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Agati M, Romi S, Fanetti S, Bini R. High-pressure structure and reactivity of crystalline bibenzyl: Insights and prospects for the synthesis of functional double-core carbon nanothreads. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:244507. [PMID: 38156639 DOI: 10.1063/5.0174157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The high-pressure synthesis of double-core nanothreads derived from pseudo-stilbene crystals represents a captivating approach to isolate within the thread chromophores or functional groups without altering its mechanical properties. These entities can be effectively utilized to finely tune optical properties or as preferential sites for functionalization. Bibenzyl, being isostructural with other members of this class, represents the ideal system for building co-crystals from which we can synthesize double-core nanothreads wherein bridging chromophores, such as the azo or ethylene moieties, are embedded in the desired concentration within a fully saturated environment. To achieve this, a critical step is the preliminary characterization of the high-pressure behavior of crystalline bibenzyl. We report here an accurate investigation performed through state-of-the-art spectroscopic techniques, Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction up to 40 GPa. Our findings reveal a strongly anisotropic compression of the crystal, which determines, at pressures between 1 and 2 GPa, consistent modifications of the vibrational spectrum, possibly related to a torsional distortion of the molecules. A phase transition is detected between 9 and 10 GPa, leading to a high pressure phase where, above 24 GPa, the nanothread formation is observed. However, the observed reaction was limited in extent and required significantly higher pressures in comparison to other members of the pseudo-stilbene family. This comprehensive study is imperative in laying the foundation for future endeavors, aiming to synthesize double-core nanothreads from pseudo-stilbene crystals, and provides crucial insights into the high-pressure behavior and phase transitions of crystalline bibenzyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milo Agati
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Romi
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Samuele Fanetti
- ICCOM-CNR, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Roberto Bini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff," Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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2
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Huang J, Ke C, Zhu W, Liu S. One dimensional ferroelectric nanothreads with axial and radial polarization. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 8:1205-1216. [PMID: 37381975 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00154g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Long-range ferroelectric crystalline order usually fades away as the spatial dimension decreases, and hence there are few two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectrics and far fewer one-dimensional (1D) ferroelectrics. Due to the depolarization field, low-dimensional ferroelectrics rarely possess the polarization along the direction of reduced dimensionality. Here, using first-principles density functional theory, we explore the structural evolution of nanoribbons of varying widths constructed by cutting a 2D sheet of ferroelectric α-III2VI3 (III = Al, Ga, In; VI = S, Se, Te). We discover a one-dimensional ferroelectric nanothread (1DFENT) of ultrasmall diameter with both axial and radial polarization, potentially enabling ultra-dense data storage with a 1D domain of just three unit cells being the functional unit. The polarization in 1DFENT of Ga2Se3 exhibits an unusual piezoelectric response: a stretching stress along the axial direction will increase both the axial and radial polarization, referred to as the auxetic piezoelectric effect. Utilizing the intrinsically flat electronic bands, we demonstrate the coexistence of ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism in 1DFENT and a counterintuitive charge-doping-induced metal-to-insulator transition. The 1DFENT with both axial and radial polarization offers a counterexample to the Mermin-Wagner theorem in 1D and suggests a new platform for the design of ultrahigh-density memory and the exploration of exotic states of matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China.
| | - Changming Ke
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China.
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China.
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Shi Liu
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China.
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
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3
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Zhang P, Gao D, Tang X, Yang X, Zheng H, Wang Y, Wang X, Xu J, Wang Z, Liu J, Wang X, Ju J, Tang M, Dong X, Li K, Mao HK. Ordered Van der Waals Hetero-nanoribbon from Pressure-Induced Topochemical Polymerization of Azobenzene. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6845-6852. [PMID: 36926877 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Pressure-induced topochemical polymerization of molecular crystals with various stackings is a promising way to synthesize materials with different co-existing sub-structures. Here, by compressing the azobenzene crystal containing two kinds of intermolecular stacking, we synthesized an ordered van der Waals carbon nanoribbon (CNR) heterostructure in one step. Azobenzene polymerizes via a [4 + 2] hetero-Diels-Alder (HDA) reaction of phenylazo-phenyl in layer A and a para-polymerization reaction of phenyl in layer B at 18 GPa, as evidenced by in situ Raman and IR spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction, as well as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance of the recovered products. The theoretical calculation shows that the obtained CNR heterostructure has a type II (staggered) band gap alignment. Our work highlights a high-pressure strategy to synthesize bulk CNR heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijie Zhang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Dexiang Gao
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Tang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Zheng
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yida Wang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingqin Xu
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijia Wang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoge Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ju
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxue Tang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuo Li
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ho-Kwang Mao
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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4
