because sunlight and water are necessary for the process of photosynthesis, water-soluble metal-organic cages (WSMOCs) are ideal platforms for photo-responsive stimulation and photo-mediated transformation by simulating photosynthesis due to their defined sizes, shapes, and high modularization of metal centers and ligands. Therefore, the design and synthesis of WSMOCs with uncommon geometries embedded with functional building units is of immense importance for artificial photo-responsive stimulation and photo-mediated transformation. In this review, we introduce the general synthetic strategies of WSMOCs and their applications in this sparking field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Hong
- College of Food and Drug, Henan Functional Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Linlin Shi
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xianghui Liu
- College of Food and Drug, Henan Functional Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Huiyuan Ya
- College of Food and Drug, Henan Functional Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Xin Han
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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11
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Schell K, Li H, Lauterbach L, Taizoumbe KA, Dickschat JS, Hauer B. Alternative Active Site Confinement in Squalene–Hopene Cyclase Enforces Substrate Preorganization for Cyclization. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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12
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Mao XR, Wang Q, Zhuo SP, Xu LP. Reactivity and Selectivity of the Diels-Alder Reaction of Anthracene in [Pd 6L 4] 12+ Supramolecular Cages: A Computational Study. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:4330-4340. [PMID: 36863004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The field of supramolecular metal-organic cage catalysis has grown rapidly in recent years. However, theoretical studies regarding the reaction mechanism and reactivity and selectivity controlling factors for supramolecular catalysis are still underdeveloped. Herein, we demonstrate a detailed density functional theory study on the mechanism, catalytic efficiency, and regioselectivity of the Diels-Alder reaction in bulk solution and within two [Pd6L4]12+ supramolecular cages. Our calculations are consistent with experiments. The origins of the catalytic efficiency of the bowl-shaped cage 1 have been elucidated to be the host-guest stabilization of the transition states and the favorable entropy effect. The reasons for the switch of the regioselectivity from 9,10-addition to 1,4-addition within the octahedral cage 2 were attributed to the confinement effect and the noncovalent interactions. This work would shed light on the understanding of [Pd6L4]12+ metallocage-catalyzed reactions and provide a detailed mechanistic profile otherwise difficult to obtain from experiments. The findings of this study could also aid to the improvement and development of more efficient and selective supramolecular catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Rui Mao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Shu-Ping Zhuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Li-Ping Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
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13
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Spatola E, Frateloreto F, Del Giudice D, Olivo G, Di Stefano S. Cyclization Reactions in Confined Space. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2023.101680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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14
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Mozaceanu C, Solea AB, Taylor CGP, Sudittapong B, Ward MD. Disentangling contributions to guest binding inside a coordination cage host: analysis of a set of isomeric guests with differing polarities. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:15263-15272. [PMID: 36129351 PMCID: PMC9578013 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02623f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Binding of a set of three isomeric guests (1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-dicyanobenzene, abbreviated DCB) inside an octanuclear cubic coordination cage host H (bearing different external substitutents according to solvent used) has been studied in water/dmso (98 : 2) and CD2Cl2. These guests have essentially identical molecular surfaces, volumes and external functional groups to interact with the cage interior surface; but they differ in polarity with dipole moments of ca. 7, 4 and 0 Debye respectively. In CD2Cl2 guest binding is weak but we observe a clear correlation of binding free energy with guest polarity, with 1,4-DCB showing no detectable binding by NMR spectroscopy but 1,2-DCB having −ΔG = 9 kJ mol−1. In water (containing 2% dmso to solubilise the guests) we see the same trend but all binding free energies are much higher due to an additional hydrophobic contribution to binding, with −ΔG varying from 16 kJ mol−1 for 1,4-DCB to 22 kJ mol−1 for 1,4-DCB: again we see an increase associated with guest polarity but the increase in −ΔG per Debye of dipole moment is around half what we observe in CD2Cl2 which we ascribe to the fact the more polar guests will be better solvated in the aqueous solvent. A van't Hoff analysis by variable-temperature NMR showed that the improvement in guest binding in water/dmso is entropy-driven, which suggests that the key factor is not direct electrostatic interactions between a polar guest and the cage surface, but the variation in guest desolvation across the series, with the more polar (and hence more highly solvated) guests having a greater favourable entropy change on desolvation. The three dicyanobenzene isomers have obvious similarities but differ in their dipole moment: effects on binding in a coordination cage host in different solvents are discussed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atena B Solea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | | - Burin Sudittapong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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15
