1
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Kelly JJ, Dalesandro BE, Liu Z, Chordia MD, Ongwae GM, Pires MM. Measurement of Accumulation of Antibiotics to Staphylococcus aureus in Phagosomes of Live Macrophages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313870. [PMID: 38051128 PMCID: PMC10799677 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has evolved the ability to persist after uptake into host immune cells. This intracellular niche enables S. aureus to potentially escape host immune responses and survive the lethal actions of antibiotics. While the elevated tolerance of S. aureus to small-molecule antibiotics is likely to be multifactorial, we pose that there may be contributions related to permeation of antibiotics into phagocytic vacuoles, which would require translocation across two mammalian bilayers. To empirically test this, we adapted our recently developed permeability assay to determine the accumulation of FDA-approved antibiotics into phagocytic vacuoles of live macrophages. Bioorthogonal reactive handles were metabolically anchored within the surface of S. aureus, and complementary tags were chemically added to antibiotics. Following phagocytosis of tagged S. aureus cells, we were able to specifically analyze the arrival of antibiotics within the phagosomes of infected macrophages. Our findings enabled the determination of permeability differences between extra- and intracellular S. aureus, thus providing a roadmap to dissect the contribution of antibiotic permeability to intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zichen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Mahendra D. Chordia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - George M. Ongwae
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Marcos M. Pires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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2
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Kelly JJ, Dalesandro BE, Liu Z, Chordia MD, Ongwae GM, Pires MM. Measurement of Accumulation of Antibiotics to Staphylococcus aureus in Phagosomes of Live Macrophages. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.13.528196. [PMID: 36824967 PMCID: PMC9949086 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.13.528196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) has evolved the ability to persist after uptake into host immune cells. This intracellular niche enables S. aureus to potentially escape host immune responses and survive the lethal actions of antibiotics. While the elevated tolerance of S. aureus to small-molecule antibiotics is likely to be multifactorial, we pose that there may be contributions related to permeation of antibiotics into phagocytic vacuoles, which would require translocation across two mammalian bilayers. To empirically test this, we adapted our recently developed permeability assay to determine the accumulation of FDA-approved antibiotics into phagocytic vacuoles of live macrophages. Bioorthogonal reactive handles were metabolically anchored within the surface of S. aureus, and complementary tags were chemically added to antibiotics. Following phagocytosis of tagged S. aureus cells, we were able to specifically analyze the arrival of antibiotics within the phagosomes of infected macrophages. Our findings enabled the determination of permeability differences between extra- and intracellular S. aureus , thus providing a roadmap to dissect the contribution of antibiotic permeability to intracellular pathogens.
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3
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Moen EL, Lam AK, Pusavat J, Wouters CL, Panlilio H, Heydarian N, Peng Z, Lan Y, Rice CV. Dimerization of 600 Da branched polyethylenimine improves β-lactam antibiotic potentiation against antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 101:489-499. [PMID: 34923750 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a growing concern in the medical field. Drug-susceptible infections are often treated with β-lactam antibiotics, which bind to enzymes known as penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). When the PBPs are disabled, the integrity of the cell wall is compromised, leading to cell lysis. Resistance renders β-lactam antibiotics ineffective, and clinicians turn to be more effective, but often more toxic, antibiotics. An alternative approach is combining antibiotics with compounds that disable resistance mechanisms. Previously, we have shown that low-molecular-weight 600 Da branched polyethylenimine restores β-lactam susceptibility to Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens with antibiotic resistance. In this study, this approach is extended to the homodimers of 600 Da BPEI that have improved potentiation properties compared to monomers of 600 Da BPEI and 1200 Da BPEI. The homodimers are synthesized by linking two 600 Da BPEI molecules with methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA). The resulting product was characterized with FTIR spectroscopy, 1 H NMR spectroscopy, checkerboard microbroth dilution assays, and cell toxicity assays. These data show that the 600 Da BPEI homodimer is more effective than 1200 Da BPEI toward the potentiation of oxacillin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and the potentiation of piperacillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L Moen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Anh K Lam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jennifer Pusavat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Cassandra L Wouters
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Hannah Panlilio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Neda Heydarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Zongkai Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Yunpeng Lan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Charles V Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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4
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Lund V, Gangotra H, Zhao Z, Sutton JAF, Wacnik K, DeMeester K, Liang H, Santiago C, Leimkuhler Grimes C, Jones S, Foster SJ. Coupling Novel Probes with Molecular Localization Microscopy Reveals Cell Wall Homeostatic Mechanisms in Staphylococcus aureus. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:3298-3305. [PMID: 36414253 PMCID: PMC9764285 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan is essential for viability, and its synthesis is targeted by antibiotics, including penicillin. To determine how peptidoglycan homeostasis controls cell architecture, growth, and division, we have developed novel labeling approaches. These are compatible with super-resolution fluorescence microscopy to examine peptidoglycan synthesis, hydrolysis, and the localization of the enzymes required for its biosynthesis (penicillin binding proteins (PBPs)). Synthesis of a cephalosporin-based fluorescent probe revealed a pattern of PBPs at the septum during division, supporting a model of dispersed peptidoglycan synthesis. Metabolic and hydroxylamine-based probes respectively enabled the synthesis of glycan strands and associated reducing termini of the peptidoglycan to be mapped. Foci and arcs of reducing termini appear as a result of both synthesis of glycan strands and glucosaminidase activity of the major peptidoglycan hydrolase, SagB. Our studies provide molecular level details of how essential peptidoglycan dynamics are controlled during growth and division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria
A. Lund
- School
of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom,The
