1
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David R, Tuñón I, Laage D. Competing Reaction Mechanisms of Peptide Bond Formation in Water Revealed by Deep Potential Molecular Dynamics and Path Sampling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14213-14224. [PMID: 38739765 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The formation of an amide bond is an essential step in the synthesis of materials and drugs, and in the assembly of amino acids to form peptides. The mechanism of this reaction has been studied extensively, in particular to understand how it can be catalyzed, but a representation capable of explaining all the experimental data is still lacking. Numerical simulation should provide the necessary molecular description, but the solvent involvement poses a number of challenges. Here, we combine the efficiency and accuracy of neural network potential-based reactive molecular dynamics with the extensive and unbiased exploration of reaction pathways provided by transition path sampling. Using microsecond-scale simulations at the density functional theory level, we show that this method reveals the presence of two competing distinct mechanisms for peptide bond formation between alanine esters in aqueous solution. We describe how both reaction pathways, via a general base catalysis mechanism and via direct cleavage of the tetrahedral intermediate respectively, change with pH. This result contrasts with the conventional mechanism involving a single pathway in which only the barrier heights are affected by pH. We show that this new proposal involving two competing mechanisms is consistent with the experimental data, and we discuss the implications for peptide bond formation under prebiotic conditions and in the ribosome. Our work shows that integrating deep potential molecular dynamics with path sampling provides a powerful approach for exploring complex chemical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf David
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Iñaki Tuñón
- Departamento de Química Física, Universitat de Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Damien Laage
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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2
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Ruiz-Pernía JJ, Świderek K, Bertran J, Moliner V, Tuñón I. Electrostatics as a Guiding Principle in Understanding and Designing Enzymes. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:1783-1795. [PMID: 38410913 PMCID: PMC10938506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Enzyme design faces challenges related to the implementation of the basic principles that govern the catalytic activity in natural enzymes. In this work, we revisit basic electrostatic concepts that have been shown to explain the origin of enzymatic efficiency like preorganization and reorganization. Using magnitudes such as the electrostatic potential and the electric field generated by the protein, we explain how these concepts work in different enzymes and how they can be used to rationalize the consequences of point mutations. We also discuss examples of protein design in which electrostatic effects have been implemented. For the near future, molecular simulations, coupled with the use of machine learning methods, can be used to implement electrostatics as a guiding principle for enzyme designs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarzyna Świderek
- Biocomp
group, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón Spain
| | - Joan Bertran
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Vicent Moliner
- Biocomp
group, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón Spain
| | - Iñaki Tuñón
- Departament
de Química Física, Universitat
de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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3
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Byju S, Hassan A, Whitford PC. The energy landscape of the ribosome. Biopolymers 2024; 115:e23570. [PMID: 38051695 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The ribosome is a prototypical assembly that can be used to establish general principles and techniques for the study of biological molecular machines. Motivated by the fact that the dynamics of every biomolecule is governed by an underlying energy landscape, there has been great interest to understand and quantify ribosome energetics. In the present review, we will focus on theoretical and computational strategies for probing the interactions that shape the energy landscape of the ribosome, with an emphasis on more recent studies of the elongation cycle. These efforts include the application of quantum mechanical methods for describing chemical kinetics, as well as classical descriptions to characterize slower (microsecond to millisecond) large-scale (10-100 Å) rearrangements, where motion is described in terms of diffusion across an energy landscape. Together, these studies provide broad insights into the factors that control a diverse range of dynamical processes in this assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Byju
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Asem Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Paul C Whitford
