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Yang Z, Liao Y, Zhang Z, Chen J, Zhang X, Liao S. Asymmetric Ion-Pairing Photoredox Catalysis for Stereoselective Cationic Polymerization under Light Control. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6449-6455. [PMID: 38316013 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
By virtue of noninvasive regulations by light, photocontrolled polymerizations have attracted considerable attention for the precision synthesis of macromolecules. However, a cationic polymerization with simultaneous photocontrol and tacticity-regulation remains elusive so far. Herein, we introduce an asymmetric ion-pairing photoredox catalysis strategy that allows for the development of a stereoselective cationic polymerization with concurrent light regulation for the first time. By employing an ion pair catalyst (PC+/*A-) consisting of a photoredox active cation (PC+) and a sterically confined chiral anion (*A-) to deliver the stereochemical control, the cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers can be achieved with photocontrol and high isotactic selectivity (up to 91% m) at a remarkable low catalyst loading (50 ppm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yun Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zhengyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jianxu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Saihu Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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2
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Vlachou I, Bokias G. Investigation of Cross-Linked Chitosan-Based Membranes as Potential Adsorbents for the Removal of Cu 2+ Ions from Aqueous Solutions. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1926. [PMID: 36903041 PMCID: PMC10004399 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rapid industrialization has led to huge amounts of organic pollutants and toxic heavy metals into aquatic environment. Among the different strategies explored, adsorption remains until the most convenient process for water remediation. In the present work, novel cross-linked chitosan-based membranes were elaborated as potential adsorbents of Cu2+ ions, using as cross-linking agent a random water-soluble copolymer P(DMAM-co-GMA) of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAM). Cross-linked polymeric membranes were prepared through casting aqueous solutions of mixtures of P(DMAM-co-GMA) and chitosan hydrochloride, followed by thermal treatment at 120 °C. After deprotonation, the membranes were further explored as potential adsorbents of Cu2+ ions from aqueous CuSO4 solution. The successful complexation of copper ions with unprotonated chitosan was verified visually through the color change of the membranes and quantified through UV-vis spectroscopy. Cross-linked membranes based on unprotonated chitosan adsorb Cu2+ ions efficiently and decrease the concentration of Cu2+ ions in water to a few ppm. In addition, they can act as simple visual sensors for the detection of Cu2+ ions at low concentrations (~0.2 mM). The adsorption kinetics were well-described by a pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion model, while the adsorption isotherms followed the Langmuir model, revealing maximum adsorption capacities in the range of 66-130 mg/g. Finally, it was shown that the membranes can be effectively regenerated using aqueous H2SO4 solution and reused.
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3
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Dau H, Jones GR, Tsogtgerel E, Nguyen D, Keyes A, Liu YS, Rauf H, Ordonez E, Puchelle V, Basbug Alhan H, Zhao C, Harth E. Linear Block Copolymer Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14471-14553. [PMID: 35960550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers form the basis of the most ubiquitous materials such as thermoplastic elastomers, bridge interphases in polymer blends, and are fundamental for the development of high-performance materials. The driving force to further advance these materials is the accessibility of block copolymers, which have a wide variety in composition, functional group content, and precision of their structure. To advance and broaden the application of block copolymers will depend on the nature of combined segmented blocks, guided through the combination of polymerization techniques to reach a high versatility in block copolymer architecture and function. This review provides the most comprehensive overview of techniques to prepare linear block copolymers and is intended to serve as a guideline on how polymerization techniques can work together to result in desired block combinations. As the review will give an account of the relevant procedures and access areas, the sections will include orthogonal approaches or sequentially combined polymerization techniques, which increases the synthetic options for these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Dau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Glen R Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Enkhjargal Tsogtgerel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Dung Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Anthony Keyes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Yu-Sheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Hasaan Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Estela Ordonez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Valentin Puchelle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Hatice Basbug Alhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Chenying Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Eva Harth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Center for Excellence in Chemistry, CEPC, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
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4
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Rao Z, Takayanagi M, Nagaoka M. Verification for Temperature Dependence of Tacticity in Polystyrene Radical Polymerization with the Combination of Reaction Pathway Analysis and Red Moon Methodology. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:5343-5350. [PMID: 35793271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Radical polymerization is an economic and practical polymerization method over ionic and coordination polymerizations and is widely used for polymer production. Although many efforts have been made to improve the convenience and controllability of radical polymerization, it is still a challenge to directly observe the microbehaviors of propagation, which may provide inspiration for the development of polymerization processes. In this study, we focused on the tacticity of polystyrene produced by bulk radical polymerization since there is a debate over the temperature dependence. The propagation process is simulated via Red Moon methodology, which is a cost-effective method for handling complex chemical reaction systems. By the multiple pathway analysis for the propagation reaction model composed of the dimer radical and the monomer using density functional theory, we obtained the relative energies in multiple transition states, whose energy differences are partly explained by the π-π stacking interactions. Via performing Red Moon simulations from 30 to 190 °C, we confirmed that meso contents moderately increase as the temperature increases, which is explained by the influence of temperature on the probability density of the reaction conformations of each pathway. The successful prediction and explanation for tacticity demonstrate the potential of Red Moon methodology in unveiling the microbehaviors of propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhen Rao
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8641, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Takayanagi
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honmachi, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan.,The Center for Data Science Education and Research, Shiga University, Banba, Hikone 522-8522, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan.,School of Statistical Thinking, The Institute of the Statistical Mathematics, Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan
| | - Masataka Nagaoka