Florey Institute for Host−Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Haneesh Gangotra
- The
Florey Institute for Host−Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom,The
Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Zhen Zhao
- The
Florey Institute for Host−Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom,The
Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua A. F. Sutton
- School
of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom,The
Florey Institute for Host−Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna Wacnik
- School
of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom,The
Florey Institute for Host−Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Kristen DeMeester
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Hai Liang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Cintia Santiago
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Catherine Leimkuhler Grimes
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Simon Jones
- The
Florey Institute for Host−Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom,The
Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom,E-mail:
| | - Simon J. Foster
- School
of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom,The
Florey Institute for Host−Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom,E-mail:
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5
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Apostolos AJ, Ocius KL, Koyasseril-Yehiya TM, Santamaria C, Silva JRA, Lameira J, Alves CN, Siegrist MS, Pires MM. Metabolic Processing of Selenium-Based Bioisosteres of meso-Diaminopimelic Acid in Live Bacteria. Biochemistry 2022; 61:1404-1414. [PMID: 35687722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A primary component of all known bacterial cell walls is the peptidoglycan (PG) layer, which is composed of repeating units of sugars connected to short and unusual peptides. The various steps within PG biosynthesis are targets of potent antibiotics as proper assembly of the PG is essential for cellular growth and survival. Synthetic mimics of PG have proven to be indispensable tools to study the bacterial cell structure, growth, and remodeling. Yet, a common component of PG, meso-diaminopimelic acid (m-DAP) at the third position of the stem peptide, remains challenging to access synthetically and is not commercially available. Here, we describe the synthesis and metabolic processing of a selenium-based bioisostere of m-DAP (selenolanthionine) and show that it is installed within the PG of live bacteria by the native cell wall crosslinking machinery in mycobacterial species. This PG probe has an orthogonal release mechanism that could be important for downstream proteomics studies. Finally, we describe a bead-based assay that is compatible with high-throughput screening of cell wall enzymes. We envision that this probe will supplement the current methods available for investigating PG crosslinking in m-DAP-containing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J Apostolos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Karl L Ocius
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | | | - Carolina Santamaria
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9298, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9298, United States
| | - José Rogério A Silva
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Jerônimo Lameira
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Cláudio N Alves
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil
| | - M Sloan Siegrist
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9298, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9298, United States
| | - Marcos M Pires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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6
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Ferraro NJ, Pires MM. Genetic Determinants of Surface Accessibility in Staphylococcus aureus. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:767-772. [PMID: 35499914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cell walls represent one of the most prominent targets of antibacterial agents. These agents include natural products (e.g., vancomycin) and proteins stemming from the innate immune system (e.g., peptidoglycan-recognition proteins and lysostaphin). Among bacterial pathogens that infect humans, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) continues to impose a tremendous healthcare burden across the globe. S. aureus has evolved countermeasures that can directly restrict the accessibility of innate immune proteins, effectively protecting itself from threats that target key cell well components. We recently described a novel assay that directly reports on the accessibility of molecules to the peptidoglycan layer within the bacterial cell wall of S. aureus. The assay relies on site-specific chemical remodeling of the peptidoglycan with a biorthogonal handle. Here, we disclose the application of our assay to a screen of a nonredundant transposon mutant library for susceptibility of the peptidoglycan layer with the goal of identifying genes that contribute to the control of cell surface accessibility. We discovered several genes that resulted in higher accessibility levels to the peptidoglycan layer and showed that these genes modulate sensitivity to lysostaphin. These results indicate that this assay platform can be leveraged to gain further insight into the biology of bacterial cell surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel J Ferraro
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Marcos M Pires
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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7
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Banahene N, Kavunja HW, Swarts BM. Chemical Reporters for Bacterial Glycans: Development and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:3336-3413. [PMID: 34905344 PMCID: PMC8958928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria possess an extraordinary repertoire of cell envelope glycans that have critical physiological functions. Pathogenic bacteria have glycans that are essential for growth and virulence but are absent from humans, making them high-priority targets for antibiotic, vaccine, and diagnostic development. The advent of metabolic labeling with bioorthogonal chemical reporters and small-molecule fluorescent reporters has enabled the investigation and targeting of specific bacterial glycans in their native environments. These tools have opened the door to imaging glycan dynamics, assaying and inhibiting glycan biosynthesis, profiling glycoproteins and glycan-binding proteins, and targeting pathogens with diagnostic and therapeutic payload. These capabilities have been wielded in diverse commensal and pathogenic Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and mycobacterial species─including within live host organisms. Here, we review the development and applications of chemical reporters for bacterial glycans, including peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, glycoproteins, teichoic acids, and capsular polysaccharides, as well as mycobacterial glycans, including trehalose glycolipids and arabinan-containing glycoconjugates. We cover in detail how bacteria-targeting chemical reporters are designed, synthesized, and evaluated, how they operate from a mechanistic standpoint, and how this information informs their judicious and innovative application. We also provide a perspective on the current state and future directions of the field, underscoring the need for interdisciplinary teams to create novel tools and extend existing tools to support fundamental and translational research on bacterial glycans.