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Li W, Huberman-Shlaes J, Tian B. Perspectives on Multiscale Colloid-Based Materials for Biomedical Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:13759-13769. [PMID: 37733490 PMCID: PMC10552542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Colloid-based materials with tunable biophysical and chemical properties have demonstrated significant potential in a wide range of biomedical applications. The ability to manipulate these properties across various size scales, encompassing nano-, micro-, and macrodomains, is essential to enhancing current biomedical technologies and facilitating the development of novel applications. Focusing on material design, we explore various synthetic colloid-based materials at the nano- and microscales and investigate their correlation with biological systems. Furthermore, we examine the utilization of the self-assembly of colloids to construct monolithic and macroscopic materials suitable for biointerfaces. By probing the potential of spatial imaging and localized drug delivery, enhanced functionality, and colloidal manipulation, we highlight emerging opportunities that could significantly advance the field of colloid-based materials in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Judah Huberman-Shlaes
- Department
of Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Bozhi Tian
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- The
James Franck Institute, The University of
Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- The
Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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5
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Majumdar C, Walker JA, Francis MB, Schepartz A, Cate JHD. Aminobenzoic Acid Derivatives Obstruct Induced Fit in the Catalytic Center of the Ribosome. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1160-1169. [PMID: 37396857 PMCID: PMC10311655 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The Escherichia coli (E. coli) ribosome can incorporate a variety of non-l-α-amino acid monomers into polypeptide chains in vitro but with poor efficiency. Although these monomers span a diverse set of compounds, there exists no high-resolution structural information regarding their positioning within the catalytic center of the ribosome, the peptidyl transferase center (PTC). Thus, details regarding the mechanism of amide bond formation and the structural basis for differences and defects in incorporation efficiency remain unknown. Within a set of three aminobenzoic acid derivatives-3-aminopyridine-4-carboxylic acid (Apy), ortho-aminobenzoic acid (oABZ), and meta-aminobenzoic acid (mABZ)-the ribosome incorporates Apy into polypeptide chains with the highest efficiency, followed by oABZ and then mABZ, a trend that does not track with the nucleophilicity of the reactive amines. Here, we report high-resolution cryo-EM structures of the ribosome with each of these three aminobenzoic acid derivatives charged on tRNA bound in the aminoacyl-tRNA site (A-site). The structures reveal how the aromatic ring of each monomer sterically blocks the positioning of nucleotide U2506, thereby preventing rearrangement of nucleotide U2585 and the resulting induced fit in the PTC required for efficient amide bond formation. They also reveal disruptions to the bound water network that is believed to facilitate formation and breakdown of the tetrahedral intermediate. Together, the cryo-EM structures reported here provide a mechanistic rationale for differences in reactivity of aminobenzoic acid derivatives relative to l-α-amino acids and each other and identify stereochemical constraints on the size and geometry of non-monomers that can be accepted efficiently by wild-type ribosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrima Majumdar
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joshua A. Walker
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew B. Francis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alanna Schepartz
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chan
Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jamie H. D. Cate
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Innovative
Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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6
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Fındık V, Varınca Gerçik BT, Sinek Ö, Erdem SS, Ruiz-López MF. Mechanistic Investigation of Lysine-Targeted Covalent Inhibition of PI3Kδ via ONIOM QM:QM Computations. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:6775-6787. [PMID: 35980989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) enzymes are important drug targets, especially in oncology, and several inhibitors are currently under investigation in clinical trials for the treatment of lymphocytic leukemia, follicular lymphoma, breast, thyroid, colorectal, and lung cancer. Targeted covalent inhibitors hold significant promise for drug discovery research especially for kinases. Targeting the lysine residues attracts attention as a new strategy in designing targeted covalent inhibitors, since the lysine residue provides several advantages over the traditional cysteine residue. Recently, new highly selective covalent inhibitors of PI3Kδ with activated ester warheads, targeting the conserved Lys779 residue, were reported. Based on the observed kinetics, a covalent inhibition mechanism was proposed, but the atomistic details of the reaction are still not understood. Therefore, in the present work, we have conducted quantum chemical ONIOM M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p):PM6 calculations on the active site cluster structure of PI3Kδ to elucidate the microscopic details of the mechanism of the aminolysis reaction between Lys779 and the ester inhibitors. Our calculations clearly