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8641, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honmachi, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan.,Future Value Creation Research Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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5
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Sifri RJ, Ma Y, Fors BP. Photoredox Catalysis in Photocontrolled Cationic Polymerizations of Vinyl Ethers. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1960-1971. [PMID: 35771008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusAdvances in photocontrolled polymerizations have expanded the scope of polymer architectures and structures that can be synthesized for various applications. The majority of these polymerizations have been developed for radical processes, which limits the diversity of monomers that can be used in macromolecular design. More recent developments of photocontrolled cationic polymerizations have taken a step toward addressing this limitation and have expanded the palette of monomers that can be used in stimuli-regulated polymerizations, enabling the synthesis of previously inaccessible polymeric structures. This Account will detail our group's studies on cationic polymerization processes where chain growth is regulated by light and highlight how these methods can be combined with other stimuli-controlled polymerizations to precisely dictate macromolecular structure.Photoinitiated cationic polymerizations are well-studied and important processes that have control over initiation. However, we wanted to develop systems where we had spatiotemporal control over both polymer initiation and chain growth. This additional command over the reaction provides the ability to manipulate the growing polymer with an external stimulus during a polymerization, which can be used to control structure. To achieve this goal, we set out to develop a method to photoreversibly generate a cation at a growing chain end that could participate in a controlled polymerization process. We took inspiration from previous work on cationic degenerate chain transfer polymerizations of vinyl ethers that used thiocarbonylthio chain transfer agents. These polymerizations were initiated by a strong acid and gave well-defined poly(vinyl ether)s. We posited that we could remove the acid initiator in these systems and reversibly oxidize the thiocarbonylthio chain ends in these reactions with a photocatalyst to give a photocontrolled cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers. This Account will focus on our journey to discover cationic photocontrolled polymerizations. We will summarize our initial developments and detail our mechanistic understanding of these reactions using both organic and inorganic based photocatalysts, and we will outline more recent efforts to expand cationic degenerate chain transfer polymerizations to other thioacetal initiators. Finally, we will detail how these photocontrolled cationic polymerizations can be used to switch monomer selectivity in situ using light to control polymer structure. At the end of the Account, we will discuss our vision for future potential applications of these photocontrolled cationic polymerizations in the synthesis of novel block copolymers and next generation cross-linked networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee J Sifri
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yuting Ma
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Brett P Fors
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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6
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Bai H, Wang Y, Han L, Wang X, Yan H, Li X, Chen S, Leng H, Yao Z, Ma H. Selective Frustrated/Nonfrustrated Anion-Migrated Ring-Opening Polymerization of 1-Cyclopropylvinylbenzene. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Bai
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yinran Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Li Han
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuwen Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Siwei Chen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Haitao Leng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zijing Yao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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7
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Zhao M, Zhu S, Yang X, Wang Y, Zhou X, Xie X. A Porphyrinic Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Porous Polymer as Highly Efficient Photocatalyst for PET-RAFT Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200173. [PMID: 35481926 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysts offer a highly desirable platform for exploring environmental-benign transformation systems, yet, they typically suffer from significant loss of catalytic efficiency compared with their homogeneous counterparts. Here, the facile synthesis of a porphyrinic conjugated porous polymer incorporated with imidazolium bromide moieties by taking advantage of the Debus-Radziszewski reaction is reported. Owing to the unique donor-acceptor structure, this heterogeneous and metal-free photocatalyst exhibits much improved catalytic activity compared with its small molecular analogs in photoinduced electron transfer reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization, producing polymers with narrow distribution (Đ = 1.06-1.18) and high degree of chain-end fidelity. Moreover, the heterogeneous catalyst can be easily separated at the end of polymerization by centrifugation and recycled for five independent PET-RAFT polymerizations without obvious decreases in catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoji Zhao
- Key Lab for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, and Hubei Key Lab of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shuaishuai Zhu
- Key Lab for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, and Hubei Key Lab of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Key Lab for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, and Hubei Key Lab of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Key Lab for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, and Hubei Key Lab of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xingping Zhou
- Key Lab for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, and Hubei Key Lab of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- Key Lab for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, and Hubei Key Lab of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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8
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Chen K, Zhou Y, Han S, Liu Y, Chen M. Main-Chain Fluoropolymers with Alternating Sequence Control via Light-Driven Reversible-Deactivation Copolymerization in Batch and Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116135. [PMID: 35023256 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polymers with regulated alternating structures are attractive in practical applications, particularly for main-chain fluoropolymers. We for the first time enabled controlled fluoropolymer synthesis with alternating sequence regulation using a novel fluorinated xanthate agent via a light-driven process, which achieved on-demand copolymerization of chlorotrifluoroethylene and vinyl esters/amides under both batch and flow conditions at ambient pressure. This method creates a facile access to fluoropolymers with a broad fraction range of alternating units, low dispersities and high chain-end fidelity. Moreover, a two-step photo-flow platform was established to streamline the in-situ chain-extension toward unprecedented block copolymers continuously from fluoroethylene. Influences of structural control were illustrated with thermal and surface properties. We anticipate that this work will promote advanced material engineering with customized fluoropolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shantao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yinli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Mao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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9