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8
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Lin H, Yang C, Wang W. Imitate to illuminate: labeling of bacterial peptidoglycan with fluorescent and bio-orthogonal stem peptide-mimicking probes. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:1198-1208. [PMID: 36320889 PMCID: PMC9533424 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00086e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of its high involvement in antibiotic therapy and the emergence of drug-resistance, the chemical structure and biosynthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN) have been some of the key topics in bacteriology for several decades. Recent advances in the development of fluorescent or bio-orthogonal stem peptide-mimicking probes for PGN-labeling have rekindled the interest of chemical biologists and microbiologists in this area. The structural designs, bio-orthogonal features and flexible uses of these peptide-based probes allow directly assessing, not only the presence of PGN in different biological systems, but also specific steps in PGN biosynthesis. In this review, we summarize the design rationales, functioning mechanisms, and microbial processes/questions involved in these PGN-targeting probes. Our perspectives on the limitations and future development of these tools are also presented. By imitating the structures of stem peptide, many fluorescent and bio-orthogonal labeling probes have been designed and used in illuminating the peptidoglycan biosynthesis processes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Chaoyong Yang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
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9
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Ferraro NJ, Kim S, Im W, Pires MM. Systematic Assessment of Accessibility to the Surface of Staphylococcus aureus. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2527-2536. [PMID: 34609132 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Proteins from bacterial foes, antimicrobial peptides, and host immune proteins must navigate past a dense layer of bacterial surface biomacromolecules to reach the peptidoglycan (PG) layer of Gram-positive bacteria. A subclass of molecules (e.g., antibiotics with intracellular targets) also must permeate through the PG (in a molecular sieving manner) to reach the cytoplasmic membrane. Despite the biological and therapeutic importance of surface accessibility, systematic analyses in live bacterial cells have been lacking. We describe a live cell fluorescence assay that is robust, shows a high level of reproducibility, and reports on the permeability of molecules to and within the PG scaffold. Moreover, our study shows that teichoic acids impede the permeability of molecules of a wide range of sizes and chemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel J. Ferraro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Seonghoon Kim
- School of Computational Sciences, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonpil Im
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Marcos M. Pires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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10
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Dalesandro BE, Pires MM. Induction of Endogenous Antibody Recruitment to the Surface of the Pathogen Enterococcus faecium. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1116-1125. [PMID: 33179504 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For the foreseeable future, conventional small molecule antibiotics will continue to be the predominant treatment option due to wide patient coverage and low costs. Today, however, there is already a significant portion of patients that fail to respond to small molecule antibiotics and, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, this number is poised to increase in the coming years. Therefore, this rise in drug resistant bacteria must be countered with the development of nontraditional therapies. We propose a measure based on the re-engagement of the immune system toward pathogenic bacteria by grafting bacterial cell surfaces with immunogenic agents. Herein, we describe a class of cell wall analogues that selectively graft bacterial cell surfaces with epitopes that promote their opsonization. More specifically, synthetic analogues of peptidoglycan conjugated to haptens were designed to be incorporated by the cell wall biosynthetic machinery into live Enterococcus faecium. E. faecium is a formidable human pathogen that poses a considerable burden to healthcare and often results in fatalities. We showed that treatment of E. faecium and vancomycin-resistant strains with the cell wall analogues led to the display of haptens on the cell surface, which induced the recruitment of antibodies existing in the serum of humans. These results demonstrate the feasibility in using cell wall analogues as the basis of a class of bacterial immunotherapies against dangerous pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna E. Dalesandro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Marcos M. Pires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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11
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Fisher JF, Mobashery S. β-Lactams against the Fortress of the Gram-Positive Staphylococcus aureus Bacterium. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3412-3463. [PMID: 33373523 PMCID: PMC8653850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The biological diversity of the unicellular bacteria-whether assessed by shape, food, metabolism, or ecological niche-surely rivals (if not exceeds) that of the multicellular eukaryotes. The relationship between bacteria whose ecological niche is the eukaryote, and the eukaryote, is often symbiosis or stasis. Some bacteria, however, seek advantage in this relationship. One of the most successful-to the disadvantage of the eukaryote-is the small (less than 1 μm diameter) and nearly spherical Staphylococcus aureus bacterium. For decades, successful clinical control of its infection has been accomplished using β-lactam antibiotics such as the penicillins and the cephalosporins. Over these same decades S. aureus has perfected resistance mechanisms against these antibiotics, which are then countered by new generations of β-lactam structure. This review addresses the current breadth of biochemical and microbiological efforts to preserve the future of the β-lactam antibiotics through a better understanding of how S. aureus protects the enzyme targets of the β-lactams, the penicillin-binding proteins. The penicillin-binding proteins are essential enzyme catalysts for the biosynthesis of the cell wall, and understanding how this cell wall is integrated into the protective cell envelope of the bacterium may identify new antibacterials and new adjuvants that preserve the efficacy of the β-lactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed F Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, McCourtney Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, McCourtney Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame Indiana 46556, United States