discriminate the noncovalent methyl ester inhibitor and the covalent inhibitors with activated phenolic esters. For the representative p-NO2, p-F, p-H, and p-OCH3 phenolic esters, the Gibbs free energy profiles of alternative mechanistic paths through either Asp782 or Asp911 demonstrate the modulatory role of active site aspartate residues. The most plausible path alters depending on the electron-withdrawing/donating nature of the p-substituted phenolate leaving group. Inhibitors with sufficiently strong electron-withdrawing group prefer direct dissociation of the leaving group from the tetrahedral zwitterion intermediate, while the ones with electron-donating group favor the formation of a neutral tetrahedral intermediate prior to the dissociation. The relative Gibbs free energy barriers of p-NO2 < p-F < p-H < p-OCH3 substituted phenyl esters display the same qualitative trend as the experimentally measured kinact/KI values. Our results provide in depth insight into the mechanism, which can pave the way for optimizing the inhibitor efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Fındık
- LPCT, UMR 7019, University of Lorraine, CNRS, 54000, Nancy, France.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Öykü Sinek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Safiye Sağ Erdem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey
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7
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Martí S, Arafet K, Lodola A, Mulholland AJ, Świderek K, Moliner V. Impact of Warhead Modulations on the Covalent Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 M pro Explored by QM/MM Simulations. ACS Catal 2022; 12:698-708. [PMID: 35036042 PMCID: PMC8751016 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, SARS-CoV-2, shows the need for effective antiviral treatments. Here, we present a simulation study of the inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), a cysteine hydrolase essential for the life cycle of the virus. The free energy landscape for the mechanism of the inhibition process is explored by QM/MM umbrella sampling and free energy perturbation simulations at the M06-2X/MM level of theory for two proposed peptidyl covalent inhibitors that share the same recognition motif but feature distinct cysteine-targeting warheads. Regardless of the intrinsic reactivity of the modeled inhibitors, namely a Michael acceptor and a hydroxymethyl ketone activated carbonyl, our results confirm that the inhibitory process takes place by means of a two-step mechanism, in which the formation of an ion pair C145/H41 dyad precedes the protein-inhibitor covalent bond formation. The nature of this second step is strongly dependent on the functional groups in the warhead: while the nucleophilic attack of the C145 sulfur atom on the Cα of the double bond of the Michael acceptor takes place concertedly with the proton transfer from H41 to Cβ, in the compound with an activated carbonyl, the sulfur attacks the carbonyl carbon concomitant with a proton transfer from H41 to the carbonyl oxygen via the hydroxyl group. An analysis of the free energy profiles, structures along the reaction path, and interactions between the inhibitors and the different pockets of the active site on the protein shows a measurable effect of the warhead on the kinetics and thermodynamics of the process. These results and QM/MM methods can be used as a guide to select warheads to design efficient irreversible and reversible inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Martí
- BioComp
Group, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Kemel Arafet
- BioComp
Group, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
- Dipartimento
di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento
di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Adrian J. Mulholland
- Centre
for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna Świderek
- BioComp
Group, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Vicent Moliner
- BioComp
Group, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
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8
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Kovalenko SP. On the Origin of Genetically Coded Protein Synthesis. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021060121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Tirumalai MR, Rivas M, Tran Q, Fox GE. The Peptidyl Transferase Center: a Window to the Past. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 85:e0010421. [PMID: 34756086 PMCID: PMC8579967 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00104-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In his 2001 article, "Translation: in retrospect and prospect," the late Carl Woese made a prescient observation that there was a need for the then-current view of translation to be "reformulated to become an all-embracing perspective about which 21st century Biology can develop" (RNA 7:1055-1067, 2001, https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355838201010615). The quest to decipher the origins of life and the road to the genetic code are both inextricably linked with the history of the ribosome. After over 60 years of research, significant progress in our understanding of how ribosomes work has been made. Particularly attractive is a model in which the ribosome may facilitate an ∼180° rotation of the CCA end of the tRNA from the A-site to the P-site while the acceptor stem of the tRNA would then undergo a translation from the A-site to the P-site. However, the central question