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Liu J, Miao J, Zhao L, Liu Z, Leng K, Xie W, Yu Y. Versatile Bilayer Hydrogel for Wound Dressing through PET-RAFT Polymerization. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1112-1123. [PMID: 35171579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional hydrogel-based wound dressings have been explored for decades due to their huge potential in multifaceted medical intervention to wound healing. However, it is usually not easy to fabricate a single hydrogel with all of the desirable functions at one time. Herein, a bilayer model with an outer layer for hydrogel wound dressing was proposed. The inner layer (Hm-PNn) was a hybrid hydrogel prepared by N-isopropylacrylamide and chitosan-N-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride (HACC), and the outer layer (PVAo-PAmp) was prepared by polyvinyl alcohols and acrylamide. The two hydrogel layers of the bilayer model were covalently connected with excellent interfacial strength by photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization. The outer layer exposed to the ambient environment exhibited good stretchability and toughness, while the inner-layer hydrogel adhered to the skin exhibited excellent softness, antibacterial activity, thermoresponsivity, and biocompatibility. In particular, the inner layer of a hydrogel demonstrated excellent antibacterial capability toward both Staphylococcus aureus as Gram-positive bacteria and Escherichia coli as Gram-negative bacteria. Cell cytotoxicity showed that the cell viability of all Hm-PNn layer hydrogels exceeds 80%, confirming that the hydrogels bear excellent biocompatibility. In vivo experimental results indicated that the Hm-PNn/PVAo-PAmp bilayer hydrogel has a significant effect on the acceleration of wound healing, which was demonstrated in a full-thickness skin defect model showing improved collagen disposition and granulation tissue thickness. With these results, the established multifunctional bilayer hydrogel exhibits potential as an excellent wound dressing for wound healing applications, especially for open and infected traumas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Junkui Miao
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Polar Fishery, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Polar Fishery, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhibang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Kailiang Leng
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Polar Fishery, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wancui Xie
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yueqin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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10
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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11
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Chen M, Chen K, Zhou Y, Han S, Liu Y. Main‐Chain Fluoropolymers with Alternating Sequence Control via Light‐Driven Reversible‐Deactivation Copolymerization in Batch and Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mao Chen
- Fudan University State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science Yangpu, Handan Road 220, Yuejin Building 505 200433 Shanghai CHINA
| | - Kaixuan Chen
- Fudan University Department of Macromolecular Science CHINA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Fudan University Department of Macromolecular Science CHINA
| | - Shantao Han
- Fudan University Department of Macromolecular Science CHINA
| | - Yinli Liu
- Fudan University Department of Macromolecular Science CHINA
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12
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Ma Q, Zhang X, Jiang Y, Lin J, Graff B, Hu S, Lalevée J, Liao S. Organocatalytic PET-RAFT polymerization with a low ppm of organic photocatalyst under visible light. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01431e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of light-mediated controlled radical polymerization has benefited from the discovery of novel photocatalysts, which could allow precise light control over the polymerization process and the production of well-defined polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
| | - Xun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Junqiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Bernadette Graff
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Siping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Saihu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Beijing 100190, China
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13
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Zhang X, Yang Z, Jiang Y, Liao S. Organocatalytic, Stereoselective, Cationic Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain-Transfer Polymerization of Vinyl Ethers. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:679-684. [PMID: 34967605 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tacticity is a crucial factor affecting the properties of synthetic polymer materials. Here, we introduce a type of chiral organic Brønsted acid catalyst, 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol-derived N,N'-bis(triflyl)phosphoramidimidates (PADIs), for the cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers, which enables the development of the first organocatalytic, highly stereoselective, cationic reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization of vinyl ethers with a trithiocarbonate chain-transfer agent. This metal-free RAFT process could afford isotactic poly(vinyl ethers) with high stereoselectivity, controllable molecular mass, and narrow dispersity at low catalyst loadings (as low as 200 ppm). Moreover, the trithiocarbonate chain-end allows for chain extension to synthesize diblock copolymers comprising an isotactic poly(vinyl ether) block, by a mechanistic switching from stereoselective cationic RAFT polymerization to visible-light-regulated cationic and radical RAFT polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Saihu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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14
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Concurrent control over sequence and dispersity in multiblock copolymers. Nat Chem 2021; 14:304-312. [PMID: 34845344 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Controlling monomer sequence and dispersity in synthetic macromolecules is a major goal in polymer science as both parameters determine materials' properties and functions. However, synthetic approaches that can simultaneously control both sequence and dispersity remain experimentally unattainable. Here we report a simple, one pot and rapid synthesis of sequence-controlled multiblocks with on-demand control over dispersity while maintaining a high livingness, and good agreement between theoretical and experimental molecular weights and quantitative yields. Key to our approach is the regulation in the activity of the chain transfer agent during a controlled radical polymerization that enables the preparation of multiblocks with gradually ascending (Ɖ = 1.16 → 1.60), descending (Ɖ = 1.66 → 1.22), alternating low and high dispersity values (Ɖ = 1.17 → 1.61 → 1.24 → 1.70 → 1.26) or any combination thereof. We further demonstrate the potential of our methodology through the synthesis of highly ordered pentablock, octablock and decablock copolymers, which yield multiblocks with concurrent control over both sequence and dispersity.
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15
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A comparison of RAFT and ATRP methods for controlled radical polymerization. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:859-869. [PMID: 37117386 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) are the two most common controlled radical polymerization methods. Both methods afford functional polymers with a predefined length, composition, dispersity and end group. Further, RAFT and ATRP tame radicals by reversibly converting active polymeric radicals into dormant chains. However, the mechanisms by which the ATRP and RAFT methods control chain growth are distinct, so each method presents unique opportunities and challenges, depending on the desired application. This Perspective compares RAFT and ATRP by identifying their mechanistic strengths and weaknesses, and their latest synthetic applications.