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Wang T, Xu ES, Chen B, Hoffmann R, Crespi VH. Theory of Borazine-Derived Nanothreads: Enumeration, Reaction Pathways, and Piezoelectricity. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15884-15893. [PMID: 36166474 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanothreads are one-dimensional macromolecules formed by pressure-induced polymerization along stacks of multiply unsaturated (or highly strained) molecules such as benzene (or cubane). Borazine is isoelectronic to benzene yet with substantial bond polarity, thus motivating a theoretical examination of borazine-derived nanothreads with degrees of saturation of 2, 4, and 6 (defined as the number of four-coordinated boron and nitrogen atoms per borazine formula unit). The energy increases upon going from molecular borazine to degree-2 borazine-derived threads and then decreases for degree-4 and degree-6 nanothreads as more σ bonds are formed. With the constraint of no more than two borazine formula units within the repeat unit of the framework's bonding topology, there are only 13 fully saturated (i.e., degree-6) borazine-derived nanothreads that avoid energetically costly homopolar bonds (as compared to more than 50 such candidates for benzene-derived threads). Only two of these are more stable than borazine. Hypothetical pathways from molecular borazine to these two degree-6 borazine-derived nanothreads are discussed. This relative paucity of outcomes may assist in kinetic control of reaction products. Beyond the high mechanical strength also predicted for carbon-based threads, properties such as piezoelectricity and flexoelectricity may be accessible to the polar lattice of borazine-derived nanothreads, with intriguing prospects for expression in these extremely thin yet rigid objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - En-Shi Xu
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- School of Physics and Electronics, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, P.R. China
| | - Bo Chen
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Vincent H Crespi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Chen B, Houk KN, Cammi R. High-Pressure Reaction Profiles and Activation Volumes of 1,3-Cyclohexadiene Dimerizations Computed by the Extreme Pressure-Polarizable Continuum Model (XP-PCM). Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200246. [PMID: 35286727 PMCID: PMC9320931 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations are reported for the thermal dimerizations of 1,3‐cyclohexadiene at 1 atm and high pressures up to the GPa range. Computed activation enthalpies of plausible dimerization pathways at 1 atm agree well with the experiment activation energies and the values from previous calculations. High‐pressure reaction profiles, computed by the recently developed extreme pressure‐polarizable continuum model (XP‐PCM), show that the reduction of reaction barrier is more profound in concerted reactions than in stepwise reactions, which is rationalized on the basis of the volume profiles of different mechanisms. A clear shift of the transition state towards the reactant under pressure is revealed for the [6+4]‐ene reaction by the calculations. The computed activation volumes by XP‐PCM agree excellently with the experimental values, confirming the existence of competing mechanisms in the thermal dimerization of 1,3‐cyclohexadiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 90095, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Roberto Cammi
- Department of Chemical Science, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Viale Parco Area delle Scienze. 17/a, 43100, Parma, Italy
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6
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Chen B, Crespi VH, Hoffmann R. Theoretical Studies of Furan and Thiophene Nanothreads: Structures, Cycloaddition Barriers, and Activation Volumes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9044-9056. [PMID: 35549167 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This theoretical study examines the formation, structure, and stability of two of the most ordered nanothreads produced yet, those derived from furan and thiophene. The energetic consequences and activation barriers of the first two steps of oligomerization via a Diels-Alder mechanism were examined. The ca. 20 GPa difference in the synthetic pressures (lower for furan) is explainable in terms of the greater loss of aromaticity by the thiophene. The effects of pressure on the reaction profiles, operating through a volume decrease along the reaction coordinate, are illustrated. The interesting option of polymerization proceeding in one or two directions opens up the possibility of polymers with opposing, cumulative dipole moments. The computed activation volumes are consistently more negative for furan, in accordance with the lower onset pressure of furan polymerization. The energetics of three ordered polymer structures were examined. The syn polymer, with all O/S atoms on the same side, if not allowed to distort, is at a high energy relative to the other two due to the O/S lone pair repulsion, understandably greater for S than for O at the 2.8/2.6 Å separation. Set free, the syn isomers curve or arch in two- or three-dimensional (helical) ways, whose energetics are traced in detail. The syn polymer can also stabilize itself by twisting into zig-zag or helical energy minima. The release of strain in a linear thread as the pressure is relaxed to 1 atm, with consequent thread curving, is a likely mechanism for the observed loss of the crystalline order in the polymer as it is returned to ambient pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4, Donostia-San Sebastian 20018, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Vincent H Crespi
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Baker Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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7
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Abstract
The diamond nanothread is predicted to have comparable or larger strength and stiffness than the carbon nanotube but severely suffers from intrathread bonding disorder in practice. Here, we synthesized a bulk crystalline diamond nanothread material C3N3H3 with a C/N-ordered tube (3,0) structure via high-pressure topochemical polymerization of s-triazine. The π-stacked s-triazine experienced a selective concerted bonding of three neighbored C···N pairs, completely different from the classical Diels–Alder reactions of aromatics under high pressure. This study obtained the structure-specific diamond nanothread with an unambiguous elemental reaction, which is the basis to realize the expected excellent properties of diamond nanothreads. Following the identified reaction selectivity under high pressure, more structure-specific carbon materials can be designed. Carbon nanothread (CNTh) is a “one-dimensional diamond polymer” that combines high tensile strength and flexibility, but it severely suffers from intrathread disorder. Here, by modifying the reactivity and the stacking ordering of the aromatic precursor, crystalline C3N3H3 CNTh with perfect hexagonal orientation and stacking was synthesized at 10.2 GPa and 573 K from s-triazine. By Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction data, gas chromatography mass spectrometry investigation, and theoretical calculation, we found that synthesized CNTh has a tube (3,0) structure, with the repeating s-triazine residue connected solely by C–N bonds along the thread. A “peri-cage” reaction, the concerted bonding between six C and N atoms, instead of [4 + 2] or [1,4] addition reactions, was concluded for the formation of CNThs, and the critical bonding distance between the nearest intermolecular C and N was ∼2.9 Å. The formation of a “structure-specific” crystalline CNTh with C and N orderly distributed highlighted the importance of reaction selectivity and stacking order of reactant molecules, which have great significance for understanding the polymerization of aromatic molecules under high pressure and developing new crystalline CNThs.