of how the ribosome originated remains unresolved. Along the path from a primitive RNA world or an RNA-peptide world to a proto-ribosome world, the advent of the peptidyl transferase activity would have been a seminal event. This functionality is now housed within a local region of the large-subunit (LSU) rRNA, namely, the peptidyl transferase center (PTC). The PTC is responsible for peptide bond formation during protein synthesis and is usually considered to be the oldest part of the modern ribosome. What is frequently overlooked is that by examining the origins of the PTC itself, one is likely going back even further in time. In this regard, it has been proposed that the modern PTC originated from the association of two smaller RNAs that were once independent and now comprise a pseudosymmetric region in the modern PTC. Could such an association have survived? Recent studies have shown that the extant PTC is largely depleted of ribosomal protein interactions. It is other elements like metallic ion coordination and nonstandard base/base interactions that would have had to stabilize the association of RNAs. Here, we present a detailed review of the literature focused on the nature of the extant PTC and its proposed ancestor, the proto-ribosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhan R. Tirumalai
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mario Rivas
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Quyen Tran
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - George E. Fox
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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10
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Pellegrino S, Terrosu S, Yusupova G, Yusupov M. Inhibition of the Eukaryotic 80S Ribosome as a Potential Anticancer Therapy: A Structural Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174392. [PMID: 34503202 PMCID: PMC8430933 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Unravelling the molecular basis of ribosomal inhibition by small molecules is crucial to characterise the function of potential anticancer drugs. After approval of the ribosome inhibitor homoharringtonine for treatment of CML, it became clear that acting on the rate of protein synthesis can be a valuable way to prevent indefinite growth of cancers. The present review discusses the state-of-the-art structural knowledge of the binding modes of inhibitors targeting the cytosolic ribosome, with the ambition of providing not only an overview of what has been achieved so far, but to stimulate further investigations to yield more potent and specific anticancer drugs. Abstract Protein biosynthesis is a vital process for all kingdoms of life. The ribosome is the massive ribonucleoprotein machinery that reads the genetic code, in the form of messenger RNA (mRNA), to produce proteins. The mechanism of translation is tightly regulated to ensure that cell growth is well sustained. Because of the central role fulfilled by the ribosome, it is not surprising that halting its function can be detrimental and incompatible with life. In bacteria, the ribosome is a major target of inhibitors, as demonstrated by the high number of small molecules identified to bind to it. In eukaryotes, the design of ribosome inhibitors may be used as a therapy to treat cancer cells, which exhibit higher proliferation rates compared to healthy ones. Exciting experimental achievements gathered during the last few years confirmed that the ribosome indeed represents a relevant platform for the development of anticancer drugs. We provide herein an overview of the latest structural data that helped to unveil the molecular bases of inhibition of the eukaryotic ribosome triggered by small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pellegrino
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (M.Y.)
| | - Salvatore Terrosu
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France; (S.T.); (G.Y.)
| | - Gulnara Yusupova
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France; (S.T.); (G.Y.)
| | - Marat Yusupov
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France; (S.T.); (G.Y.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (M.Y.)
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11
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Abstract
AbstractRibozymes are huge complex biological catalysts composed of a combination of RNA and proteins. Nevertheless, there is a reduced number of small ribozymes, the self-cleavage ribozymes, that are formed just by RNA and, apparently, they existed in cells of primitive biological systems. Unveiling the details of these “fossils” enzymes can contribute not only to the understanding of the origins of life but also to the development of new simplified artificial enzymes. A computational study of the reactivity of the pistol ribozyme carried out by means of classical MD simulations and QM/MM hybrid calculations is herein presented to clarify its catalytic mechanism. Analysis of the geometries along independent MD simulations with different protonation states of the active site basic species reveals that only the canonical system, with no additional protonation changes, renders reactive conformations. A change in the coordination sphere of the Mg2+ ion has been observed during the simulations, which allows proposing a mechanism to explain the unique mode of action of the pistol ribozyme by comparison with other ribozymes. The present results are at the center of the debate originated from recent experimental and theoretical studies on pistol ribozyme.