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16
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Lin Y, Wang S, Sun S, Liang Y, Xu Y, Hu H, Luo J, Zhang H, Li G. Highly tough and rapid self-healing dual-physical crosslinking poly(DMAA- co-AM) hydrogel. RSC Adv 2021; 11:32988-32995. [PMID: 35493553 PMCID: PMC9042265 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05896g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducing double physical crosslinking reagents (i.e., a hydrophobic monomer micelle and the LAPONITE® XLG nano-clay) into the copolymerization reaction of hydrophilic monomers of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) and acrylamide (AM) is reported here by a thermally induced free-radical polymerization method, resulting in a highly tough and rapid self-healing dual-physical crosslinking poly(DMAA-co-AM) hydrogel. The mechanical and self-healing properties can be finely tuned by varying the weight ratio of nanoclay to DMAA. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the resulting nanocomposite hydrogel can be modulated in the range of 7.5–60 kPa and 1630–3000%, respectively. Notably, such a tough hydrogel also exhibits fast self-healing properties, e.g., its self-healing rate reaches 48% and 80% within 2 and 24 h, respectively. Introducing a micelle and LAPONITE® XLG nano-clay into N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA)/acrylamide (AM) copolymerization reactions results in a highly tough and rapid self-healing dual-physical crosslinking poly(DMAA-co-AM) hydrogel.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinlei Lin
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University Foshan Guangdong 528000 P. R. China .,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies Foshan 528000 P. R. China
| | - Shuoqi Wang
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University Foshan Guangdong 528000 P. R. China
| | - Sheng Sun
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University Foshan Guangdong 528000 P. R. China
| | - Yaoheng Liang
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University Foshan Guangdong 528000 P. R. China
| | - Yisheng Xu
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University Foshan Guangdong 528000 P. R. China
| | - Huawen Hu
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University Foshan Guangdong 528000 P. R. China .,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy Technologies Foshan 528000 P. R. China
| | - Jie Luo
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University Foshan Guangdong 528000 P. R. China
| | - Haichen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University Foshan Guangdong 528000 P. R. China
| | - Guangji Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China.,Key Lab of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
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17
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Supej MJ, McLoughlin EA, Hsu JH, Fors BP. Reversible redox controlled acids for cationic ring-opening polymerization. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10544-10549. [PMID: 34447548 PMCID: PMC8356742 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03011f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in externally controlled polymerization methodologies have enabled the synthesis of novel polymeric structures and architectures, and they have been pivotal to the development of new photocontrolled lithographic and 3D printing technologies. In particular, the development of externally controlled ring-opening polymerization (ROP) methodologies is of great interest, as these methods provide access to novel biocompatible and biodegradable block polymer structures. Although ROPs mediated by photoacid generators have made significant contributions to the fields of lithography and microelectronics development, these methodologies rely upon catalysts with poor stability and thus poor temporal control. Herein, we report a class of ferrocene-derived acid catalysts whose acidity can be altered through reversible oxidation and reduction of the ferrocenyl moiety to chemically and electrochemically control the ROP of cyclic esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Supej
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Elizabeth A McLoughlin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Jesse H Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Brett P Fors
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
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18
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Zhang Y, Jiang D, Fang Z, Zhu N, Sun N, He W, Liu C, Zhao L, Guo K. Photomediated core modification of organic photoredox catalysts in radical addition: mechanism and applications. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9432-9441. [PMID: 34349917 PMCID: PMC8279010 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02258j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dihydrophenazines and their analogues have been widely used as strong reducing photoredox catalysts in radical chemistry, such as organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP). However, when dihydrophenazines were employed as organic photoredox catalysts (OPCs) to mediate O-ATRP, the initiator efficiency was nonquantitative due to cross-coupling between dihydrophenazines and radical species. Here, a new kind of core modification for dihydrophenazines, phenoxazines and phenothiazines was developed through this cross-coupling process. Mechanistic studies suggested that the radical species would be more likely to couple with OPC' radical cations rather than the ground-state OPC. Core modification of OPCs could stabilize the radical ions in an oxidative quenching catalytic cycle. Significantly, core modifications of OPCs could lower the energy of light required for photoexcitation. Compared with their noncore-modified counterparts, all the core-modified dihydrophenazines and phenoxazines exhibited efficient performance in controlling O-ATRP for the synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate) with higher initiator efficiencies under the irradiation of simulated sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China +86 2558139901 +86 25581399301
| | - Dandan Jiang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China +86 2558139901 +86 25581399301
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Ning Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China +86 2558139901 +86 25581399301
| | - Naixian Sun
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China +86 2558139901 +86 25581399301
| | - Wei He
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China +86 2558139901 +86 25581399301
| | - Chengkou Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China +86 2558139901 +86 25581399301
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China +86 2558139901 +86 25581399301
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China
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19
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Benchaphanthawee W, Peng CH. Organo-Cobalt Complexes in Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerization. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3628-3647. [PMID: 34132014 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt complexes have played an essential role in different chemical reactions. One of them that has attracted substantial attention in polymer science is cobalt mediated radical polymerization (CMRP), which is famous for its remarkable efficiency in controlling the radical polymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) and other less active monomers (LAMs). Two pathways, reversible termination (RT) and degenerative transfer (DT), were recognized to control the polymerization in CMRP and could be further used to rationalize the mechanism of other RDRP methods. These control mechanisms were then found to be correlated to the redox potential of cobalt complexes and thus could be judged more quantitatively. The control of polymer composition and tacticity could also be achieved by using CMRP. The hybridization of CMRP and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) could directly synthesize the vinyl acetate/methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate/styrene block copolymers in one pot. The copolymer of acrylates and 1-octene could be obtained by visible-light-induced CMRP. With the addition of bulky Lewis acid, CMRP of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) showed high isotacticities with the contents of meso dyads (m) and meso triads (mm) up to 94 % and 87 %, respectively, and generated the crystalline PDMA with Tm as high as 276 °C. This personal account reviewed the development of CMRP with the mechanistic understanding, the control of composition and stereoselectivity of the polymeric products, and its perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wachara Benchaphanthawee