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8
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Romi S, Fanetti S, Alabarse F, Mio AM, Haines J, Bini R. Towards custom built double core carbon nanothreads using stilbene and pseudo-stilbene type systems. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4614-4625. [PMID: 35266485 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08188h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, saturated carbon nanothreads were the missing tile in the world of low-dimension carbon nanomaterials. These one-dimensional fully saturated polymers possess superior mechanical properties by combining high tensile strength with flexibility and resilience. They can be obtained by compressing aromatic and heteroaromatic crystals above 15 GPa exploiting the anisotropic stress that can be achieved by the diamond anvil cell technique. Recently, double-core nanothreads were synthesized by compressing azobenzene crystals, achieving the remarkable result of preserving the azo group as a linker of the resulting double thread. Herein, we demonstrate the generality of these findings through the synthesis of double carbon nanothreads from trans stilbene and azobenzene-stilbene mixed crystals. Employment of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray diffraction enabled a comprehensive characterization of the reactivity identifying threshold conditions, kinetics and structure-reaction relationship. In particular, the reaction is anticipated by a phase transition characterized by a sudden increase of the monoclinic angle and a collapse along the b axis direction. Large bidimensional crystalline areas extending several tens of nanometers are evidenced by transmission electron microscopy also confirming the monoclinic unit cell derived from X-ray diffraction data in which threads possessing the polymer 1 structure, as suggested by density functional theory calculations, are packed. The most exciting result of this study is the demonstration of viable synthesis of double nanothreads where the number and the nature of chromophoric groups linking the threads can be tuned by preparing starting crystals of desired composition, thanks to the isomorphism typical of the pseudo-stilbene molecules. This is extremely important in tailoring nanothreads with tunable optical properties and an adjustable band gap, also exploiting the possibility of introducing substituents in the phenyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Romi
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Samuele Fanetti
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- ICCOM-CNR, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Frederico Alabarse
- ELETTRA, Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonio M Mio
- IMM-CNR, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, VIII Strada 5 - Zona Industriale, 95121 Catania, Italy
| | - Julien Haines
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Roberto Bini
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- ICCOM-CNR, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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Gerthoffer MC, Xu B, Wu S, Cox J, Huss S, Oburn S, Lopez SA, Crespi V, Badding J, Elacqua E. Mechanistic Insights into the Pressure-Induced Polymerization of Aryl/Perfluoroaryl Co-Crystals. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01387d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently discovered diamond nanothreads offer a stiff, sp3-hybridized backbone unachievable in conventional polymer synthesis that is formed through the solid-state pressure-induced polymerization of simple aromatics. This method enables monomeric A-B...
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10
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Li F, Xu J, Wang Y, Zheng H, Li K. Pressure-Induced Polymerization: Addition and Condensation Reactions. Molecules 2021; 26:7581. [PMID: 34946665 PMCID: PMC8704508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Under pressure of 1-100 GPa, unsaturated organic molecules tend to form covalent bond to each other for a negative enthalpy change, which often produces polymeric materials with extended carbon skeleton. The polymerization reactions typically happen in crystal, which promotes the topochemical process. This review summarized the topochemical polymerization processes of several alkynes, aromatics, and alkynylphenyl compounds, including the critical crystal structures before the reaction, bonding process, and the structure of the products. Secondly, this review also summarized the condensation reaction identified in the polymerization process, including the elimination of small molecules such as NH3, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yajie Wang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100094, China; (F.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Haiyan Zheng
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100094, China; (F.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Kuo Li
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100094, China; (F.L.); (J.X.)