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Solea AB, Sudittapong B, Taylor CGP, Ward MD. Inside or outside the box? Effect of substrate location on coordination-cage based catalysis. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:11277-11285. [PMID: 35791857 PMCID: PMC9344580 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01713j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work we compare and contrast the hydrolysis of two different aromatic esters using an octanuclear cubic Co8 coordination cage host as the catalyst. Diacetyl fluorescein (DAF) is too large to bind inside the cage cavity, but in aqueous solution it interacts with the exterior surface of the cage via a hydrophobic interaction with K = 1.5(2) × 104 M−1. This is sufficient to bring it into close proximity to the layer of hydroxide ions which also surrounds the 16+ cage surface even at modest pH values, accelerating the hydrolysis of DAF to fluorescein with kcat/kuncat (the rate acceleration for that fraction of DAF in contact with the cage surface in the equilibrium) ≈50. This is far smaller than many known examples of catalysis inside a cage cavity, but at the exterior surface it is potentially general with no cavity-imposed size/shape limitations for guest binding. In contrast 4-nitrophenyl acetate (4NPA) binds inside the cage cavity with K = 3.5(3) × 103 M−1 and as such is surrounded in solution by the hydroxide ions which accumulate around the cage surface. However its hydrolysis is actually inhibited: either because of a geometrically unfavourable geometry of the bound substrate which makes it inaccessible to surface-bound hydroxide, or because the necessary volume expansion/geometry change associated with formation of a tetrahedral intermediate cannot be accommodated inside the cavity. Any 4NPA that is free in solution as part of the equilibrium undergoes catalysed hydrolysis at the cage exterior surface in the same way as DAF, but the effect is limited by the low affinity of 4NPA for the exterior surface. We conclude that exterior-surface catalysis can be effective and potentially general; and that cavity-binding of guests can result in negative, rather than positive, catalysis. The cavity is not everything! Catalysed hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenylacetate is inhibited inside a cage (left), but hydrolysis of diacetylfluorescein (right) is catalysed by the exterior surface.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena B Solea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Burin Sudittapong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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16
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Piskorz TK, Martí-Centelles V, Young TA, Lusby PJ, Duarte F. Computational Modeling of Supramolecular Metallo-organic Cages-Challenges and Opportunities. ACS Catal 2022; 12:5806-5826. [PMID: 35633896 PMCID: PMC9127791 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled metallo-organic cages have emerged as promising biomimetic platforms that can encapsulate whole substrates akin to an enzyme active site. Extensive experimental work has enabled access to a variety of structures, with a few notable examples showing catalytic behavior. However, computational investigations of metallo-organic cages are scarce, not least due to the challenges associated with their modeling and the lack of accurate and efficient protocols to evaluate these systems. In this review, we discuss key molecular principles governing the design of functional metallo-organic cages, from the assembly of building blocks through binding and catalysis. For each of these processes, computational protocols will be reviewed, considering their inherent strengths and weaknesses. We will demonstrate that while each approach may have its own specific pitfalls, they can be a powerful tool for rationalizing experimental observables and to guide synthetic efforts. To illustrate this point, we present several examples where modeling has helped to elucidate fundamental principles behind molecular recognition and reactivity. We highlight the importance of combining computational and experimental efforts to speed up supramolecular catalyst design while reducing time and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz K. Piskorz
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United
Kingdom
| | - Vicente Martí-Centelles
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Tom A. Young
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United
Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Lusby
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United
Kingdom
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17
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Vatsadze SZ, Maximov AL, Bukhtiyarov VI. Supramolecular Effects and Systems in Catalysis. A Review. DOKLADY CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0012500822010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Saha R, Mondal B, Mukherjee PS. Molecular Cavity for Catalysis and Formation of Metal Nanoparticles for Use in Catalysis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12244-12307. [PMID: 35438968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The employment of weak intermolecular interactions in supramolecular chemistry offers an alternative approach to project artificial chemical environments like the active sites of enzymes. Discrete molecular architectures with defined shapes and geometries have become a revolutionary field of research in recent years because of their intrinsic porosity and ease of synthesis using dynamic non-covalent/covalent interactions. Several porous molecular cages have been constructed from simple building blocks by self-assembly, which undergoes many self-correction processes to form the final architecture. These supramolecular systems have been developed to demonstrate numerous applications, such as guest stabilization, drug delivery, catalysis, smart materials, and many other related fields. In this respect, catalysis in confined nanospaces using such supramolecular cages has seen significant growth over the years. These porous discrete cages contain suitable apertures for easy intake of substrates and smooth release of products to exhibit exceptional catalytic efficacy. This review highlights recent advancements in catalytic activity influenced by the nanocavities of hydrogen-bonded cages, metal-ligand coordination cages, and dynamic or reversible covalently bonded organic cages in different solvent media. Synthetic strategies for these three types of supramolecular systems are discussed briefly and follow similar and simplistic approaches manifested by simple starting materials and benign conditions. These examples demonstrate the progress of various functionalized molecular cages for specific chemical transformations in aqueous and nonaqueous media. Finally, we discuss the enduring challenges related to porous cage compounds that need to be overcome for further developments in this field of work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Saha
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, India
| | - Bijnaneswar Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur-495 009, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, India
