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Bölke S, Früh A, Trilling F, Forster M, Scherf U, Chassé T, Peisert H. Influence of Backbone Ladderization and Side Chain Variation on the Orientation of Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Donor-Acceptor Copolymers. Molecules 2023; 28:6435. [PMID: 37764211 PMCID: PMC10535938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ladder polymers with poly(diketopyrrolopyrrole) (DPP) moieties have recently attracted enormous interest for a large variety of opto-electronic applications. Since the rigidity of the backbone increases with ladderization, a strong influence on the self-organization of thin films is expected. We study the molecular orientation of DPP-based ladder polymers in about 50 nm thin films using polarization modulation-infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). Exemplarily, for one polymer, the orientation in thicker films is qualitatively investigated by infrared spectroscopy in transmission. Further, this method allows us to rule out the effects of a possible azimuthal ordering, which would affect the analysis of the orientation by PM-IRRAS. For all polymers, the long axis of the polymer backbone is preferentially oriented parallel to the substrate surface, pointing to a high degree of ordering. It is suggested that the choice of the side chains might be a promising way to tune for face-on and edge-on orientations. The exemplarily performed investigation of interface properties on substrates with different work functions suggests that the choice of the side chains has a minor effect on the interfacial electronic interface structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Bölke
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany (A.F.)
| | - Andreas Früh
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany (A.F.)
| | - Florian Trilling
- Makromolekulare Chemie (buwMakro) und Wuppertal Center for Smart Materials and Systems (CM@S), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany (M.F.)
| | - Michael Forster
- Makromolekulare Chemie (buwMakro) und Wuppertal Center for Smart Materials and Systems (CM@S), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany (M.F.)
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Makromolekulare Chemie (buwMakro) und Wuppertal Center for Smart Materials and Systems (CM@S), Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany (M.F.)
| | - Thomas Chassé
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany (A.F.)
| | - Heiko Peisert
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany (A.F.)
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Water stable molecular n-doping produces organic electrochemical transistors with high transconductance and record stability. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3004. [PMID: 32532975 PMCID: PMC7293298 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16648-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
From established to emergent technologies, doping plays a crucial role in all semiconducting devices. Doping could, theoretically, be an excellent technique for improving repressively low transconductances in n-type organic electrochemical transistors – critical for advancing logic circuits for bioelectronic and neuromorphic technologies. However, the technical challenge is extreme: n-doped polymers are unstable in electrochemical transistor operating environments, air and water (electrolyte). Here, the first demonstration of doping in electron transporting organic electrochemical transistors is reported. The ammonium salt tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride is simply admixed with the conjugated polymer poly(N,N’-bis(7-glycol)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-co-2,2’-bithiophene-co-N,N’-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide), and found to act as a simultaneous molecular dopant and morphology-additive. The combined effects enhance the n-type transconductance with improved channel capacitance and mobility. Furthermore, operational and shelf-life stability measurements showcase the first example of water-stable n-doping in a polymer. Overall, the results set a precedent for doping/additives to impact organic electrochemical transistors as powerfully as they have in other semiconducting devices. Improving electron transport and stability of n-type organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) is required to realize a commercially-viable technology for bioelectronics applications. Here, the authors report water-stable doped n-type OECTs with enhanced transconductance and record stability.
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Shioya N, Fujiwara R, Tomita K, Shimoaka T, Hasegawa T. Simultaneous Analysis of Molecular Orientation and Quantity Change of Constituents in a Thin Film Using pMAIRS. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2714-2720. [PMID: 32160467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Spectral analysis using chemometrics is extensively used for quantitative chemical analysis in a mixture, but it works powerfully only when the peak intensity is solely proportional to the quantity of chemical components. In this sense, thin films on a solid substrate are not suitable for chemometric analysis, because the molecular orientation also influences the peak intensity via the surface selection rules. In the present study, this long-term analytical issue has readily been overcome by using p-polarized multiple-angle incidence resolution spectrometry (pMAIRS), which has a characteristic that the in-plane (IP) and out-of-plane (OP) vibrational spectra of a thin-film sample are obtained simultaneously in a common ordinate scale. Thanks to this unique power of pMAIRS, the average of the IP and OP spectra annihilates optical anisotropy, yielding an orientation-free spectrum, which enables us to perform the simultaneous quantitative analysis of both quantity change and molecular orientation of the constituents in a thin film. Now, we are ready to examine chemical reactions quantitatively in a thin film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Shioya
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Ryoi Fujiwara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Tomita
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimoaka
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hasegawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Huang J, Pan Y, Chen Z, Zhang W, Yu G. Ethanediylidenebis(isoquinolinedione): A Six-Membered-Ring Diimide Building Block for Ambipolar Semiconducting Polymers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyao Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuchai Pan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Shioya N, Tomita K, Shimoaka T, Hasegawa T. Second Generation of Multiple-Angle Incidence Resolution Spectrometry. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7177-7183. [PMID: 31328919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Infrared surface spectroscopic techniques commonly have long-term issues that (1) the multiple reflections of light in the substrate yield optical interference fringes in the absorption spectrum and (2) the double modulation of light at the interferometer in a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer makes the water-vapor subtraction impossible. These measurement troubles often disturb the quantitative analysis of chemical bands of the analyte thin film. Multiple-angle incidence resolution spectrometry (MAIRS) is not an exception in this matter, either. In the present study, the long-term common issues have first been resolved by fixing the angle of incidence at a large angle, whereas the polarization angle is changed. With this simple conceptual change of MAIRS, as a result, we are ready for concentrating on spectral analysis only without concerning about the measurement troubles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Shioya