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12
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Romi S, Fanetti S, Alabarse F, Mio AM, Bini R. Synthesis of double core chromophore-functionalized nanothreads by compressing azobenzene in a diamond anvil cell. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7048-7057. [PMID: 34123332 PMCID: PMC8153222 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06968j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanothreads are likely the most attracting new materials produced under high pressure conditions. Their synthesis is achieved by compressing crystals of different small aromatic molecules, while also exploiting the applied anisotropic stress to favor nontopochemical paths. The threads are nanometric hollow structures of saturated carbon atoms, reminiscent of the starting aromatic molecule, gathered in micron sized bundles. The examples collected so far suggest that their formation can be a general phenomenon, thus enabling the design of functionalities and properties by suitably choosing the starting monomer on the basis of its chemical properties and crystal arrangement. The presence of heteroatoms or unsaturation within the thread is appealing for improving the processability and tuning the electronic properties. Suitable simple chromophores can fulfill these requirements and their controlled insertion along the thread would represent a considerable step forward in tailoring the optical and electronic properties of these mechanically extraordinary materials. Here, we report the synthesis and extensive characterization of double core nanothreads linked by azo groups. This is achieved by compressing azobenzene in a diamond anvil cell, the archetype of a wide class of dyes, and represents a fundamental step in the realization of nanothreads with tailored photochemical and photophysical properties. One-step high-pressure synthesis of 2D crystalline double nanothreads linked by azo groups.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Romi
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy Via N. Carrara 1 I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze Italy +390554572489 +390554572436
| | - Samuele Fanetti
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy Via N. Carrara 1 I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze Italy +390554572489 +390554572436.,ICCOM-CNR, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici Via Madonna del Piano 10 I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze Italy
| | - Frederico Alabarse
- ELETTRA, Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A in AREA Science Park 34149 Basovizza Trieste Italy
| | - Antonio M Mio
- IMM-CNR, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi VIII Strada 5 - Zona Industriale 95121 Catania Italy
| | - Roberto Bini
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy Via N. Carrara 1 I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze Italy +390554572489 +390554572436.,ICCOM-CNR, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici Via Madonna del Piano 10 I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università di Firenze Via della Lastruccia 3 I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
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13
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Huss S, Wu S, Chen B, Wang T, Gerthoffer MC, Ryan DJ, Smith SE, Crespi VH, Badding JV, Elacqua E. Scalable Synthesis of Crystalline One-Dimensional Carbon Nanothreads through Modest-Pressure Polymerization of Furan. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4134-4143. [PMID: 33470790 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanothreads, which are one-dimensional sp3-rich polymers, combine high tensile strength with flexibility owing to subnanometer widths and diamond-like cores. These extended carbon solids are constructed through pressure-induced polymerization of sp2 molecules such as benzene. Whereas a few examples of carbon nanothreads have been reported, the need for high onset pressures (≥17 GPa) to synthesize them precludes scalability and limits scope. Herein, we report the scalable synthesis of carbon nanothreads based on molecular furan, which can be achieved through ambient temperature pressure-induced polymerization with an onset reaction pressure of only 10 GPa due to its lessened aromaticity relative to other molecular precursors. When slowly compressed to 15 GPa and gradually decompressed to 1.5 GPa, a sharp 6-fold diffraction pattern is observed in situ, indicating a well-ordered crystalline material formed from liquid furan. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the reaction product exhibits three distinct d-spacings from 4.75 to 4.9 Å, whose size, angular spacing, and degree of anisotropy are consistent with our atomistic simulations for crystals of furan nanothreads. Further evidence for polymerization was obtained by powder XRD, Raman/IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Comparison of the IR spectra with computed vibrational modes provides provisional identification of spectral features characteristic of specific nanothread structures, namely syn, anti, and syn/anti configurations. Mass spectrometry suggests that molecular weights of at least 6 kDa are possible. Furan therefore presents a strategic entry toward scalable carbon nanothreads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Huss
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Sikai Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4, 20018 Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Margaret C Gerthoffer
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Daniel J Ryan
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Stuart E Smith
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Vincent H Crespi
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - John V Badding
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Elizabeth Elacqua
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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14
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Demingos PG, Balzaretti NM, Muniz AR. First-principles study of carbon nanothreads derived from five-membered heterocyclic rings: thiophene, furan and pyrrole. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2055-2062. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05847e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Structural, mechanical and electronic properties of carbon nanothreads derived from five-membered ring heterocyclic compounds are presented and discussed, demonstrating their enhanced stability and promising set of features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro G. Demingos
- Graduate Program in Materials Science
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Porto Alegre
- Brazil
| | - Naira M. Balzaretti
- Graduate Program in Materials Science
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Porto Alegre
- Brazil
- Institute of Physics
| | - André R. Muniz
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Porto Alegre 90040-060
- Brazil
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15