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12
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Apostolos AJ, Nelson JM, Silva JRA, Lameira J, Achimovich AM, Gahlmann A, Alves CN, Pires MM. Facile Synthesis and Metabolic Incorporation of m-DAP Bioisosteres Into Cell Walls of Live Bacteria. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2966-2975. [PMID: 33078931 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan (PG), a scaffold that provides proper rigidity to resist lysis from internal osmotic pressure and a barrier to protect cells against external stressors. It consists of repeating sugar units with a linkage to a stem peptide that becomes cross-linked by cell wall transpeptidases (TP). While synthetic PG fragments containing l-lysine in the third position on the stem peptide are easier to access, those with meso-diaminopimelic acid (m-DAP) pose a severe synthetic challenge. Herein, we describe a solid phase synthetic scheme based on widely available building blocks to assemble meso-cystine (m-CYT), which mimics key structural features of m-DAP. To demonstrate proper mimicry of m-DAP, cell wall probes were synthesized with m-CYT in place of m-DAP and evaluated for their metabolic processing in live bacterial cells. We found that m-CYT-based cell wall probes were properly processed by TPs in various bacterial species that endogenously contain m-DAP in their PG. Additionally, we have used hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to explore the influence of m-DAP analogs on the PG cross-linking. The results showed that the cross-linking mechanism of transpeptidases occurred through a concerted process. We anticipate that this strategy, which is based on the use of inexpensive and commercially available building blocks, can be widely adopted to provide greater accessibility of PG mimics for m-DAP containing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J. Apostolos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Julia M. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - José Rogério A. Silva
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Jerônimo Lameira
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Alecia M. Achimovich
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Andreas Gahlmann
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Cláudio N. Alves
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Marcos M. Pires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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13
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Qiao Y, Hayashi H, Chong Teo S. Chemical Toolbox to Decode the Microbiota Lexicon. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:2117-2128. [PMID: 32558250 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human microbiota deploys a diverse range of molecules and metabolites to engage in chemical communications with the host, mediating fundamental aspects of host health. Studies of the structures and activities of bioactive molecules produced by the microbiota are imperative to address their implications in microbiota associated diseases in human. By drawing experiences from different research fields, chemists and chemical biologists, who are experts in dealing with chemical molecules, are uniquely positioned to contribute to the emerging knowledge of human microbiota. In this minireview, we discuss the current chemical tools and methods that are pertinent to the discovery of microbiota molecules and metabolites, characterizations of their protein targets, as well as evaluations of their biodistributions in hosts. These are key aspects in understanding the chemical underpinnings of the microbiota-host interactions that would enable future development of diagnostics and therapeutics targeting the human microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qiao
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (SPMS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 21 Nanyang Link, CBC 04-22, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Hirohito Hayashi
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (SPMS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 21 Nanyang Link, CBC 04-22, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Seng Chong Teo
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (SPMS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 21 Nanyang Link, CBC 04-22, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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14
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Gautam S, Kim T, Howell R, Spiegel DA. Fluorescent stem peptide mimics: In situ probes for peptidoglycan crosslinking. Methods Enzymol 2020; 638:57-67. [PMID: 32416921 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of bacterial cell wall synthesis is essential for microbiology and medicine alike. A key step in this process is peptidoglycan crosslinking, which confers mechanical strength to the cell wall and represents a target for numerous classes of antibiotics. However, the biology of crosslinking remains poorly understood due to a lack of tools for studying the reaction in vivo. Recently, we developed a class of synthetic probes called fluorescent stem peptide mimics (FSPMs) that meet this need, allowing quantification and localization of crosslinking activity in live bacteria. We have utilized FSPMs to describe novel aspects of peptidoglycan synthesis in the human pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus. To enable wider use of our methodology, we provide detailed protocols herein for the synthesis of FSPMs, labeling of live bacteria, and evaluation of crosslinking by flow cytometry and super-resolution microscopy. We believe that FSPMs, together with complementary biosynthetic probes and traditional bacteriologic methods, will help to advance our understanding of peptidoglycan biology and accelerate the search for new antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Gautam
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Yale University, Department of Chemistry, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Taehan Kim
- Yale University, Department of Chemistry, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Rebecca Howell
- Yale University, Department of Chemistry, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - David A Spiegel
- Yale University, Department of Chemistry, New Haven, CT, United States.