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19
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Sainaba AB, Venkateswarulu M, Bhandari P, Arachchige KSA, Clegg JK, Mukherjee PS. An Adaptable Water-Soluble Molecular Boat for Selective Separation of Phenanthrene from Isomeric Anthracene. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7504-7513. [PMID: 35436087 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Anthracene crude oil is a common source of phenanthrene for its industrial use. The isolation of phenanthrene from this source is a challenging task due to very similar physical properties to its isomer anthracene. We report here a water-soluble Pd(II) molecular boat (MB1) with unusual structural topology that was obtained by assembling a flexible tetrapyridyl donor (L) with a cis-Pd(II) acceptor. The flexible backbone of the boat enabled it to breathe in the presence of a guest optimizing the fit within the cavity. The boat binds phenanthrene more strongly than anthracene, which enabled separation of phenanthrene with an >98% purity from an equimolar mixture of the two isomers using MB1 as an extracting agent. MB1 represents a unique example of a coordination receptor suitable for selective aqueous extraction of phenanthrene from anthracene with reusability of several cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arppitha Baby Sainaba
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mangili Venkateswarulu
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Pallab Bhandari
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | - Jack K Clegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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20
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Cheng Y, Yang S, Zhao C, Liu H. Mechanism of the Fe( iii)-catalyzed synthesis of hexahydropyrimidine with α-phenylstyrene: a DFT study. RSC Adv 2022; 12:20523-20529. [PMID: 35919169 PMCID: PMC9284522 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02727e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is very important to develop multiple C–H substitution reactions of simple alkenes to obtain complex unsaturated components. The present study focuses on a theoretical investigation of the plausible mechanism in the Fe(OTf)3-catalyzed tandem amidomethylative reactions of α-phenylstyrene. Bis(tosylamido)methane is activated by Fe(OTf)3 to form tosylformaldimine and its Fe(OTf)3-adduct. The Fe(OTf)3-adduct undergoes an intermolecular aza-Prins reaction with α-phenylstyrene to form allylamide. The DFT data support the formation of the hexahydropyrimidine derivative from allylamide, and “condensation/iminium homologation/intramolecular aza-Prins” is the optimal reaction path. At the same time, a possible reaction pathway for the conversion of the hydrolysate 1,3-diamide derivative to the hexahydropyrimidine (HHP) derivative is given. This work is thus instructive for understanding Fe(iii)-based tandem catalysis for the amidomethylative multiple-substitution reactions of alkenes. It is very important to develop multiple C–H substitution reactions of simple alkenes to obtain complex unsaturated components.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxuan Cheng
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Liutiao Road 2, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Siwei Yang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Liutiao Road 2, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Chaoyu Zhao
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Liutiao Road 2, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Huiling Liu
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Liutiao Road 2, Changchun 130023, China
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21
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Li S, Liu C, Chen Q, Jiang F, Yuan D, Sun QF, Hong M. Adaptive coordination assemblies based on a flexible tetraazacyclododecane ligand for promoting carbon dioxide fixation. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9016-9022. [PMID: 36091216 PMCID: PMC9365242 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03093d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination hosts based on flexible ligands have received increasing attention due to their inherent adaptive cavities that often show induced-fit guest binding and catalysis like enzymes. Herein, we report the controlled self-assembly of a series of homo/heterometallic coordination hosts (Me4enPd)2n(ML)n [n = 2/3; M = Zn(ii)/Co(ii)/Ni(ii)/Cu(ii)/Pd(ii)/Ag(i); Me4en: N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine] with different shapes (tube/cage) from a flexible tetraazacyclododecane-based pyridinyl ligand (L) and cis-blocking Me4enPd(ii) units. While the Ag(i)-metalated ligand (AgL) gave rise to the formation of a (Me4enPd)4(ML)2-type cage, all other M(ii) ions led to isostructural (Me4enPd)6(ML)3-type tubular complexes. Structural transformations between cages and tubes could be realized through transmetalation of the ligand. The buffering effect on the ML panels endows the coordination tubes with remarkable acid–base resistance, which makes the (Me4enPd)6(ZnL)3 host an effective catalyst for the CO2 to CO32− conversion. Control experiments suggested that the integration of multiple active Zn(ii) sites on the tubular host and the perfect geometry match between CO32− and the cavity synergistically promoted such a conversion. Our results provide an important strategy for the design of adaptive coordination hosts to achieve efficient carbon fixation. A series of coordination hosts were prepared and their applications in CO2 fixation were studied.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaochuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Caiping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Qihui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Feilong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Daqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Qing-Fu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Maochun Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
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22
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Domb I, Lustosa DM, Milo A. Secondary-sphere modification in proline catalysis: Old friend, new connection. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1950-1953. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05589e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we exploit our strategy of in situ secondary-sphere modification of organocatalysts to improve the reactivity and selectivity of amino catalysts. Herein, the carboxylic acid moiety of proline...