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Friedrich A, Collings IE, Dziubek KF, Fanetti S, Radacki K, Ruiz-Fuertes J, Pellicer-Porres J, Hanfland M, Sieh D, Bini R, Clark SJ, Marder TB. Pressure-Induced Polymerization of Polycyclic Arene-Perfluoroarene Cocrystals: Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction Studies, Reaction Kinetics, and Design of Columnar Hydrofluorocarbons. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18907-18923. [PMID: 33095990 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pressure-induced polymerization of aromatic compounds leads to novel materials containing sp3 carbon-bonded networks. The choice of the molecular species and the control of their arrangement in the crystal structures via intermolecular interactions, such as the arene-perfluoroarene interaction, can enable the design of target polymers. We have investigated the crystal structure compression and pressure-induced polymerization reaction kinetics of two polycyclic 1:1 arene-perfluoroarene cocrystals, naphthalene/octafluoronaphthalene (NOFN) and anthracene/octafluoronaphthalene (AOFN), up to 25 and 30 GPa, respectively, using single-crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and theoretical computations based on density-functional theory. Our study shows the remarkable pressure stability of the parallel arene-perfluoroarene π-stacking arrangement and a reduction of the interplanar π-stacking separations by ca. 19-22% before the critical reaction distance is reached. A further strong, discontinuous, and irreversible reduction along the stacking direction at 20 GPa in NOFN (18.8%) and 25 GPa in AOFN (8.7%) indicates the pressure-induced breakdown of π-stacking by formation of σ-bonded polymers. The association of the structural distortion with the occurrence of a chemical reaction is confirmed by a high-pressure kinetic study using infrared spectroscopy, indicating one-dimensional polymer growth. Structural predictions for the fully polymerized high-pressure phases consisting of highly ordered rods of hydrofluorocarbons are presented based on theoretical computations, which are in excellent agreement with the experimentally determined unit-cell parameters. We show that the polymerization takes place along the arene-perfluoroarene π-stacking direction and that the lateral extension of the columns depends on the extension of the arene and perfluoroarene molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Friedrich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ines E Collings
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Kamil F Dziubek
- LENS, European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Samuele Fanetti
- LENS, European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.,ICCOM-CNR, Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Krzysztof Radacki
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Javier Ruiz-Fuertes
- MALTA Consolider Team, Departamento Física Aplicada-ICMUV, Universitat de València, C/Doctor Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.,DCITIMAC, MALTA Consolider Team, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Julio Pellicer-Porres
- MALTA Consolider Team, Departamento Física Aplicada-ICMUV, Universitat de València, C/Doctor Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Michael Hanfland
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Sieh
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roberto Bini
- LENS, European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.,ICCOM-CNR, Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff" dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Stewart J Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Deringer VL, Pickard CJ, Proserpio DM. Hierarchically Structured Allotropes of Phosphorus from Data-Driven Exploration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15880-15885. [PMID: 32497368 PMCID: PMC7540597 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of materials is increasingly guided by quantum-mechanical crystal-structure prediction, but the structural complexity in bulk and nanoscale materials remains a bottleneck. Here we demonstrate how data-driven approaches can vastly accelerate the search for complex structures, combining a machine-learning (ML) model for the potential-energy surface with efficient, fragment-based searching. We use the characteristic building units observed in Hittorf's and fibrous phosphorus to seed stochastic ("random") structure searches over hundreds of thousands of runs. Our study identifies a family of hierarchically structured allotropes based on a P8 cage as principal building unit, including one-dimensional (1D) single and double helix structures, nanowires, and two-dimensional (2D) phosphorene allotropes with square-lattice and kagome topologies. These findings yield new insight into the intriguingly diverse structural chemistry of phosphorus, and they provide an example for how ML methods may, in the long run, be expected to accelerate the discovery of hierarchical nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker L. Deringer
- Department of ChemistryInorganic Chemistry LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Chris J. Pickard
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0FSUK
- Advanced Institute for Materials ResearchTohoku University2-1-1 Katahira, AobaSendai980-8577Japan
| | - Davide M. Proserpio
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanoItaly
- Samara Center for Theoretical Materials Science (SCTMS)Samara State Technical University443100SamaraRussia
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17
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Deringer VL, Pickard CJ, Proserpio DM. Hierarchically Structured Allotropes of Phosphorus from Data‐Driven Exploration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Volker L. Deringer
- Department of Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Chris J. Pickard
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Davide M. Proserpio
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Milano Italy
- Samara Center for Theoretical Materials Science (SCTMS) Samara State Technical University 443100 Samara Russia
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18
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High density mechanical energy storage with carbon nanothread bundle. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1905. [PMID: 32312980 PMCID: PMC7171126 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15807-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The excellent mechanical properties of carbon nanofibers bring promise for energy-related applications. Through in silico studies and continuum elasticity theory, here we show that the ultra-thin carbon nanothreads-based bundles exhibit a high mechanical energy storage density. Specifically, the gravimetric energy density is found to decrease with the number of filaments, with torsion and tension as the two dominant contributors. Due to the coupled stresses, the nanothread bundle experiences fracture before reaching the elastic limit of any individual deformation mode. Our results show that nanothread bundles have similar mechanical energy storage capacity compared to (10,10) carbon nanotube bundles, but possess their own advantages. For instance, the structure of the nanothread allows us to realize the full mechanical energy storage potential of its bundle structure through pure tension, with a gravimetric energy density of up to 1.76 MJ kg−1, which makes them appealing alternative building blocks for energy storage devices. Carbon nanothreads are promising for applications in mechanical energy storage and energy harvesting. Here the authors use large-scale molecular dynamics simulations and continuum elasticity theory to explore mechanical energy storage in carbon nanothreads-based bundles.
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19
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Chen XK, Chen KQ. Thermal transport of carbon nanomaterials. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:153002. [PMID: 31796650 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab5e57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of thermal transport properties in carbon nanomaterials enables them to be used in different thermal fields such as heat dissipation, thermal management, and thermoelectric conversion. In the past two decades, much effort has been devoted to study the thermal conductivities of different carbon nanomaterials. In this review, different theoretical methods and experimental techniques for investigating thermal transport in nanosystems are first summarized. Then, the thermal transport properties of various pure carbon nanomaterials including 1D carbon nanotubes, 2D graphene, 3D carbon foam, are reviewed in details and the associated underlying physical mechanisms are presented. Meanwhile, we discuss several important influences on the thermal conductivities of carbon nanomaterials, including size, structural defects, chemisorption and strain. Moreover, we introduce different nanostructuring pathways to manipulate the thermal conductivities of carbon-based nanocomposites and focus on the wave nature of phonons for controlling thermal transport. At last, we briefly review the potential applications of carbon nanomaterials in the fields of thermal devices and thermoelectric conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Kun Chen
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China. School of Mathematics and Physics, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, People's Republic of China