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., 30013, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chi-How Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., 30013, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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20
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Han S, Wu J, Zhang Y, Lai J, Chen Y, Zhang L, Tan J. Utilization of Poor RAFT Control in Heterogeneous RAFT Polymerization. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Han
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junwei Lai
- Guangdong Hvege UV Material Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528445, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianbo Tan
- Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Guangzhou 510006, China
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21
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Upadhya R, Kosuri S, Tamasi M, Meyer TA, Atta S, Webb MA, Gormley AJ. Automation and data-driven design of polymer therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:1-28. [PMID: 33242537 PMCID: PMC8127395 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are uniquely suited for drug delivery and biomaterial applications due to tunable structural parameters such as length, composition, architecture, and valency. To facilitate designs, researchers may explore combinatorial libraries in a high throughput fashion to correlate structure to function. However, traditional polymerization reactions including controlled living radical polymerization (CLRP) and ring-opening polymerization (ROP) require inert reaction conditions and extensive expertise to implement. With the advent of air-tolerance and automation, several polymerization techniques are now compatible with well plates and can be carried out at the benchtop, making high throughput synthesis and high throughput screening (HTS) possible. To avoid HTS pitfalls often described as "fishing expeditions," it is crucial to employ intelligent and big data approaches to maximize experimental efficiency. This is where the disruptive technologies of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) will likely play a role. In fact, ML and AI are already impacting small molecule drug discovery and showing signs of emerging in drug delivery. In this review, we present state-of-the-art research in drug delivery, gene delivery, antimicrobial polymers, and bioactive polymers alongside data-driven developments in drug design and organic synthesis. From this insight, important lessons are revealed for the polymer therapeutics community including the value of a closed loop design-build-test-learn workflow. This is an exciting time as researchers will gain the ability to fully explore the polymer structural landscape and establish quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPRs) with biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Supriya Atta
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael A Webb
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
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22
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Zhou Y, Han S, Gu Y, Chen M. Facile synthesis of gradient copolymers enabled by droplet-flow photo-controlled reversible deactivation radical polymerization. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9946-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Upadhya R, Punia A, Kanagala MJ, Liu L, Lamm M, Rhodes TA, Gormley AJ. Automated PET-RAFT Polymerization Towards Pharmaceutical Amorphous Solid Dispersion Development. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2021; 3:1525-1536. [PMID: 34368765 PMCID: PMC8336633 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.0c01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In pharmaceutical oral drug delivery development, about 90% of drugs in the pipeline have poor aqueous solubility leading to severe challenges with oral bioavailability and translation to effective and safe drug products. Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have been utilized to enhance the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). However, a limited selection of regulatory-approved polymer excipients exists for the development and further understanding of tailor-made ASDs. Thus, a significant need exists to better understand how polymers can be designed to interact with specific API moieties. Here, we demonstrate how an automated combinatorial library approach can be applied to the synthesis and screening of polymer excipients for the model drug probucol. We synthesized a library of 25 random heteropolymers containing one hydrophilic monomer (2-hydroxypropyl acrylate (HPA)) and four hydrophobic monomers at varied incorporation. The performance of ASDs made by a rapid film casting method was evaluated by dissolution using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) sampling at various time points. This combinatorial library and rapid screening strategy enabled us to identify a relationship between polymer hydrophobicity, monomer hydrophobic side group geometry, and API dissolution performance. Remarkably, the most effective synthesized polymers displayed slower drug release kinetics compared to industry standard polymer excipients, showing the ability to modulate the drug release profile. Future coupling of high throughput polymer synthesis, high throughput screening (HTS), and quantitative modeling would enable specification of designer polymer excipients for specific API functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Upadhya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ashish Punia
- Preformulation Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Mythili J. Kanagala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Lina Liu
- Preformulation Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Matthew Lamm
- Preformulation Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Timothy A. Rhodes
- Preformulation Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Adam J. Gormley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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24
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Li F, Yu Y, Lv H, Cai G, Zhang Y. Synthesis of thermo-sensitive polymers with super narrow molecular weight distributions: PET-RAFT polymerization of N-isopropyl acrylamide mediated by cross-linked zinc porphyrins with high active site loadings. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01643h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
To overcome the aggregation of porphyrins and realize heterogeneous photo-catalysis with high active site loadings, twisted ZnTHP–Me2Si and layered ZnTHP–Ph2Si are prepared through cross-linking zinc porphyrins by different chlorosilanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Yi Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Hanyu Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Guiting Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Yanwu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
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25
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Imamura Y, Yamago S. Role of Lewis Acids in preventing the degradation of dithioester-dormant species in the RAFT polymerization of acrylamides in methanol to enable the successful dual control of molecular weight and tacticity. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00683e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lewis acids suppressed degradation of dithiobenzoates in RAFT polymerization of acrylamides in methanol to enable control over molecular weight and dispersity along with enhanced stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Imamura
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamago
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
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26
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Park B, Imamura Y, Yamago S. Stereocontrolled radical polymerization of acrylamides by ligand-accelerated catalysis. Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-020-00444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (Controlled/living radical polymerization): From discovery to materials design and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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28