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15
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Pidgeon SE, Apostolos AJ, Nelson JM, Shaku M, Rimal B, Islam MN, Crick DC, Kim SJ, Pavelka MS, Kana BD, Pires MM. L,D-Transpeptidase Specific Probe Reveals Spatial Activity of Peptidoglycan Cross-Linking. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2185-2196. [PMID: 31487148 PMCID: PMC6804245 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PG) is a cross-linked, meshlike scaffold endowed with the strength to withstand the internal pressure of bacteria. Bacteria are known to heavily remodel their peptidoglycan stem peptides, yet little is known about the physiological impact of these chemical variations on peptidoglycan cross-linking. Furthermore, there are limited tools to study these structural variations, which can also have important implications on cell wall integrity and host immunity. Cross-linking of peptide chains within PG is an essential process, and its disruption thereof underpins the potency of several classes of antibiotics. Two primary cross-linking modes have been identified that are carried out by D,D-transpeptidases and L,D-transpeptidases (Ldts). The nascent PG from each enzymatic class is structurally unique, which results in different cross-linking configurations. Recent advances in PG cellular probes have been powerful in advancing the understanding of D,D-transpeptidation by Penicillin Binding Proteins (PBPs). In contrast, no cellular probes have been previously described to directly interrogate Ldt function in live cells. Herein, we describe a new class of Ldt-specific probes composed of structural analogs of nascent PG, which are metabolically incorporated into the PG scaffold by Ldts. With a panel of tetrapeptide PG stem mimics, we demonstrated that subtle modifications such as amidation of iso-Glu can control PG cross-linking. Ldt probes were applied to quantify and track the localization of Ldt activity in Enterococcus faecium, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These results confirm that our Ldt probes are specific and suggest that the primary sequence of the stem peptide can control Ldt cross-linking levels. We anticipate that unraveling the interplay between Ldts and other cross-linking modalities may reveal the organization of the PG structure in relation to the spatial localization of cross-linking machineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E. Pidgeon
- Department
of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Alexis J. Apostolos
- Department
of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Julia M. Nelson
- Department
of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Moagi Shaku
- DST/NRF
Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology,
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of
the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, P.O. Box 1038, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
- MRC-CAPRISA
HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, CAPRISA, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Binayak Rimal
- Institute
of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - M. Nurul Islam
- Mycobacteria
Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and
Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Dean C. Crick
- Mycobacteria
Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and
Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Sung Joon Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, United States
| | - Martin S. Pavelka
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Bavesh D. Kana
- DST/NRF
Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology,
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of
the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, P.O. Box 1038, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
- MRC-CAPRISA
HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, CAPRISA, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Marcos M. Pires
- Department
of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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16
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Hill MA, Lam AK, Reed P, Harney MC, Wilson BA, Moen EL, Wright SN, Pinho MG, Rice CV. BPEI-Induced Delocalization of PBP4 Potentiates β-Lactams against MRSA. Biochemistry 2019; 58:3813-3822. [PMID: 31429286 PMCID: PMC6941424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
With its high morbidity rate and increasing resistance to treatment, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a grave concern in the medical field. In methicillin-susceptible strains, β-lactam antibiotics disable the penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) that cross-link the bacterial cell wall. However, methicillin-resistant strains have PBP2a and PBP4, which continue enzymatic activity in the presence of β-lactam antibiotics. The activity of PBP2a and PBP4 is linked to the presence of wall teichoic acid (WTA); thus, WTA has emerged as a target for antibiotic drug discovery. In this work, we disable WTA in situ using its anionic phosphodiester backbone to attract cationic branched polyethylenimine (BPEI). Data show that BPEI removes β-lactam resistance in common MRSA strains and clinical isolates. Fluorescence microscopy was used to investigate this mechanism of action. The results indicate that BPEI prevents the localization of PBP4 to the cell division septum, thereby changing the cellular morphology and inhibiting cell division. Although PBP4 is not required for septum formation, proper cell division and morphology require WTA; BPEI prevents this essential function. The combination of BPEI and β-lactams is bactericidal and synergistic. Because BPEI allows us to study the role of WTA in the cell wall without genetic mutation or altered translocation of biomolecules and/or their precursors, this approach can help revise existing paradigms regarding the role of WTA in prokaryotic biochemistry at every growth stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Hill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Anh K. Lam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Patricia Reed
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biologica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. da Repùblica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Madeline C. Harney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Beatrice A. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Erika L. Moen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Summer N. Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Mariana G. Pinho
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biologica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. da Repùblica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Charles V. Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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17
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PBP4: A New Perspective on Staphylococcus aureus β-Lactam Resistance. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6030057. [PMID: 29932109 PMCID: PMC6164785 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
β-lactam antibiotics are excellent drugs for treatment of staphylococcal infections, due to their superior efficacy and safety compared to other drugs. Effectiveness of β-lactams is severely compromised due to resistance, which is widespread among clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus. β-lactams inhibit bacterial cells by binding to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs), which perform the penultimate steps of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Among PBPs of S. aureus, PBP2a has received the most attention for the past several decades due to its preeminent role in conferring both high-level and broad-spectrum resistance to the entire class of β-lactam drugs. Studies on PBP2a have thus unraveled incredible details of its mechanism of action. We have recently identified that an uncanonical, low molecular weight PBP of S. aureus, PBP4, can also provide high-level and broad-spectrum resistance to the entire class of β-lactam drugs at a level similar to that of PBP2a. The role of PBP4 has typically been considered not so important for β-lactam resistance of S. aureus, and as a result its mode of action remains largely unknown. In this article, we review our current knowledge of PBP4 mediating β-lactam resistance in S. aureus.