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20
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Fanetti S, Santoro M, Alabarse F, Enrico B, Bini R. Modulating the H-bond strength by varying the temperature for the high pressure synthesis of nitrogen rich carbon nanothreads. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:5233-5242. [PMID: 32073094 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10716a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanothreads are among the most attractive new materials produced under high pressure conditions. Their synthesis can be achieved by compressing the crystals of aromatic molecules exploiting both the anisotropic stress produced by the unidirectional applied force and that intrinsic to the crystal arrangement. We explored here the transformation of pyridine into a nitrogen rich carbon nanothread crystal by varying the pressure and temperature conditions with the twofold purpose of disclosing the microscopic mechanism of transformation and optimizing the yield and quality of the produced crystalline nanothreads. The best conditions for the synthesis were identified in the 14-18 GPa range at temperatures between 400 and 500 K with a product yield greater than 30%. The comparison of experiments performed under different P-T conditions allowed us to understand the role of high temperature, which is necessary to weaken or even destroy the complex H-bond network characterizing the pyridine crystal and preventing the correct approach of the aromatic rings for nanothread formation. X-ray diffraction data confirm the excellent 2D hexagonal packing of the nanothreads over several tens of microns, whereas the sharp absorption lines observed in the IR spectrum strongly support a substantial order along the threads. Diffraction results suggest a polytwistane structure of the threads derived from a Diels-Alder [4 + 2] polymerization involving molecules arranged in a slipped parallel configuration along the pyridine crystal a and b axes. Electron microscopy evidences an arrangement of the nanothreads in bundles of tens of nanometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Fanetti
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy. and ICCOM, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mario Santoro
- CNR-INO, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy and LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Frederico Alabarse
- ELETTRA, Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, in AREA Science Park 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Berretti Enrico
- ICCOM, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Roberto Bini
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, Via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy. and ICCOM, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy and Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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21
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Shinozaki A, Nagai T, Kagi H, Nakano S. Pressure-induced irreversible amorphization of naphthalene and nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic compounds at room temperature. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Xue J, Xie Y, Peng Q, Chen Y. Thermal transports of one-dimensional ultrathin carbon structures. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:475401. [PMID: 31430722 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab3ce7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon atomic chain, linear benzene polymers, and carbon nanothreads are all one-dimensional (1D) ultrathin carbon structures. They possess excellent electronic and mechanical properties; however, their thermal transport properties have been rarely explored. Here, we systematically study their thermal conductance by combining the nonequilibrium Green's function and force field methods. The thermal conductance varies from 0.24 to 1.00 nW K-1 at 300 K, and phonon transport in the linear benzene polymers and carbon nanothreads is strongly dependent on the connectivity styles between the benzene rings. We propose a simple 1D model, namely force-constant model, that explains the complicated transport processes in these structures. Our study not only reveals intrinsic mechanisms of phonon transport in these carbon structures, but also provides an effective method to analyze thermal properties of other 1D ultrathin structures made of only several atomic chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xue
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, Hunan, People's Republic of China. Faculty of Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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23
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Biswas A, Ward MD, Wang T, Zhu L, Huang HT, Badding JV, Crespi VH, Strobel TA. Evidence for Orientational Order in Nanothreads Derived from Thiophene. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:7164-7171. [PMID: 31601100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanothreads are one-dimensional sp3 hydrocarbons that pack within pseudohexagonal crystalline lattices. They are believed to lack long-range order along the thread axis and also lack interthread registry. Here we investigate the phase behavior of thiophene up to 35 GPa and establish a pressure-induced phase transition sequence that mirrors previous observations in low-temperature studies. Slow compression to 35 GPa results in the formation of a recoverable saturated product with a 2D monoclinic diffraction pattern along (0001) that agrees closely with atomistic simulations for single crystals of thiophene-derived nanothreads. Paradoxically, this lower-symmetry packing signals a higher degree of structural order since it must arise from constituents with a consistent azimuthal orientation about their shared axis. The simplicity of thiophene reaction pathways (with only four carbon atoms per ring) apparently yields the first nanothreads with orientational order, a striking outcome considering that a single point defect in a 1D system can disrupt long-range structural order.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew D Ward
- Geophysical Laboratory , Carnegie Institution for Science , 5251 Broad Branch Road NW , Washington , D.C. 20015 , United States
| | | | - Li Zhu
- Geophysical Laboratory , Carnegie Institution for Science , 5251 Broad Branch Road NW , Washington , D.C. 20015 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Timothy A Strobel
- Geophysical Laboratory , Carnegie Institution for Science , 5251 Broad Branch Road NW , Washington , D.C. 20015 , United States
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24
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From Molecules to Carbon Materials—High Pressure Induced Polymerization and Bonding Mechanisms of Unsaturated Compounds. CRYSTALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst9100490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the development of high-pressure apparatus, in situ characterization methods and theoretical calculations, high-pressure technology becomes a more and more important method to synthesize new compounds with unusual structures and properties. By compressing compounds containing unsaturated carbon atoms, novel poly-ionic polymers, graphanes and carbon nanothreads were obtained. Their compositions and structures were carefully studied by combining multiple cutting-edge technologies, like the in situ high-pressure X-ray and neutron diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, pair distribution function, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The reaction mechanisms were investigated based on the crystal structure at the reaction threshold pressure (the pressure just before the reaction taking place), the long-range and short-range structure of the product, molecular structure of the intermediates, as well as the theoretical calculation. In this review, we will summarize the synthesis of carbon materials by compressing the unsaturated compounds and its reaction characteristics under extreme conditions. The topochemical reaction mechanism and related characterization methods of the molecular system will be highlighted. This review will provide a reference for designing chemical reaction and exploring novel carbon materials under high-pressure condition.