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12
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Fukushima K, Esaki H. Theoretical Study of the Mechanism of Ribosomal Peptide Bond Formation Using the ONIOM Method. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:734-740. [PMID: 34334517 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptide bond formation in living cells occurs at the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) of the large ribosomal subunit and involves the transfer of the peptidyl group from peptidyl-tRNA to aminoacyl-tRNA. Despite numerous kinetic and theoretical studies, many details of this reaction -such as whether it proceeds via a stepwise or concerted mechanism- remain unclear. In this study, we calculated the geometry and energy of the transition states and intermediates in peptide bond formation in the PTC environment using the ONIOM (our own n-layered integrated molecular orbital and molecular mechanics) method. The calculations indicated that the energy of the transition states of stepwise mechanisms are lower than those of concerted mechanisms and suggested that the reaction involves a neutral tetrahedral intermediate that is stabilized through the hydrogen-bonding network in the PTC environment. The results will lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of peptidyl transfer reaction, and resolve fundamental questions of the steps and molecular intermediates involved in peptide bond formation in the ribosome.
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13
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Roston D, Demapan D, Cui Q. Extensive free-energy simulations identify water as the base in nucleotide addition by DNA polymerase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25048-25056. [PMID: 31757846 PMCID: PMC6911213 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914613116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transphosphorylation of nucleotide triphosphates is the central reaction in DNA replication by DNA polymerase as well as many other biological processes. Despite its importance, the microscopic chemical mechanism of transphosphorylation of nucleotide triphosphates is, in most cases, unknown. Here we use extensive simulations of DNA polymerase η to test mechanistic hypotheses. We systematically survey the reactive space by calculating 2D free-energy surfaces for 10 different plausible mechanisms that have been proposed. We supplement these free-energy surfaces with calculations of pKa for a number of potentially acidic protons in different states relevant to the catalytic cycle. We find that among all of the conditions that we test, the smallest activation barrier occurs for a reaction where a Mg2+-coordinated water deprotonates the nucleophilic 3'-OH, and this deprotonation is concerted with the phosphoryl transfer. The presence of a third Mg2+ in the active site lowers the activation barrier for the water-as-base mechanism, as does protonation of the pyrophosphate leaving group, which is consistent with general acid catalysis. The results demonstrate the value of simulations, when used in conjunction with experimental data, to help establish a microscopic chemical mechanism in a complex environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Roston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
| | - Darren Demapan
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Qiang Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215;
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
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14
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Examination of the performance of semiempirical methods in QM/MM studies of the SN2-like reaction of an adenylyl group transfer catalysed by ANT4′. Theor Chem Acc 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-019-2507-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Kazemi M, Socan J, Himo F, Åqvist J. Mechanistic alternatives for peptide bond formation on the ribosome. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:5345-5354. [PMID: 29746669 PMCID: PMC6009655 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptidyl transfer reaction on the large ribosomal subunit depends on the protonation state of the amine nucleophile and exhibits a large kinetic solvent isotope effect (KSIE ∼8). In contrast, the related peptidyl-tRNA hydrolysis reaction involved in termination shows a KSIE of ∼4 and a pH-rate profile indicative of base catalysis. It is, however, unclear why these reactions should proceed with different mechanisms, as the experimental data suggests. One explanation is that two competing mechanisms may be operational in the peptidyl transferase center (PTC). Herein, we explored this possibility by re-examining the previously proposed proton shuttle mechanism and testing the feasibility of general base catalysis also for peptide bond formation. We employed a large cluster model of the active site and different reaction mechanisms were evaluated by density functional theory calculations. In these calculations, the proton shuttle and general base mechanisms both yield activation energies comparable to the experimental values. However, only the proton shuttle mechanism is found to be consistent with the experimentally observed pH-rate profile and the KSIE. This suggests that the PTC promotes the proton shuttle mechanism for peptide bond formation, while prohibiting general base catalysis, although the detailed mechanism by which general base catalysis is excluded remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Kazemi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Box 596, Uppsala University, BMC, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jaka Socan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Box 596, Uppsala University, BMC, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Åqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Box 