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23
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Purba PC, Venkateswaralu M, Bhattacharyya S, Mukherjee PS. Silver(I)-Carbene Bond-Directed Rigidification-Induced Emissive Metallacage for Picric Acid Detection. Inorg Chem 2021; 61:713-722. [PMID: 34932355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new triphenylamine-based tetraimidazolium salt L was developed for silver(I)-carbene bond-directed synthesis of tetranuclear silver(I) octacarbene ([Ag4(L)2](PF6)4) metallacage 1. Interestingly, after assembly formation, metallacage 1 showed a nine-fold emission enhancement in dilute solution while ligand L was weakly fluorescent. This is attributed to the rigidity induced to the system by metal-carbene bond formation where the metal center acts as a rigidification unit. The enhanced emission intensity in dilute solution and the presence of the triphenylamine core made 1 a potential candidate for recognition of picric acid (PA). This recognition can be ascribed to the dual effect of ground-state charge-transfer complex formation and resonance energy transfer between the picrate and metallacage 1. For metallacage 1, a considerable detection limit toward PA was observed. The use of such metal-carbene bond-directed rigidification-induced enhanced emission for PA sensing is noteworthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prioti Choudhury Purba
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mangili Venkateswaralu
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Soumalya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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24
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Poyac L, Rose C, Wahiduzzaman M, Lebrun A, Cazals G, Devillers CH, Yot PG, Clément S, Richeter S. Synthesis, Characterization, and Encapsulation Properties of Rigid and Flexible Porphyrin Cages Assembled from N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Metal Bonds. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:19009-19021. [PMID: 34878781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Four porphyrins equipped with imidazolium rings on the para positions of their meso aryl groups were prepared and used as tetrakis(N-heterocyclic carbene) (NHC) precursors for the synthesis of porphyrin cages assembled from eight NHC-M bonds (M = Ag+ or Au+). The conformation of the obtained porphyrin cages in solution and their encapsulation properties strongly depend on the structure of the spacer -(CH2)n- (n = 0 or 1) between meso aryl groups and peripheral NHC ligands. In the absence of methylene groups (n = 0), porphyrin cages are rather rigid and the short porphyrin-porphyrin distance prevents the encapsulation of guest molecules like 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO). By contrast, the presence of methylene functions (n = 1) between meso aryl groups and peripheral NHCs offers additional flexibility to the system, allowing the inner space between the two porphyrins to expand enough to encapsulate guest molecules like water molecules or DABCO. The peripheral NHC-wingtip groups also play a significant role in the encapsulation properties of the porphyrin cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Poyac
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Clémence Rose
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34293, France
| | | | | | | | - Charles H Devillers
- ICMUB UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, Dijon 21078, France
| | - Pascal G Yot
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34293, France
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25
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Zhang B, Reek JNH. Supramolecular Strategies for the Recycling of Homogeneous Catalysts. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3851-3863. [PMID: 34606169 PMCID: PMC9297887 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular approaches are increasingly used in the development of homogeneous catalysts and they also provide interesting new tools for the recycling of metal-based catalysts. Various non-covalent interactions have been utilized for the immobilization homogeneous catalysts on soluble and insoluble support. By non-covalent anchoring the supported catalysts obtained can be recovered via (nano-) filtration or such catalytic materials can be used in continuous flow reactors. Specific benefits from the reversibility of catalyst immobilization by non-covalent interactions include the possibility to re-functionalize the support material and the use as "boomerang" type catalyst systems in which the catalyst is captured after a homogeneous reaction. In addition, new reactor design with implemented recycling strategies becomes possible, such as a reverse-flow adsorption reactor (RFA) that combines a homogeneous reactor with selective catalyst adsorption/desorpion. Next to these non-covalent immobilization strategies, supramolecular chemistry can also be used to generate the support, for example by generation of self-assembled gels with catalytic function. Although the stability is a challenging issue, some self-assembled gel materials have been successfully utilized as reusable heterogeneous catalysts. In addition, catalytically active coordination cages, which are frequently used to achieve specific activity or selectivity, can be bound to support by ionic interactions or can be prepared in structured solid materials. These new heterogenized cage materials also have been used successfully as recyclable catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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26
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Jin Y, Jiang H, Tang X, Zhang W, Liu Y, Cui Y. Coordination-driven self-assembly of anthraquinone-based metal-organic cages for photocatalytic selective [2 + 2] cycloaddition. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:8533-8539. [PMID: 34075985 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00652e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Visible-light-promoted [2 + 2] cycloaddition provides a straightforward and efficient way to produce cyclobutanes, which are the core skeleton in commercial pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. However, the control of the conformation to produce syn-head-to-head (syn-HH) cyclobutanes remains a grand challenge. In this work, we report the design and synthesis of anthraquinone-based metal-organic cages (MOCs) for the [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of chalcones to generate syn-HH cyclobutanes. Guided by the coordination-driven self-assembly strategy, one D2 and three D4h symmetric MOCs are constructed from anthraquinone-derived dicarboxylate linkers and 4-tert-butylsulfonylcalixarene capped tetrametallic clusters. The porous cages feature large hydrophobic cavities and photoactive anthraquinone units and are demonstrated to be efficient and recyclable photocatalysts for [2 + 2] cycloaddition of chalcones. The syn-HH diastereomers are obtained with up to 13 : 1 diastereomeric ratio (dr). The cage catalysts provide a well-defined confined space to accommodate the substrates, thus leading to enhanced selectivity relative to the free anthraquinone catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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27