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18
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Hu L, Wang H, Xia T, Fang B, Shen Y, Zhang Q, Tian X, Zhou H, Wu J, Tian Y. Two-Photon-Active Organotin(IV) Complexes for Antibacterial Function and Superresolution Bacteria Imaging. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:6340-6348. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Lund VA, Wacnik K, Turner RD, Cotterell BE, Walther CG, Fenn SJ, Grein F, Wollman AJ, Leake MC, Olivier N, Cadby A, Mesnage S, Jones S, Foster SJ. Molecular coordination of Staphylococcus aureus cell division. eLife 2018; 7:32057. [PMID: 29465397 PMCID: PMC5821461 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial cell wall is essential for viability, but despite its ability to withstand internal turgor must remain dynamic to permit growth and division. Peptidoglycan is the major cell wall structural polymer, whose synthesis requires multiple interacting components. The human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is a prolate spheroid that divides in three orthogonal planes. Here, we have integrated cellular morphology during division with molecular level resolution imaging of peptidoglycan synthesis and the components responsible. Synthesis occurs across the developing septal surface in a diffuse pattern, a necessity of the observed septal geometry, that is matched by variegated division component distribution. Synthesis continues after septal annulus completion, where the core division component FtsZ remains. The novel molecular level information requires re-evaluation of the growth and division processes leading to a new conceptual model, whereby the cell cycle is expedited by a set of functionally connected but not regularly distributed components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Lund
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna Wacnik
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D Turner
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Bryony E Cotterell
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Christa G Walther
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel J Fenn
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Grein
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Adam Jm Wollman
- Biological Physical Sciences Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C Leake
- Biological Physical Sciences Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Olivier
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Cadby
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphane Mesnage
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Foster
- Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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20
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García-Fernández E, Koch G, Wagner RM, Fekete A, Stengel ST, Schneider J, Mielich-Süss B, Geibel S, Markert SM, Stigloher C, Lopez D. Membrane Microdomain Disassembly Inhibits MRSA Antibiotic Resistance. Cell 2017; 171:1354-1367.e20. [PMID: 29103614 PMCID: PMC5720476 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A number of bacterial cell processes are confined functional membrane microdomains (FMMs), structurally and functionally similar to lipid rafts of eukaryotic cells. How bacteria organize these intricate platforms and what their biological significance is remain important questions. Using the pathogen methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), we show here that membrane-carotenoid interaction with the scaffold protein flotillin leads to FMM formation, which can be visualized using super-resolution array tomography. These membrane platforms accumulate multimeric protein complexes, for which flotillin facilitates efficient oligomerization. One of these proteins is PBP2a, responsible for penicillin resistance in MRSA. Flotillin mutants are defective in PBP2a oligomerization. Perturbation of FMM assembly using available drugs interferes with PBP2a oligomerization and disables MRSA penicillin resistance in vitro and in vivo, resulting in MRSA infections that are susceptible to penicillin treatment. Our study demonstrates that bacteria possess sophisticated cell organization programs and defines alternative therapies to fight multidrug-resistant pathogens using conventional antibiotics. Staphyloxanthin and flotillin preferentially interact and accumulate in FMMs FMMs facilitate efficient oligomerization of multimeric protein complexes PBP2a, which confers β-lactam resistance on S. aureus, is harbored within FMMs FMM disruption disables PBP2a oligomerization and thus, S. aureus antibiotic resistance
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther García-Fernández
- National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gudrun Koch
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases (ZINF), University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rabea M Wagner
- National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; Research Centre for Infectious Diseases (ZINF), University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Fekete
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute Biocenter, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie T Stengel
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases (ZINF), University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Schneider
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases (ZINF), University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mielich-Süss
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases (ZINF), University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Geibel
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases (ZINF), University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Markert
- Division of Electron Microscopy, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Stigloher
- Division of Electron Microscopy, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Lopez
- National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; Research Centre for Infectious Diseases (ZINF), University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Sarkar S, Libby EA, Pidgeon SE, Dworkin J, Pires MM. In Vivo Probe of Lipid II-Interacting Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry; Lehigh University; Bethlehem PA 18015 USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Libby
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Columbia University; New York NY 10032 USA
| | - Sean E. Pidgeon
- Department of Chemistry; Lehigh University; Bethlehem PA 18015 USA