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Doerr AM, Burroughs JM, Gitter SR, Yang X, Boydston AJ, Long BK. Advances in Polymerizations Modulated by External Stimuli. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M. Doerr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
| | - Justin M. Burroughs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
| | - Sean R. Gitter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Xuejin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Andrew J. Boydston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Brian K. Long
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, United States
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29
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Teator AJ, Varner TP, Knutson PC, Sorensen CC, Leibfarth FA. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: The Past, Present, and Future of Stereocontrolled Vinyl Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1638-1654. [PMID: 35617075 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The thermomechanical properties exhibited by synthetic macromolecules can be directly linked to their tacticity, or the relative stereochemistry of repeat units. The development of stereoselective coordination-insertion polymerization, for example, led to the discovery of isotactic polypropylene, now one of the most widely produced commodity plastics in the world. Widespread interest in controlling polymer tacticity has led to a variety of stereoselective polymerization methodologies; however, this area of polymer science has lagged behind when compared to the ability to control molecular weight, dispersity, and composition. Despite decades of advancements, many stereoregular vinyl polymers remain unknown, particularly those comprised of polar functionality or derived from renewable resources. This Viewpoint provides an overview of recent developments in stereocontrolled polymerization, with an emphasis on propagation mechanism, and highlights successes, limitations, and future challenges for continued innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Teator
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Travis P. Varner
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Phil C. Knutson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Cole C. Sorensen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Frank A. Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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30
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Bai H, Leng X, Han L, Yang L, Li C, Shen H, Lei L, Zhang S, Wang X, Ma H. Thermally Controlled On/Off Switch in a Living Anionic Polymerization of 1-Cyclopropylvinylbenzene with an Anion Migrated Ring-Opening Mechanism. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Bai
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuefei Leng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Li Han
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lincan Yang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Heyu Shen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lan Lei
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Songbo Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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31
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Supej MJ, Peterson BM, Fors BP. Dual Stimuli Switching: Interconverting Cationic and Radical Polymerizations with Electricity and Light. Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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32
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Surmacz K, Chmielarz P. Low Ppm Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in (Mini)Emulsion Systems. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E1717. [PMID: 32268579 PMCID: PMC7178667 DOI: 10.3390/ma13071717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, unceasing interest in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has been noted, especially in aqueous dispersion systems. Emulsion or miniemulsion is a preferred environment for industrial polymerization due to easier heat dissipation and lower production costs associated with the use of water as a dispersant. The main purpose of this review is to summarize ATRP methods used in emulsion media with different variants of initiating systems. A comparison of a dual over single catalytic approache by interfacial and ion pair catalysis is presented. In addition, future development directions for these methods are suggested for better use in biomedical and electronics industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Surmacz
- Doctoral School of Engineering and Technical Sciences at the Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powstańców Warszawy 8, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Paweł Chmielarz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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33
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Jiang X, Xi M, Bai L, Wang W, Yang L, Chen H, Niu Y, Cui Y, Yang H, Wei D. Surface-initiated PET-ATRP and mussel-inspired chemistry for surface engineering of MWCNTs and application in self-healing nanocomposite hydrogels. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 109:110553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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34
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Zhou YN, Li JJ, Wu YY, Luo ZH. Role of External Field in Polymerization: Mechanism and Kinetics. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2950-3048. [PMID: 32083844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed an increasing interest in developing advanced polymerization techniques subjected to external fields. Various physical modulations, such as temperature, light, electricity, magnetic field, ultrasound, and microwave irradiation, are noninvasive means, having superb but distinct abilities to regulate polymerizations in terms of process intensification and spatial and temporal controls. Gas as an emerging regulator plays a distinctive role in controlling polymerization and resembles a physical regulator in some cases. This review provides a systematic overview of seven types of external-field-regulated polymerizations, ranging from chain-growth to step-growth polymerization. A detailed account of the relevant mechanism and kinetics is provided to better understand the role of each external field in polymerization. In addition, given the crucial role of modeling and simulation in mechanisms and kinetics investigation, an overview of model construction and typical numerical methods used in this field as well as highlights of the interaction between experiment and simulation toward kinetics in the existing systems are given. At the end, limitations and future perspectives for this field are critically discussed. This state-of-the-art research progress not only provides the fundamental principles underlying external-field-regulated polymerizations but also stimulates new development of advanced polymerization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Jin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Yang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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35
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McClelland KP, Clemons TD, Stupp SI, Weiss EA. Semiconductor Quantum Dots Are Efficient and Recyclable Photocatalysts for Aqueous PET-RAFT Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:7-13. [PMID: 35638658 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This Letter describes the use of CdSe quantum dots (QDs) as photocatalysts for photoinduced electron transfer reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization of a series of aqueous acrylamides and acrylates. The high colloidal solubility and photostability of these QDs allowed polymerization to occur with high efficiency (>90% conversion in 2.5 h), low dispersity (PDI < 1.1), and ultralow catalyst loading (<0.5 ppm). The use of protein concentrators enabled the removal of the photocatalyst from the polymer and monomer with tolerable metal contamination (8.41 ug/g). These isolated QDs could be recycled for four separate polymerizations without a significant decrease in efficiency. By changing the pore size of the protein concentrators, the QDs and polymer could be separated from the remaining monomer, allowing for the synthesis of block copolymers using a single batch of QDs with minimal purification steps and demonstrating the fidelity of chain ends.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tristan D. Clemons