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25
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Abstract
Methane and other hydrocarbons are major components of the mantle regions of icy planets. Several recent computational studies have investigated the high-pressure behaviour of specific hydrocarbons. To develop a global picture of hydrocarbon stability, to identify relevant decomposition reactions, and probe eventual formation of diamond, a complete study of all hydrocarbons is needed. Using density functional theory calculations we survey here all known C-H crystal structures augmented by targeted crystal structure searches to build hydrocarbon phase diagrams in the ground state and at elevated temperatures. We find that an updated pressure-temperature phase diagram for methane is dominated at intermediate pressures by CH 4 :H 2 van der Waals inclusion compounds. We discuss the P-T phase diagram for CH and CH 2 (i.e., polystyrene and polyethylene) to illustrate that diamond formation conditions are strongly composition dependent. Finally, crystal structure searches uncover a new CH 4 (H 2 ) 2 van der Waals compound, the most hydrogen-rich hydrocarbon, stable between 170 and 220 GPa.
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26
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Decomposition and oligomerization of 2,3-naphthyridine under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7335. [PMID: 31089178 PMCID: PMC6517384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43868-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical reaction of 2,3-naphthyridine, a nitrogen-containing aromatic compound, was investigated at pressures ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 GPa and temperatures from 473 to 573 K. A distinct decrease in the amount of residual 2,3-naphthyridine was observed in the samples recovered after reaction at ˃523 K at 0.5 and 1.0 GPa, and ˃548 K at 1.5 GPa. The formation of o-xylene and o-tolunitrile accompanied a decreasing N/C ratio of the reaction products, indicating decomposition of the aromatic ring and release of nitrogen. Precise analysis of the reaction products indicated the oligomerization of decomposed products with the residual 2,3-naphthyridine to form larger molecules up to 7mers. Nitrogen in the aromatic ring accelerated reactions to decompose the molecule and to oligomerize at lower temperatures than those typically reported for aromatic hydrocarbon oligomerization. The major reaction mechanism was similar between 0.5 and 1.5 GPa, although larger products preferentially formed in the samples at higher pressure.
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27
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Juhl SJ, Wang T, Vermilyea B, Li X, Crespi VH, Badding JV, Alem N. Local Structure and Bonding of Carbon Nanothreads Probed by High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6937-6945. [PMID: 30951295 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanothreads are a new one-dimensional sp3-bonded nanomaterial of CH stoichiometry synthesized from benzene at high pressure and room temperature by slow solid-state polymerization. The resulting threads assume crystalline packing hundreds of micrometers across. We show high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) images of hexagonal arrays of well-aligned thread columns that traverse the 80-100 nm thickness of the prepared sample. Diffuse scattering in electron diffraction reveals that nanothreads are packed with axial and/or azimuthal disregistry between them. Layer lines in diffraction from annealed nanothreads provide the first evidence of translational order along their length, indicating that this solid-state reaction proceeds with some regularity. HREM also reveals bends and defects in nanothread crystals that can contribute to the broadening of their diffraction spots, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy confirms them to be primarily sp3-hybridized, with less than 27% sp2 carbon, most likely associated with partially saturated "degree-4" threads.
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28
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Gryn'ova G, Corminboeuf C. Topology-Driven Single-Molecule Conductance of Carbon Nanothreads. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:825-830. [PMID: 30668127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Highly conductive single-molecule junctions typically involve π-conjugated molecular bridges, whose frontier molecular orbital energy levels can be fine-tuned to best match the Fermi level of the leads. Fully saturated wires, e.g., alkanes, are typically thought of as insulating rather than highly conductive. However, in this work, we demonstrate in silico that significant zero-bias conductance can be achieved in such systems by means of topology. Specifically, caged saturated hydrocarbons offering multiple σ-conductance channels afford transmission far beyond what could be expected based upon conventional superposition laws, particularly if these pathways are composed entirely from quaternary carbon atoms. Computed conductance of molecular bridges based on carbon nanothreads, e.g., polytwistane, is not only of appreciable magnitude; it also shows a very slow decay with increasing nanogap, similarly to the case of π-conjugated wires. These findings offer a way to manipulate the transport properties of molecular systems by means of their topology, alternatively to the traditionally invoked electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Gryn'ova
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
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29
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Wang Y, Dong X, Tang X, Zheng H, Li K, Lin X, Fang L, Sun G, Chen X, Xie L, Bull CL, Funnell NP, Hattori T, Sano-Furukawa A, Chen J, Hensley DK, Cody GD, Ren Y, Lee HH, Mao HK. Pressure-Induced Diels-Alder Reactions in C6
H6
-C6
F6
Cocrystal towards Graphane Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:1468-1473. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Wang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research; Beijing 100094 P. R. China
| | - Xiao Dong
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research; Beijing 100094 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xingyu Tang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research; Beijing 100094 P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Zheng
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research; Beijing 100094 P. R. China
| | - Kuo Li
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research; Beijing 100094 P. R. China
| | - Xiaohuan Lin
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research; Beijing 100094 P. R. China
| | - Leiming Fang
- Key Laboratory of Neutron Physics and Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621999 P. R. China
| | - Guang'ai Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neutron Physics and Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621999 P. R. China
| | - Xiping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neutron Physics and Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621999 P. R. China
| | - Lei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Neutron Physics and Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621999 P. R. China
| | - Craig L. Bull