| | - Jonathan Dworkin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Columbia University; New York NY 10032 USA
| | - Marcos M. Pires
- Department of Chemistry; Lehigh University; Bethlehem PA 18015 USA
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22
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Sarkar S, Libby EA, Pidgeon SE, Dworkin J, Pires MM. In Vivo Probe of Lipid II-Interacting Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8401-4. [PMID: 27225706 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
β-Lactams represent one of the most important classes of antibiotics discovered to date. These agents block Lipid II processing and cell wall biosynthesis through inactivation of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). PBPs enzymatically load cell wall building blocks from Lipid II carrier molecules onto the growing cell wall scaffold during growth and division. Lipid II, a bottleneck in cell wall biosynthesis, is the target of some of the most potent antibiotics in clinical use. Despite the immense therapeutic value of this biosynthetic pathway, the PBP-Lipid II association has not been established in live cells. To determine this key interaction, we designed an unnatural d-amino acid dipeptide that is metabolically incorporated into Lipid II molecules. By hijacking the peptidoglycan biosynthetic machinery, photoaffinity probes were installed in combination with click partners within Lipid II, thereby allowing, for the first time, demonstration of PBP interactions in vivo with Lipid II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Libby
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sean E Pidgeon
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Jonathan Dworkin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Marcos M Pires
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA.
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23
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Fisher JF, Mobashery S. β-Lactam Resistance Mechanisms: Gram-Positive Bacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:cshperspect.a025221. [PMID: 27091943 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The value of the β-lactam antibiotics for the control of bacterial infection has eroded with time. Three Gram-positive human pathogens that were once routinely susceptible to β-lactam chemotherapy-Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecium, and Staphylococcus aureus-now are not. Although a fourth bacterium, the acid-fast (but not Gram-positive-staining) Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has intrinsic resistance to earlier β-lactams, the emergence of strains of this bacterium resistant to virtually all other antibiotics has compelled the evaluation of newer β-lactam combinations as possible contributors to the multidrug chemotherapy required to control tubercular infection. The emerging molecular-level understanding of these resistance mechanisms used by these four bacteria provides the conceptual framework for bringing forward new β-lactams, and new β-lactam strategies, for the future control of their infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed F Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670
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24
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Ariyasu S, Too PC, Mu J, Goh CC, Ding Y, Tnay YL, Yeow EKL, Yang L, Ng LG, Chiba S, Xing B. Glycopeptide antibiotic analogs for selective inactivation and two-photon imaging of vancomycin-resistant strains. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:4667-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc10230h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Theranostic divalent vancomycin systems exhibit selective antibacterial activity against vancomycin-resistant strains and can be applied for two-photon fluorescence imaging.
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25
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Spatial Organization of Cell Wall-Anchored Proteins at the Surface of Gram-Positive Bacteria. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 404:177-201. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Fura JM, Kearns D, Pires MM. D-Amino Acid Probes for Penicillin Binding Protein-based Bacterial Surface Labeling. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30540-50. [PMID: 26499795 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.683342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan is an essential and highly conserved mesh structure that surrounds bacterial cells. It plays a critical role in retaining a defined cell shape, and, in the case of pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria, it lies at the interface between bacterial cells and the host organism. Intriguingly, bacteria can metabolically incorporate unnatural D-amino acids into the peptidoglycan stem peptide directly from the surrounding medium, a process mediated by penicillin binding proteins (PBPs). Metabolic peptidoglycan remodeling via unnatural D-amino acids has provided unique insights into peptidoglycan biosynthesis of live bacteria and has also served as the basis of a synthetic immunology strategy with potential therapeutic implications. A striking feature of this process is the vast promiscuity displayed by PBPs in tolerating entirely unnatural side chains. However, the chemical space and physical features of this side chain promiscuity have not been determined systematically. In this report, we designed and synthesized a library of variants displaying diverse side chains to comprehensively establish the tolerability of unnatural D-amino acids by PBPs in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. In addition, nine Bacillus subtilis PBP-null mutants were evaluated with the goal of identifying a potential primary PBP responsible for unnatural D-amino acid incorporation and gaining insights into the temporal control of PBP activity. We empirically established the scope of physical parameters that govern the metabolic incorporation of unnatural D-amino acids into bacterial peptidoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Fura
- From the Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania and
| | - Daniel Kearns
- the Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Marcos M Pires
- From the Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania and
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27