596, Uppsala University, BMC, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Jain S, Vanka K. Can the solvent enhance the rate of chemical reactions through C-H/π interactions? insights from theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:14821-14831. [PMID: 31225546 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02646k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The current computational study with density functional theory (DFT) shows that the rate of chemical reactions can be influenced through non-covalent C-H/π interactions between substrates and the solvent. It is shown that intramolecular carbon-carbon interaction and CO2 activation by a low valent silicon complex are both favourably affected by the explicit presence of the solvent toluene, due to C-H/π interactions between toluene and the silicon complex. Furthermore, ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations demonstrate that even if the C-H/π interacting solvent molecule is displaced from the complex, another would quickly take its place, thus maintaining the interaction. Hence, the current work shows how non-covalent interactions between solvent and substrate can enhance the rate of the reaction and expands our understanding of the role and influence of the solvent in effecting important chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailja Jain
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| | - Kumar Vanka
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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17
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Lind C, Esguerra M, Jespers W, Satpati P, Gutierrez-de-Terán H, Åqvist J. Free energy calculations of RNA interactions. Methods 2019; 162-163:85-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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18
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Martí S, Bastida A, Świderek K. Theoretical Studies on Mechanism of Inactivation of Kanamycin A by 4'-O-Nucleotidyltransferase. Front Chem 2019; 6:660. [PMID: 30761287 PMCID: PMC6361787 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This work is focused on mechanistic studies of the transfer of an adenylyl group (Adenoside-5'-monophosfate) from adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) to a OH-4' hydroxyl group of an antibiotic. Using hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) techniques, we study the substrate and base-assisted mechanisms of the inactivation process of kanamycin A (KAN) catalyzed by 4'-O-Nucleotidyltransferase [ANT(4')], an active enzyme against almost all aminoglycoside antibiotics. Free energy surfaces, obtained with Free Energy Perturbation methods at the M06-2X/MM level of theory, show that the most favorable reaction path presents a barrier of 12.2 kcal·mol-1 that corresponds to the concerted activation of O4' from KAN by Glu145. In addition, the primary and secondary 18O kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) have been computed for bridge O3α, and non-bridge O1α, O2α, and O5' atoms of ATP. The observed normal 1°-KIE of 1.2% and 2°-KIE of 0.07% for the Glu145-assisted mechanism are in very good agreement with experimentally measured data. Additionally, based on the obtained results, the role of electrostatic and compression effects in enzymatic catalysis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Martí
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de La Plana, Spain
| | - Agatha Bastida
- Departamento de Química Bio-orgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Katarzyna Świderek
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de La Plana, Spain
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19
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Dans PD, Gallego D, Balaceanu A, Darré L, Gómez H, Orozco M. Modeling, Simulations, and Bioinformatics at the Service of RNA Structure. Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Barbosa ACC, Neves RPP, Sousa SF, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA. Mechanistic Studies of a Flavin Monooxygenase: Sulfur Oxidation of Dibenzothiophenes by DszC. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. C. Barbosa
- UCIBIO,REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui P. P. Neves
- UCIBIO,REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sérgio F. Sousa
- UCIBIO,REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Ramos
- UCIBIO,REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A. Fernandes
- UCIBIO,REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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21
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Rimola A, Fabbiani M, Sodupe M, Ugliengo P, Martra G. How Does Silica Catalyze the Amide Bond Formation under Dry Conditions? Role of Specific Surface Silanol Pairs. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Rimola
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marco Fabbiani
- Dipartimento de Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell’insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Mariona Sodupe
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Piero Ugliengo
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces (NIS) Inter-Departmental centre, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Gianmario Martra
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces (NIS) Inter-Departmental centre, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
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22