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Li L, Yang L, Li X, Wang J, Liu X, He C. Supramolecular Catalysis of Acyl Transfer within Zinc Porphyrin-Based Metal-Organic Cages. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8802-8810. [PMID: 34085514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To illustrate the supramolecular catalysis process in molecular containers, two porphyrinatozinc(II)-faced cubic cages with different sizes were synthesized and used to catalyze acyl-transfer reactions between N-acetylimidazole (NAI) and various pyridylcarbinol (PC) regioisomers (2-PC, 3-PC, and 4-PC). A systemic investigation of the supramolecular catalysis occurring within these two hosts was performed, in combination with a host-guest binding study and density functional theory calculations. Compared to the reaction in a bulk solvent, the results that the reaction of 2-PC was found to be highly efficient with high rate enhancements (kcat/kuncat = 283 for Zn-1 and 442 for Zn-2), as well as the different efficiencies of the reactions with various ortho-substituted 2-PC substrates and NAI derivates should be attributed to the cages having preconcentrated and preoriented substrates. The same cage displayed different catalytic activities toward different PC regioisomers, which should be mainly attributed to different binding affinities between the respective reactant and product with the cages. Furthermore, control experiments were carried out to learn the effect of varying reactant concentrations and product inhibition. The results all suggested that, besides the confinement effect caused by the inner microenvironment, substrate transfer, including the encapsulation of the reactant and the release of products, should be considered to be a quite important factor in supramolecular catalysis within a molecular container.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiLi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Yang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Forensic Science Evidence, School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, P. R. China
| | - Xuezhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, P. R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, P. R. China
| | - Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, P. R. China
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28
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Paul A, Shipman MA, Onabule DY, Sproules S, Symes MD. Selective aldehyde reductions in neutral water catalysed by encapsulation in a supramolecular cage. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5082-5090. [PMID: 34163748 PMCID: PMC8179549 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00896j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhancement of reactivity inside supramolecular coordination cages has many analogies to the mode of action of enzymes, and continues to inspire the design of new catalysts for a range of reactions. However, despite being a near-ubiquitous class of reactions in organic chemistry, enhancement of the reduction of carbonyls to their corresponding alcohols remains very much underexplored in supramolecular coordination cages. Herein, we show that encapsulation of small aromatic aldehydes inside a supramolecular coordination cage allows the reduction of these aldehydes with the mild reducing agent sodium cyanoborohydride to proceed with high selectivity (ketones and esters are not reduced) and in good yields. In the absence of the cage, low pH conditions are essential for any appreciable conversion of the aldehydes to the alcohols. In contrast, the specific microenvironment inside the cage allows this reaction to proceed in bulk solution that is pH-neutral, or even basic. We propose that the cage acts to stabilise the protonated oxocarbenium ion reaction intermediates (enhancing aldehyde reactivity) whilst simultaneously favouring the encapsulation and reduction of smaller aldehydes (which fit more easily inside the cage). Such dual action (enhancement of reactivity and size-selectivity) is reminiscent of the mode of operation of natural enzymes and highlights the tremendous promise of cage architectures as selective catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Paul
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Michael A Shipman
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Dolapo Y Onabule
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Stephen Sproules
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Mark D Symes
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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30
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Pan G, Hu C, Hong S, Li H, Yu D, Cui C, Li Q, Liang N, Jiang Y, Zheng L, Jiang L, Liu Y. Biomimetic caged platinum catalyst for hydrosilylation reaction with high site selectivity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:64. [PMID: 33397921 PMCID: PMC7782696 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20233-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural enzymes exhibit unparalleled selectivity due to the microenvironment around the active sites, but how to design artificial catalysts to achieve similar performance is a formidable challenge for the catalysis community. Herein, we report that a less selective platinum catalyst becomes highly active and selective for industrially relevant hydrosilylation of a broad range of substrates when a porous cage ligand is used for confinement around the catalytic active site. The catalyst is more than ten times more active than Karstedt’s catalyst while being recyclable. Properties such as size-selective catalysis and Michaelis-Menten kinetics support the proposed enzyme-like model. This biomimetic catalyst exhibits remarkable site-selectivity through the cage’s confining effect, which amplifies small steric differences into dramatic reactivity changes for similar functional groups within a molecule. Design of artificial catalysts to mimic enzyme activity and selectivity is a challenge in the catalysis field. Here, the authors design a platinum catalyst with a porous cage ligand which shows enzyme-like properties, such as high hydrosilylation activity and substrate size selectivity, while being recyclable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganghuo Pan
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Chunhua Hu
- The Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY, 10003-6688, USA
| | - Song Hong
- Center for Instrumental Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Chaoyang, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Huaping Li
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Dongdong Yu
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Chengqian Cui
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Qiaosheng Li
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Nianjie Liang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Ying Jiang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Lei Jiang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Yuzhou Liu
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, PR China. .,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
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31
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Percástegui E, Ronson TK, Nitschke JR. Design and Applications of Water-Soluble Coordination Cages. Chem Rev 2020; 120:13480-13544. [PMID: 33238092 PMCID: PMC7760102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Compartmentalization of the aqueous space within a cell is necessary for life. In similar fashion to the nanometer-scale compartments in living systems, synthetic water-soluble coordination cages (WSCCs) can isolate guest molecules and host chemical transformations. Such cages thus show promise in biological, medical, environmental, and industrial domains. This review highlights examples of three-dimensional synthetic WSCCs, offering perspectives so as to enhance their design and applications. Strategies are presented that address key challenges for the preparation of coordination cages that are soluble and stable in water. The peculiarities of guest binding in aqueous media are examined, highlighting amplified binding in water, changing guest properties, and the recognition of specific molecular targets. The properties of WSCC hosts associated with biomedical applications, and their use as vessels to carry out chemical reactions in water, are also presented. These examples sketch a blueprint for the preparation of new metal-organic containers for use in aqueous solution, as well as guidelines for the engineering of new applications in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmundo
G. Percástegui
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