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Tavares AC, Fernandes PB, Carballido-López R, Pinho MG. MreC and MreD Proteins Are Not Required for Growth of Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140523. [PMID: 26470021 PMCID: PMC4607420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane proteins MreC and MreD are present in a wide variety of bacteria and are thought to be involved in cell shape determination. Together with the actin homologue MreB and other morphological elements, they play an essential role in the synthesis of the lateral cell wall in rod-shaped bacteria. In ovococcus, which lack MreB homologues, mreCD are also essential and have been implicated in peripheral cell wall synthesis. In this work we addressed the possible roles of MreC and MreD in the spherical pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. We show that MreC and MreD are not essential for cell viability and do not seem to affect cell morphology, cell volume or cell cycle control. MreC and MreD localize preferentially to the division septa, but do not appear to influence peptidoglycan composition, nor the susceptibility to different antibiotics and to oxidative and osmotic stress agents. Our results suggest that the function of MreCD in S. aureus is not critical for cell division and cell shape determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia C. Tavares
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro B. Fernandes
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rut Carballido-López
- INRA, UMR 1319 Micalis, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mariana G. Pinho
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Gautam S, Kim T, Shoda T, Sen S, Deep D, Luthra R, Ferreira MT, Pinho MG, Spiegel DA. An Activity-Based Probe for Studying Crosslinking in Live Bacteria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Monteiro JM, Fernandes PB, Vaz F, Pereira AR, Tavares AC, Ferreira MT, Pereira PM, Veiga H, Kuru E, VanNieuwenhze MS, Brun YV, Filipe SR, Pinho MG. Cell shape dynamics during the staphylococcal cell cycle. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8055. [PMID: 26278781 PMCID: PMC4557339 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an aggressive pathogen and a model organism to study cell division in sequential orthogonal planes in spherical bacteria. However, the small size of staphylococcal cells has impaired analysis of changes in morphology during the cell cycle. Here we use super-resolution microscopy and determine that S. aureus cells are not spherical throughout the cell cycle, but elongate during specific time windows, through peptidoglycan synthesis and remodelling. Both peptidoglycan hydrolysis and turgor pressure are required during division for reshaping the flat division septum into a curved surface. In this process, the septum generates less than one hemisphere of each daughter cell, a trait we show is common to other cocci. Therefore, cell surface scars of previous divisions do not divide the cells in quadrants, generating asymmetry in the daughter cells. Our results introduce a need to reassess the models for division plane selection in cocci. Staphylococci are spherical bacteria that divide in sequential orthogonal planes. Here, the authors use super-resolution microscopy to show that staphylococcal cells elongate before dividing, and that the division septum generates less than one hemisphere of each daughter cell, generating asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- João M Monteiro
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro B Fernandes
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Filipa Vaz
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Surfaces and Pathogenesis, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana R Pereira
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Andreia C Tavares
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria T Ferreira
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro M Pereira
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Helena Veiga
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Erkin Kuru
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA [2] Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | | | - Yves V Brun
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Sérgio R Filipe
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Surfaces and Pathogenesis, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Mariana G Pinho
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Gautam S, Kim T, Shoda T, Sen S, Deep D, Luthra R, Ferreira MT, Pinho MG, Spiegel DA. An Activity-Based Probe for Studying Crosslinking in Live Bacteria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [PMID: 26204841 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) catalyze the crosslinking of peptidoglycan (PG), an essential process for bacterial growth and survival, and a common antibiotic target. Yet, despite its importance, little is known about the spatiotemporal aspects of crosslinking—largely because of a lack of experimental tools for studying the reaction in live bacteria. Here we introduce such a tool: an activity-based probe that enables visualization and relative quantitation of crosslinking in vivo. In Staphylococcus aureus, we show that fluorescent mimics of the natural substrate of PBPs (PG stem peptide) are covalently incorporated into the cell wall, installing fluorophores in place of natural crosslinks. These fluorescent stem peptide mimics (FSPMs) are selectively recognized by a single PBP in S. aureus: PBP4. Thus, we were able to use FSPM pulse-labeling to localize PBP4 activity in live cells, showing that it is recruited to the septum in a manner dependent on wall teichoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Gautam
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520 (USA).,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 (USA)
| | - Taehan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 (USA)
| | - Takuji Shoda
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 (USA).,National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501 (Japan)
| | - Sounok Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 (USA).,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114 (USA)
| | - Deeksha Deep
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 (USA)
| | - Ragini Luthra
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 (USA)
| | - Maria Teresa Ferreira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras (Portugal)
| | - Mariana G Pinho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras (Portugal)
| | - David A Spiegel
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 (USA). .,Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520 (USA).
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