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Samuel I. Stupp
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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36
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Imamura Y, Fujita T, Kobayashi Y, Yamago S. Tacticity, molecular weight, and temporal control by lanthanide triflate-catalyzed stereoselective radical polymerization of acrylamides with an organotellurium chain transfer agent. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01280g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ternary control over molecular weight, tacticity, and time was achieved in the polymerization of acrylamides by photo-induced organotellurium-mediated radical polymerization (TERP) in the presence of Y(OTf)3 or Yb(OTf)3 as an acid catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Imamura
- Institute for Chemical Research
- Kyoto University
- Uji 611-0011
- Japan
| | - Takehiro Fujita
- Institute for Chemical Research
- Kyoto University
- Uji 611-0011
- Japan
| | - Yu Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka City University
- Osaka 558-8585
- Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamago
- Institute for Chemical Research
- Kyoto University
- Uji 611-0011
- Japan
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37
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Wu Z, Peng CH, Fu X. Tacticity control approached by visible-light induced organocobalt-mediated radical polymerization: the synthesis of crystalline poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) with high isotacticity. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00587h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A crystalline polymer with high isotacticity, controlled molecular weight, and narrow polydispersity was synthesized via radical polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqiang Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
| | - Chi-How Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu
- Taiwan
| | - Xuefeng Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing
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38
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Wang Y, Wang M, Bai L, Zhang L, Cheng Z, Zhu X. Facile synthesis of poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) block copolymers with “more-activated” monomers by using photoinduced successive RAFT polymerization. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01763a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined PNVP block copolymers with more-activated monomers were synthesized by a single RAFT polymerization method under irradiation with visible light at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Wang
- Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Liangjiu Bai
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Ludong University
- Key Laboratory of High Performance and Functional Polymers in the Universities of Shandong Province
- Yantai 264025
- China
| | - Lifen Zhang
- Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Zhenping Cheng
- Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- Suzhou key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
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39
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Wang W, Zhong S, Wang G, Cao H, Gao Y, Zhang W. Photo-controlled RAFT polymerization mediated by organic/inorganic hybrid photoredox catalysts: enhanced catalytic efficiency. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00171f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Photo-controlled RAFT polymerization mediated by an organic/inorganic hybrid photoredox catalyst (ZnTPP–POSS) was performed and showed enhanced catalytic efficiency compared with the ZnTPP photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wulong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Sheng Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Guicheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Hongliang Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Yun Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Weian Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
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40
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Upadhya R, Murthy NS, Hoop CL, Kosuri S, Nanda V, Kohn J, Baum J, Gormley AJ. PET-RAFT and SAXS: High Throughput Tools to Study Compactness and Flexibility of Single-Chain Polymer Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2019; 52:8295-8304. [PMID: 33814613 PMCID: PMC8018520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
From protein science, it is well understood that ordered folding and 3D structure mainly arises from balanced and noncovalent polar and nonpolar interactions, such as hydrogen bonding. Similarly, it is understood that single-chain polymer nanoparticles (SCNPs) will also compact and become more rigid with greater hydrophobicity and intrachain hydrogen bonding. Here, we couple high throughput photoinduced electron/energy transfer reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization with high throughput small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to characterize a large combinatorial library (>450) of several homopolymers, random heteropolymers, block copolymers, PEG-conjugated polymers, and other polymer-functionalized polymers. Coupling these two high throughput tools enables us to study the major influence(s) for compactness and flexibility in higher breadth than ever before possible. Not surprisingly, we found that many were either highly disordered in solution, in the case of a highly hydrophilic polymer, or insoluble if too hydrophobic. Remarkably, we also found a small group (9/457) of PEG-functionalized random heteropolymers and block copolymers that exhibited compactness and flexibility similar to that of bovine serum albumin (BSA) by dynamic light scattering (DLS), NMR, and SAXS. In general, we found that describing a rough association between compactness and flexibility parameters (R g /R h and Porod Exponent, respectively) with logP, a quantity that describes hydrophobicity, helps to demonstrate and predict material parameters that lead to SCNPs with greater compactness, rigidity, and stability. Future implementation of this combinatorial and high throughput approach for characterizing SCNPs will allow for the creation of detailed design parameters for well-defined macromolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Upadhya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - N. Sanjeeva Murthy
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Cody L. Hoop
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Shashank Kosuri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Vikas Nanda
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Joachim Kohn
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jean Baum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Adam J. Gormley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J. Walsh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael G. Hyatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Susannah A. Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Damien Guironnet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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42
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Yilmaz G. One-Pot Synthesis of Star Copolymers by the Combination of Metal-Free ATRP and ROP Processes. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1577. [PMID: 31569688 PMCID: PMC6835264 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A completely metal-free strategy is demonstrated for the preparation of star copolymers by combining atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and ring-opening polymerization (ROP) for the syntheses of block copolymers. These two different metal-free controlled/living polymerizations are simultaneously realized in one reaction medium in an orthogonal manner. For this purpose, a specific core with functional groups capable of initiating both polymerization types is synthesized. Next, vinyl and lactone monomers are simultaneously polymerized under visible light irradiation using specific catalysts. Spectral and chromatographic evidence demonstrates the success of the strategy as star copolymers are synthesized with controlled molecular weights and narrow distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorkem Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey.