- Instituto
de Química, Ciudad UniversitariaUniversidad
Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
- Centro
Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable, UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Toluca, 50200 Estado de México, México
| | - Tanya K. Ronson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Nitschke
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
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32
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Gaeta C, La Manna P, De Rosa M, Soriente A, Talotta C, Neri P. Supramolecular Catalysis with Self‐Assembled Capsules and Cages: What Happens in Confined Spaces. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Gaeta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II I 84084 Fisciano, Salerno Italy
| | - Pellegrino La Manna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II I 84084 Fisciano, Salerno Italy
| | - Margherita De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II I 84084 Fisciano, Salerno Italy
| | - Annunziata Soriente
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II I 84084 Fisciano, Salerno Italy
| | - Carmen Talotta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II I 84084 Fisciano, Salerno Italy
| | - Placido Neri
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II I 84084 Fisciano, Salerno Italy
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Miyamura H, Bergman RG, Raymond KN, Toste FD. Heterogeneous Supramolecular Catalysis through Immobilization of Anionic M4L6 Assemblies on Cationic Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19327-19338. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Miyamura
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Robert G. Bergman
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kenneth N. Raymond
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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35
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Bhattacharyya S, Ali SR, Venkateswarulu M, Howlader P, Zangrando E, De M, Mukherjee PS. Self-Assembled Pd12 Coordination Cage as Photoregulated Oxidase-Like Nanozyme. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18981-18989. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumalya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sk Rajab Ali
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mangili Venkateswarulu
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Prodip Howlader
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ennio Zangrando
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Mrinmoy De
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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36
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Daver H, Rebek J, Himo F. Modeling the Reaction of Carboxylic Acids and Isonitriles in a Self-Assembled Capsule. Chemistry 2020; 26:10861-10870. [PMID: 32428333 PMCID: PMC7522688 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations were used to study the reaction of carboxylic acids with isonitriles inside a resorcinarene-based self-assembled capsule. Experimentally, it has been shown that the reactions between p-tolylacetic acid and n-butyl isonitrile or isopropyl isonitrile behave differently in the presence of the capsule compared both with each other and also with their solution counterparts. Herein, the reasons for these divergent behaviors are addressed by comparing the detailed energy profiles for the reactions of the two isonitriles inside and outside the capsule. An energy decomposition analysis was conducted to quantify the different factors affecting the reactivity. The calculations reproduce the experimental findings very well. Thus, encapsulation leads to lowering of the energy barrier for the first step of the reaction, the concerted α-addition and proton transfer, which in solution is rate-determining, and this explains the rate acceleration observed in the presence of the capsule. The barrier for the final step of the reaction, the 1,3 O→N acyl transfer, is calculated to be higher with the isopropyl substituent inside the capsule compared with n-butyl. With the isopropyl substituent, the transition state and the product of this step are significantly shorter than the preceding intermediate, and this results in energetically unfavorable empty spaces inside the capsule, which cause a higher barrier. With the n-butyl substituent, on the other hand, the carbon chain can untwine and hence uphold an appropriate guest length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Daver
- Department of Organic ChemistryArrhenius LaboratoryStockholm University106 91StockholmSweden
- Present address: Department of Drug Design and PharmacologyUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 22100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Julius Rebek
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute10550 North Torrey Pines RoadLa JollaCalifornia92037USA
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and CatalysisShanghai UniversityShanghai200444P.R. China
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic ChemistryArrhenius LaboratoryStockholm University106 91StockholmSweden
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37
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Bhattacharyya S, Venkateswarulu M, Sahoo J, Zangrando E, De M, Mukherjee PS. Self-Assembled PtII8 Metallosupramolecular Tubular Cage as Dual Warhead Antibacterial Agent in Water. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12690-12699. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumalya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mangili Venkateswarulu
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Jagabandhu Sahoo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ennio Zangrando
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Mrinmoy De
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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38
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Danjo H, Masuda Y, Kidena Y, Kawahata M, Ohara K, Yamaguchi K. Preparation of cage-shaped hexakis(spiroborate)s. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:3717-3723. [PMID: 32363369 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00518e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In previous research studies, various types of prismatic cage-shaped molecular containers have been prepared and evaluated in terms of their guest inclusion properties. Basically, most of these molecular cages have a cationic or electron-deficient nature, and exhibit strong affinity mainly toward electron-rich aromatic guests. On the other hand, there is no report concerning anionic prismatic cages that are expected to recognize cationic polyaromatic guests with various structures and functions. In this manuscript, we present the preparation of hexakis(spiroborate)-type molecular cages, which was achieved by the reaction of phenylene- or biphenylenebis(dihydroxynaphthalene), hexahydroxytriphenylene, and boric acid in N,N-dimethylformamide. Their triangular prismatic hollow structures were confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis, and it was found that both phenylene- and biphenylene-bridged spiroborate cages have internal cavities of the corresponding size. It was also revealed that tetra(n-butylammonium) cations located inside the cavity and between the two adjacent spiroborate cages resulted in the formation of a one-dimensional columnar array. The molecular recognition behavior of the spiroborate cages was evaluated using tris(pyridinium)triazines as tricationic aromatic guests. 1H NMR measurement implied that a discrete 1 : 1 host-guest complex was formed when 1 equiv. of guest was added to the cage, whereas infinite one-dimensional aromatic stacks were constructed by the addition of 2 equiv. of guest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Danjo
- Department of Chemistry, Konan University, 8-9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8501, Japan.