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Fritch B, Kosolapov A, Hudson P, Nissley DA, Woodcock HL, Deutsch C, O'Brien EP. Origins of the Mechanochemical Coupling of Peptide Bond Formation to Protein Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5077-5087. [PMID: 29577725 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b11044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces acting on the ribosome can alter the speed of protein synthesis, indicating that mechanochemistry can contribute to translation control of gene expression. The naturally occurring sources of these mechanical forces, the mechanism by which they are transmitted 10 nm to the ribosome's catalytic core, and how they influence peptide bond formation rates are largely unknown. Here, we identify a new source of mechanical force acting on the ribosome by using in situ experimental measurements of changes in nascent-chain extension in the exit tunnel in conjunction with all-atom and coarse-grained computer simulations. We demonstrate that when the number of residues composing a nascent chain increases, its unstructured segments outside the ribosome exit tunnel generate piconewtons of force that are fully transmitted to the ribosome's P-site. The route of force transmission is shown to be through the nascent polypetide's backbone, not through the wall of the ribosome's exit tunnel. Utilizing quantum mechanical calculations we find that a consequence of such a pulling force is to decrease the transition state free energy barrier to peptide bond formation, indicating that the elongation of a nascent chain can accelerate translation. Since nascent protein segments can start out as largely unfolded structural ensembles, these results suggest a pulling force is present during protein synthesis that can modulate translation speed. The mechanism of force transmission we have identified and its consequences for peptide bond formation should be relevant regardless of the source of the pulling force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fritch
- Department of Chemistry , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Andrey Kosolapov
- Department of Physiology , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Phillip Hudson
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States.,Laboratory of Computational Biology , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Daniel A Nissley
- Department of Chemistry , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - H Lee Woodcock
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
| | - Carol Deutsch
- Department of Physiology , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Edward P O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States.,Bioinformatics and Genomics Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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23
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Vaissier V, Sharma SC, Schaettle K, Zhang T, Head-Gordon T. Computational Optimization of Electric Fields for Improving Catalysis of a Designed Kemp Eliminase. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Vaissier
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | | | | | - Teresa Head-Gordon
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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24
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Bock LV, Kolář MH, Grubmüller H. Molecular simulations of the ribosome and associated translation factors. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2017; 49:27-35. [PMID: 29202442 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The ribosome is a macromolecular complex which is responsible for protein synthesis in all living cells according to their transcribed genetic information. Using X-ray crystallography and, more recently, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), the structure of the ribosome was resolved at atomic resolution in many functional and conformational states. Molecular dynamics simulations have added information on dynamics and energetics to the available structural information, thereby have bridged the gap to the kinetics obtained from single-molecule and bulk experiments. Here, we review recent computational studies that brought notable insights into ribosomal structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars V Bock
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Am Faßberg 11, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michal H Kolář
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Am Faßberg 11, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Helmut Grubmüller
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Am Faßberg 11, Göttingen, Germany.
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25
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Zhang X, Jiang Y, Mao Q, Tan H, Li X, Chen G, Jia Z. Distal Proton Shuttle Mechanism of Ribosome Catalysed Peptide Bond Formation-A Theoretical Study. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040571. [PMID: 28362358 PMCID: PMC6154465 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we have investigated a novel distal proton shuttle mechanism of ribosome catalyzed peptide bond formation reaction. The reaction was found to follow a two-step mechanism. A distal water molecule located about 6.1 Å away from the attacking amine plays as a proton acceptor and results in a charge-separated intermediate that is stabilized by the N terminus of L27 and the A-site A76 5′-phosphate. The ribose A2451 bridges the proton shuttle pathway, thus plays critical role in the reaction. The calculated 27.64 kcal·mol−1 free energy barrier of the distal proton shuttle mechanism is lower than that of eight-membered ring transition state. The distal proton shuttle mechanism studied in this work can provide new insights into the important biological peptide synthesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yafei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Qiuyun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Hongwei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xichen Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Guangju Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Zongchao Jia
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7N 3L6, Canada .