- Laboratory of Chemistry for Functionalized Surfaces, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji , Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
| | - Kazutaka Tomita
- Laboratory of Chemistry for Functionalized Surfaces, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji , Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimoaka
- Laboratory of Chemistry for Functionalized Surfaces, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji , Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
| | - Takeshi Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Chemistry for Functionalized Surfaces, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji , Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
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Lee YJ. Concurrent polarization IR analysis to determine the 3D angles and the order parameter for molecular orientation imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:24577-24590. [PMID: 30469571 PMCID: PMC6289513 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.024577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A non-tomographic analysis method is proposed to determine the 3D angles and the order parameter of molecular orientation using polarization-dependent infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Conventional polarization-based imaging approaches provide only 2D-projected orientational information of single vibrational modes. The newly proposed method concurrently analyses polarization angle-dependent absorptance of two non-parallel transition dipole moments. The relative phase angle and the maximum-to-minimum ratios observed from the two polarization profiles are used to calculate the 3D angles of the mean molecular orientation and the order parameter of the orientational distribution. Usage of those relative observables as intermediate input parameters makes the analysis results robust against variations in concentration, thickness, absorption peak, and absorption cross-section, which can occur in typical imaging conditions. This analysis is based on a single-step, non-iterative calculation that does not require any analytical model function of an orientational distribution function. This concurrent polarization analysis method is demonstrated using two simulation data examples, followed by associated error propagation analysis and discussion on the effect of absorption strength. Application of this robust spectral analysis method to polarization IR microscopy will provide a full molecular orientation image without tilting that tomographies require.
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Meyer DL, Matsidik R, Huettner S, Sommer M, Biskup T. Solvent-mediated aggregate formation of PNDIT2: decreasing the available conformational subspace by introducing locally highly ordered domains. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:2716-2723. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07725d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved EPR spectroscopy proves aggregation of PNDIT2 to introduce highly ordered domains and to change the exciton delocalisation mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. Meyer
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Albertstraße 21
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Rukiya Matsidik
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie
- Stefan-Meier-Straße 31
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Sven Huettner
- Universität Bayreuth
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universitätsstraße 30
- 95440 Bayreuth
- Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie
- Stefan-Meier-Straße 31
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Till Biskup
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Albertstraße 21
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
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Kossack W, Schulz M, Thurn-Albrecht T, Reinmuth J, Skokow V, Kremer F. Temperature-dependent IR-transition moment orientational analysis applied to thin supported films of poly-ε-caprolactone. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:9211-9219. [PMID: 29188852 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01988b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel experimental setup is described which enables one to carry out infrared transition moment orientational analysis (IR-TMOA) depending on temperature. By this, three dimensional molecular order parameter tensors of IR-active transition dipole moments with respect to the sample coordinate system can be determined in their thermal evolution (35 °C < T < 59 °C). As an example crystallinity and macroscopic order of poly-ε-caprolcatone are monitored. Both remain largely unaltered up to T ∼ 50 °C, above which they decrease. These reductions are explained as the melting of flat-on crystalline lamellae that make up about 34% of the crystalline material. The remaining crystallites are arranged into bulk-like, confined spherulitic structures and do not melt by more than (3 ± 3)%. Therefore, flat-on oriented lamellae are supposed to be kinetically favored by confinement during melt crystallization but are thermodynamically less stable than two-dimensionally confined bulk-like spherulites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Kossack
- Molecular Physics department, Peter Debye Institut für weiche Materie, University Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Kossack W, Seidlitz A, Thurn-Albrecht T, Kremer F. Molecular Order in Cold Drawn, Strain-Recrystallized Poly(ε-caprolactone). Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Kossack
- Fakultät
für Physik und Geowissenschaften, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne Seidlitz
- Institut
für Physik, FG Experimentelle Polymerphysik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Thomas Thurn-Albrecht
- Institut
für Physik, FG Experimentelle Polymerphysik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Friedrich Kremer
- Fakultät
für Physik und Geowissenschaften, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Kossack W, Seidlitz A, Thurn-Albrecht T, Kremer F. Interface and Confinement Induced Order and Orientation in Thin Films of Poly(ϵ-caprolactone). Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Kossack
- Fakultät
für Physik und Geowissenschaften, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne Seidlitz
- Institut
für Physik, FG Experimentelle Polymerphysik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Thomas Thurn-Albrecht
- Institut
für Physik, FG Experimentelle Polymerphysik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Friedrich Kremer
- Fakultät
für Physik und Geowissenschaften, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Anton AM, Steyrleuthner R, Kossack W, Neher D, Kremer F. Spatial Orientation and Order of Structure-Defining Subunits in Thin Films of a High Mobility n-Type Copolymer. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wilhelm Kossack
- Institut
für Experimentelle Physik I, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Friedrich Kremer
- Institut
für Experimentelle Physik I, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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