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39
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Shibata S, Masui Y, Onaka M. Coordination Behaviors of Diphenylketene Adsorbed in the Nanocages of Zeolite NaY and AgY. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Shibata
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yoichi Masui
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Makoto Onaka
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
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40
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Young RJ, Huxley MT, Pardo E, Champness NR, Sumby CJ, Doonan CJ. Isolating reactive metal-based species in Metal-Organic Frameworks - viable strategies and opportunities. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4031-4050. [PMID: 34122871 PMCID: PMC8152792 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00485e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural insight into reactive species can be achieved via strategies such as matrix isolation in frozen glasses, whereby species are kinetically trapped, or by confinement within the cavities of host molecules. More recently, Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have been used as molecular scaffolds to isolate reactive metal-based species within their ordered pore networks. These studies have uncovered new reactivity, allowed observation of novel metal-based complexes and clusters, and elucidated the nature of metal-centred reactions responsible for catalysis. This perspective considers strategies by which metal species can be introduced into MOFs and highlights some of the advantages and limitations of each approach. Furthermore, the growing body of work whereby reactive species can be isolated and structurally characterised within a MOF matrix will be reviewed, including discussion of salient examples and the provision of useful guidelines for the design of new systems. Novel approaches that facilitate detailed structural analysis of reactive chemical moieties are of considerable interest as the knowledge garnered underpins our understanding of reactivity and thus guides the synthesis of materials with unprecedented functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Young
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | - Michael T Huxley
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia
| | - Emilio Pardo
- Institute of Molecular Science, University of Valencia Valencia Spain
| | | | - Christopher J Sumby
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia
| | - Christian J Doonan
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia
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41
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Taylor CGP, Metherell AJ, Argent SP, Ashour FM, Williams NH, Ward MD. Coordination-Cage-Catalysed Hydrolysis of Organophosphates: Cavity- or Surface-Based? Chemistry 2020; 26:3065-3073. [PMID: 31774202 PMCID: PMC7079011 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The hydrophobic central cavity of a water-soluble M8 L12 cubic coordination cage can accommodate a range of phospho-diester and phospho-triester guests such as the insecticide "dichlorvos" (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate) and the chemical warfare agent analogue di(isopropyl) chlorophosphate. The accumulation of hydroxide ions around the cationic cage surface due to ion-pairing in solution generates a high local pH around the cage, resulting in catalysed hydrolysis of the phospho-triester guests. A series of control experiments unexpectedly demonstrates that-in marked contrast to previous cases-it is not necessary for the phospho-triester substrates to be bound inside the cavity for catalysed hydrolysis to occur. This suggests that catalysis can occur on the exterior surface of the cage as well as the interior surface, with the exterior-binding catalysis pathway dominating here because of the small binding constants for these phospho-triester substrates in the cage cavity. These observations suggest that cationic but hydrophobic surfaces could act as quite general catalysts in water by bringing substrates into contact with the surface (via the hydrophobic effect) where there is also a high local concentration of anions (due to ion pairing/electrostatic effects).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fatma M. Ashour
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS3 7HFUK
| | | | - Michael D. Ward
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
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42
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Shi Q, Zhou X, Yuan W, Su X, Neniškis A, Wei X, Taujenis L, Snarskis G, Ward JS, Rissanen K, de Mendoza J, Orentas E. Selective Formation of S4- and T-Symmetric Supramolecular Tetrahedral Cages and Helicates in Polar Media Assembled via Cooperative Action of Coordination and Hydrogen Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3658-3670. [PMID: 31983204 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis and self-assembly study of novel supramolecular monomers encompassing quadruple hydrogen-bonding motifs and metal-coordinating 2,2'-bipyridine units. When mixed with metal ions such as Fe2+ or Zn2+, the tetrahedron cage complexes are formed in quantitative yields and full diastereoselectivity, even in highly polar acetonitrile or methanol solvents. The symmetry of the complexes obtained has been shown to depend critically on the flexibility of the ligand. Restriction of the rotation of the hydrogen-bonding unit with respect to the metal-coordinating site results in a T-symmetric cage, whereas introducing flexibility either through a methylene linker or rotating benzene ring allows the formation of S4-symmetric cages with self-filled interior. In addition, the possibility to select between tetrahedral cages or helicates and to control the dimensions of the aggregate has been demonstrated with a three-component assembly using external hydrogen-bonding molecular inserts or by varying the radius of the metal ion (Hg2+ vs Fe2+). Self-sorting studies of individual Fe2+ complexes with ligands of different sizes revealed their inertness toward ligand scrambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixun Shi
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China.,State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Xiaoshi Su
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Algirdas Neniškis
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Vilnius University , Naugarduko 24 , LT-03225 Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Xin Wei
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Lukas Taujenis
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Baltics , V. A. Graičiu̅no 8, LT-02241 Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Gustautas Snarskis
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Vilnius University , Naugarduko 24 , LT-03225 Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Jas S Ward
- Department of Chemistry , University of Jyvaskyla , P.O. Box 35 , 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Jyvaskyla , P.O. Box 35 , 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Javier de Mendoza
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) , AV. Països Catalans, 16 , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
| | - Edvinas Orentas
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Vilnius University , Naugarduko 24 , LT-03225 Vilnius , Lithuania
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Bhattacharyya S, Maity M, Chowdhury A, Saha ML, Panja SK, Stang PJ, Mukherjee PS. Coordination-Assisted Reversible Photoswitching of Spiropyran-Based Platinum Macrocycles. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:2083-2091. [PMID: 31971781 PMCID: PMC10615217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Control over the stimuli-responsive behavior of smart molecular systems can influence their capability to execute complex functionalities. Herein, we report the development of a suite of spiropyran-based multi-stimuli-responsive self-assembled platinum(II) macrocycles (5-7), rendering coordination-assisted enhanced photochromism relative to the corresponding ligands. 5 showed shrinking and swelling during photoreversal, while 6 and 7 are fast and fatigue-free supramolecular photoswitches. 6 turns out to be a better fatigue-resistant photoswitch and can retain an intact photoswitching ability of up to 20 reversible cycles. The switching behavior of the macrocycles can also be precisely controlled by tuning the pH of the medium. Our present strategy for the construction of rapid stimuli-responsive supramolecular architectures via coordination-driven self-assembly represents an efficient route for the development of smart molecular switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumalya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore , Karnataka 560012 India