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43
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Chen DF, Boyle BM, McCarthy BG, Lim CH, Miyake GM. Controlling Polymer Composition in Organocatalyzed Photoredox Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization of Vinylcyclopropanes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13268-13277. [PMID: 31356063 PMCID: PMC6941592 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although radical polymerizations are among the most prevalent methodologies for the synthesis of polymers with diverse compositions and properties, the intrinsic reactivity and selectivity of radical addition challenge the ability to impart control over the polymerization propagation and produce polymers with defined microstructure. Vinylcyclopropanes (VCPs) can be polymerized through radical ring-opening polymerization to produce polymers possessing linear (l) or cyclic (c) repeat units, providing the opportunity to control polymer structure and modify the polymer properties. Herein, we report the first organocatalyzed photoredox radical ring-opening polymerization of a variety of functionalized VCP monomers, where high monomer conversions and spatial and temporal control were achieved to produce poly(VCPs) with predictable molecular weight and low dispersity. Through manipulating polymerization concentration and temperature, tunable l or c content was realized, allowing further investigation of thermal and viscoelastic materials properties associated with these two distinct compositions. Unexpectedly, the photoredox catalysis enables a postpolymerization modification that converts l content into the c content. Combined experimental and computational studies suggested an intramolecular radical cyclization pathway, where cyclopentane and cyclohexane repeat units are likely formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Feng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Bret M. Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Blaine G. McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Chern-Hooi Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- New Iridium LLC, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Garret M. Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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44
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Reyhani A, McKenzie TG, Fu Q, Qiao GG. Fenton‐Chemistry‐Mediated Radical Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900220. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Reyhani
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Thomas G. McKenzie
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Qiang Fu
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Greg G. Qiao
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
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45
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Tao H, Xia L, Chen G, Zeng T, Nie X, Zhang Z, You Y. PET-RAFT Polymerization Catalyzed by Small Organic Molecule under Green Light Irradiation. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E892. [PMID: 31096643 PMCID: PMC6572999 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocatalyzed polymerization using organic molecules as catalysts has attracted broad interest because of its easy operation in ambient environments and low toxicity compared with metallic catalysts. In this work, we reported that 4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (DTBT) can act as an efficient photoredox catalyst for photoinduced electron transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization under green light irradiation. Well-defined (co)polymers can be obtained using this technique without any additional additives like noble metals and electron donors or acceptors. The living characteristics of polymerization were verified by kinetic study and the narrow dispersity (Đ) of the produced polymer. Excellent chain-end fidelity was demonstrated through chain extension as well. In addition, this technique showed great potential for various RAFT agents and monomers including acrylates and acrylamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huazhen Tao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Lei Xia
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Guang Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Tianyou Zeng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Xuan Nie
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Ze Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Yezi You
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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46
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Wu C, Chen H, Corrigan N, Jung K, Kan X, Li Z, Liu W, Xu J, Boyer C. Computer-Guided Discovery of a pH-Responsive Organic Photocatalyst and Application for pH and Light Dual-Gated Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8207-8220. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaonan Kan
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Zhibo Li
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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47
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Usgaonkar S, Deshmukh S, Biswas B, Karjule N, Yadav P, Nithyanandhan J, Kumaraswamy G. Light‐Triggered, Spatially Localized Chemistry by Photoinduced Electron Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2715-2719. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Usgaonkar
- Polymer Science and EngineeringInstitution CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory CSIR-NCL Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
| | - Subrajeet Deshmukh
- Polymer Science and EngineeringInstitution CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory CSIR-NCL Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
| | - Bipul Biswas
- Polymer Science and EngineeringInstitution CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory CSIR-NCL Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR, New Delhi) India
| | - Neeta Karjule
- Physical and Materials ChemistryInstitution CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory CSIR-NCL Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR, New Delhi) India
| | - Prashant Yadav
- Polymer Science and EngineeringInstitution CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory CSIR-NCL Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR, New Delhi) India
| | - Jayaraj Nithyanandhan
- Physical and Materials ChemistryInstitution CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory CSIR-NCL Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR, New Delhi) India
| | - Guruswamy Kumaraswamy
- Polymer Science and EngineeringInstitution CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory CSIR-NCL Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR, New Delhi) India
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48
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Usgaonkar S, Deshmukh S, Biswas B, Karjule N, Yadav P, Nithyanandhan J, Kumaraswamy G. Light‐Triggered, Spatially Localized Chemistry by Photoinduced Electron Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Usgaonkar
- Polymer Science and EngineeringInstitution CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory CSIR-NCL Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
| | - Subrajeet Deshmukh
- Polymer Science and EngineeringInstitution CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory CSIR-NCL Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
| | - Bipul Biswas
- Polymer Science and EngineeringInstitution CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory CSIR-NCL Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR, New Delhi) India
| | - Neeta Karjule
- Physical and Materials ChemistryInstitution CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory CSIR-NCL Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR, New Delhi) India
| | - Prashant Yadav
- Polymer Science and EngineeringInstitution CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory CSIR-NCL Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR, New Delhi) India
| | - Jayaraj Nithyanandhan
- Physical and Materials ChemistryInstitution CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory CSIR-NCL Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR, New Delhi) India
| | - Guruswamy Kumaraswamy
- Polymer Science and EngineeringInstitution CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory CSIR-NCL Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR, New Delhi) India
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Wang Z, Lorandi F, Fantin M, Wang Z, Yan J, Wang Z, Xia H, Matyjaszewski K. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Enabled by Sonochemically Labile Cu-carbonate Species. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:161-165. [PMID: 35619423 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has been previously mediated by ultrasound using a low concentration of copper complex in water (sono-ATRP) or by addition of piezoelectric materials in organic solvents (mechano-ATRP). However, these procedures proceeded slowly and yielded polymers contaminated by new chains initiated by hydroxyl radicals or by residual piezoelectrics. Unexpectedly, in the presence of sodium carbonate, rapid sono-ATRP of methyl acrylate in DMSO was achieved (80% conversion in <2 h) with excellent control of molecular weights and low dispersities (Mw/Mn < 1.2). The in situ formed CuII/L-CO3 complex in the the presence of ultrasound generated CuI/L species as activators for ATRP and carbonate radical anions. The latter were scavenged by DMSO that was oxidized to dimethyl sulfone. This simple and robust process employs low-intensity ultrasound, air-stable CuII/L catalysts, and carbonate or bicarbonate salts (washing soda or baking soda) to prepare well-defined polyacrylates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Zongyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jiajun Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Zhanhua Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hesheng Xia
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Corrigan N, Yeow J, Judzewitsch P, Xu J, Boyer C. Seeing the Light: Advancing Materials Chemistry through Photopolymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Peter Judzewitsch
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Sydney Australia
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