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26
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Abstract
When given an option to choose among a set of alternatives and only one selection is right, one might stop and reflect over which one is best. However, the ribosome has no time to stop and make such reflections, proteins need to be produced and very fast. Eukaryotic translation initiation is an example of such a conundrum. Here, scanning for the correct codon match must be fast, efficient and accurate. We highlight our recent computational findings, which show how the initiation machinery manages to recognize one specific codon among many possible challengers, by fine-tuning the energetic landscape of base-pairing with the aid of the initiation factors eIF1 and eIF1A. Using a recent 3-dimensional structure of the eukaryotic initiation complex we have performed simulations of codon recognition in atomic detail. These calculations provide an in-depth energetic and structural view of how discrimination against near-cognate codons is achieved by the initiation complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Lind
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Mauricio Esguerra
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Johan Åqvist
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
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27
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Theoretical study of a proton wire mechanism for the peptide bond formation in the ribosome. Theor Chem Acc 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-017-2066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Wei W, Monard G, Gauld J. Computational insights into substrate binding and catalytic mechanism of the glutaminase domain of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (GlmS). RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04906d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic cysteinyl of GlmS can activate its thiol using its own α-amine without the need for a bridging water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlei Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Windsor
- Windsor
- Canada
| | - Gerald Monard
- Université de Lorraine
- UMR 7565 SRSMC
- F-54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy
- France
| | - James W. Gauld
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Windsor
- Windsor
- Canada
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29
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Krzemińska A, Moliner V, Świderek K. Dynamic and Electrostatic Effects on the Reaction Catalyzed by HIV-1 Protease. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:16283-16298. [PMID: 27935692 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 Protease (HIV-1 PR) is one of the three enzymes essential for the replication process of HIV-1 virus, which explains why it has been the main target for design of drugs against acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This work is focused on exploring the proteolysis reaction catalyzed by HIV-1 PR, with special attention to the dynamic and electrostatic effects governing its catalytic power. Free energy surfaces for all possible mechanisms have been computed in terms of potentials of mean force (PMFs) within hybrid QM/MM potentials, with the QM subset of atoms described at semiempirical (AM1) and DFT (M06-2X) level. The results suggest that the most favorable reaction mechanism involves formation of a gem-diol intermediate, whose decomposition into the product complex would correspond to the rate-limiting step. The agreement between the activation free energy of this step with experimental data, as well as kinetic isotope effects (KIEs), supports this prediction. The role of the protein dynamic was studied by protein isotope labeling in the framework of the Variational Transition State Theory. The predicted enzyme KIEs, also very close to the values measured experimentally, reveal a measurable but small dynamic effect. Our calculations show how the contribution of dynamic effects to the effective activation free energy appears to be below 1 kcal·mol-1. On the contrary, the electric field created by the protein in the active site of the enzyme emerges as being critical for the electronic reorganization required during the reaction. These electrostatic properties of the active site could be used as a mold for future drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Krzemińska
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Vicent Moliner
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I , 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Katarzyna Świderek
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.,Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I , 12071 Castelló, Spain
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30
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Kazemi M, Himo F, Åqvist J. Peptide Release on the Ribosome Involves Substrate-Assisted Base Catalysis. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Kazemi
- Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, BMC, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Åqvist
- Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, BMC, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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31
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Metal assisted peptide bond hydrolysis: Chemistry, biotechnology and toxicological implications. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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