| | - Manoranjan Maity
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore , Karnataka 560012 India
| | - Aniket Chowdhury
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore , Karnataka 560012 India
- Department of Industrial Chemistry , Mizoram University , Aizawl , Mizoram 796004 , India
| | - Manik Lal Saha
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Sumit Kumar Panja
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore , Karnataka 560012 India
| | - Peter J Stang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore , Karnataka 560012 India
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44
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Liu X, Zhou X, Shen B, Kim Y, Wang H, Pan W, Kim J, Lee M. Porous Nanosheet Assembly for Macrocyclization and Self-Release. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1904-1910. [PMID: 31927918 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic structures are challenging synthetic targets owing to various potential applications ranging from drug discovery to nanomaterials. Their use, however, is highly limited due to synthetic difficulties arising from an entropic penalty for folding of linear chains. Here, we report single-layered porous nanosheets with 2D ordered internal cavities that act as a highly efficient macrocycle generator, changing linear substrates to release as macrocycles in aqueous methanol solution. The nanosheets with hydrophobic cavities encapsulate a linear substrate with nearly perfect uptake, perform clean cyclization, and then spontaneously release as a pure macrocycle. The self-separation of the macrocycle that precipitates from the solution leads to repeated cycles of macrocycle generation; thereby, the single-layered porous materials enabling catch and release offer a powerful novel strategy for repeated macrocycle generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Xiaobin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Bowen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Yongju Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science & Technology , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Korea
| | - Huaxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Wanting Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Jehan Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Postech , Pohang , Gyeongbuk 790-784 , Korea
| | - Myongsoo Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China
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45
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Abstract
The aldol condensation of indane-1,3-dione (ID) to give ‘bindone’ in water is catalysed by an M8L12 cubic coordination cage (Hw). The absolute rate of reaction is slow under weakly acidic conditions (pH 3–4), but in the absence of a catalyst it is undetectable. In water, the binding constant of ID in the cavity of Hw is ca. 2.4 (±1.2) × 103 M−1, giving a ∆G for the binding of −19.3 (±1.2) kJ mol−1. The crystal structure of the complex revealed the presence of two molecules of the guest ID stacked inside the cavity, giving a packing coefficient of 74% as well as another molecule hydrogen-bonded to the cage’s exterior surface. We suggest that the catalysis occurs due to the stabilisation of the enolate anion of ID by the 16+ surface of the cage, which also attracts molecules of neutral ID to the surface because of its hydrophobicity. The cage, therefore, brings together neutral ID and its enolate anion via two different interactions to catalyse the reaction, which—as the control experiments show—occurs at the exterior surface of the cage and not inside the cage cavity.
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46
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Welborn VV, Li WL, Head-Gordon T. Interplay of water and a supramolecular capsule for catalysis of reductive elimination reaction from gold. Nat Commun 2020; 11:415. [PMID: 31964874 PMCID: PMC6972886 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular assemblies have gained tremendous attention due to their ability to catalyze reactions with the efficiencies of natural enzymes. Using ab initio molecular dynamics, we identify the origin of the catalysis by the supramolecular capsule Ga4L612- on the reductive elimination reaction from gold complexes and assess their similarity to natural enzymes. By comparing the free energies of the reactants and transition states for the catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions, we determine that an encapsulated water molecule generates electric fields that contributes the most to the reduction in the activation free energy. Although this is unlike the biomimetic scenario of catalysis through direct host-guest interactions, the electric fields from the nanocage also supports the transition state to complete the reductive elimination reaction with greater catalytic efficiency. However it is also shown that the nanocage poorly organizes the interfacial water, which in turn creates electric fields that misalign with the breaking bonds of the substrate, thus identifying new opportunities for catalytic design improvements in nanocage assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Vaissier Welborn
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Labs, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Wan-Lu Li
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Labs, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Teresa Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Labs, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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47
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Bierschenk SM, Bergman RG, Raymond KN, Toste FD. A Nanovessel-Catalyzed Three-Component Aza-Darzens Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:733-737. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Bierschenk
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Robert G. Bergman
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kenneth N. Raymond
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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48
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Jin Y, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Duan C. Electron transfer in the confined environments of metal–organic coordination supramolecular systems. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5561-5600. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00917e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we overview regulatory factors and diverse applications of electron transfer in confined environments of supramolecular host–guest systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
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49
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Nath BD, Takaishi K, Ema T. Macrocyclic multinuclear metal complexes acting as catalysts for organic synthesis. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01894h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in homogeneous catalysis with macrocyclic multinuclear metal complexes (categories A–C) is overviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Dev Nath
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Okayama University
- Okayama 700-8530
- Japan
| | - Kazuto Takaishi
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Okayama University
- Okayama 700-8530
- Japan
| | - Tadashi Ema
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Okayama University
- Okayama 700-8530
- Japan
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50
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Young TA, Martí-Centelles V, Wang J, Lusby PJ, Duarte F. Rationalizing the Activity of an “Artificial Diels-Alderase”: Establishing Efficient and Accurate Protocols for Calculating Supramolecular Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 142:1300-1310. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom A. Young
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Vicente Martí-Centelles
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Jianzhu Wang
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Paul J. Lusby
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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