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility; Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Chilton Didcot Oxon OX11 0QX UK
| | - Nicholas P. Funnell
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility; Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Chilton Didcot Oxon OX11 0QX UK
| | - Takanori Hattori
- J-PARC Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency; Tokai Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | | | - Jihua Chen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Dale K. Hensley
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - George D. Cody
- Geophysical Lab; Carnegie Institution of Washington; 5251 Broad Branch Road NW Washington, DC 20015 USA
| | - Yang Ren
- Advanced Photon Source; Argonne National Laboratory; Lemont IL 60439 USA
| | - Hyun Hwi Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH; Pohang 790-784 Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-kwang Mao
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research; Beijing 100094 P. R. China
- Geophysical Lab; Carnegie Institution of Washington; 5251 Broad Branch Road NW Washington, DC 20015 USA
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30
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Wang Y, Dong X, Tang X, Zheng H, Li K, Lin X, Fang L, Sun G, Chen X, Xie L, Bull CL, Funnell NP, Hattori T, Sano-Furukawa A, Chen J, Hensley DK, Cody GD, Ren Y, Lee HH, Mao HK. Pressure-Induced Diels-Alder Reactions in C6
H6
-C6
F6
Cocrystal towards Graphane Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Wang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research; Beijing 100094 P. R. China
| | - Xiao Dong
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research; Beijing 100094 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xingyu Tang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research; Beijing 100094 P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Zheng
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research; Beijing 100094 P. R. China
| | - Kuo Li
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research; Beijing 100094 P. R. China
| | - Xiaohuan Lin
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research; Beijing 100094 P. R. China
| | - Leiming Fang
- Key Laboratory of Neutron Physics and Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621999 P. R. China
| | - Guang'ai Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neutron Physics and Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621999 P. R. China
| | - Xiping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neutron Physics and Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621999 P. R. China
| | - Lei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Neutron Physics and Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621999 P. R. China
| | - Craig L. Bull
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility; Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Chilton Didcot Oxon OX11 0QX UK
| | - Nicholas P. Funnell
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility; Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Chilton Didcot Oxon OX11 0QX UK
| | - Takanori Hattori
- J-PARC Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency; Tokai Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | | | - Jihua Chen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Dale K. Hensley
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - George D. Cody
- Geophysical Lab; Carnegie Institution of Washington; 5251 Broad Branch Road NW Washington, DC 20015 USA
| | - Yang Ren
- Advanced Photon Source; Argonne National Laboratory; Lemont IL 60439 USA
| | - Hyun Hwi Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH; Pohang 790-784 Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-kwang Mao
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research; Beijing 100094 P. R. China
- Geophysical Lab; Carnegie Institution of Washington; 5251 Broad Branch Road NW Washington, DC 20015 USA
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31
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Wang T, Duan P, Xu ES, Vermilyea B, Chen B, Li X, Badding JV, Schmidt-Rohr K, Crespi VH. Constraining Carbon Nanothread Structures by Experimental and Calculated Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:4934-4942. [PMID: 29954179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A one-dimensional (1D) sp3 carbon nanomaterial with high lateral packing order, known as carbon nanothreads, has recently been synthesized by slowly compressing and decompressing crystalline solid benzene at high pressure. The atomic structure of an individual nanothread has not yet been determined experimentally. We have calculated the 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts, chemical shielding tensors, and anisotropies of several axially ordered and disordered partially saturated and fully saturated nanothreads within density functional theory and systematically compared the results with experimental solid-state NMR data to assist in identifying the structures of the synthesized nanothreads. In the fully saturated threads, every carbon atom in each progenitor benzene molecule has bonded to a neighboring molecule (i.e., 6 bonds per molecule, a so-called "degree-6" nanothread), while the partially saturated threads examined retain a single double bond per benzene ring ("degree-4"). The most-parsimonious theoretical fit to the experimental 1D solid-state NMR spectrum, constrained by the measured chemical shift anisotropies and key features of two-dimensional NMR spectra, suggests a certain combination of degree-4 and degree-6 nanothreads as plausible components of this 1D sp3 carbon nanomaterial, with intriguing hints of a [4 + 2] cycloaddition pathway toward nanothread formation from benzene columns in the progenitor molecular crystal, based on the presence of nanothreads IV-7, IV-8, and square polymer in the minimal fit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pu Duan
- Department of Chemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02453 , United States
| | | | | | - Bo Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Baker Laboratory , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | | | | | - Klaus Schmidt-Rohr
- Department of Chemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02453 , United States
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32
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Protective Carbon Overlayers from 2,3-Naphthalenediol Pyrolysis on Mesoporous SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ Analyzed by Solid-State NMR. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11060980. [PMID: 29890759 PMCID: PMC6025365 DOI: 10.3390/ma11060980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydrothermally stable carbon overlayers can protect mesoporous oxides (SiO2 and Al2O3) from hydrolysis during aqueous-phase catalysis. Overlayers made at 800 °C by pyrolysis of 2,3-naphthalenediol deposited out of acetone solution were analyzed by solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Power absorption due to sample conductivity was prevented by diluting the sample in nonconductive and background-free tricalcium phosphate. While pyrolysis on SiO2 produced a predominantly aromatic carbon film, at least 15% of nonaromatic carbon (sp3-hybridized C as well as C=O) was observed on γ-Al2O3. These species were not derived from residual solvent, according to spectra of the same material treated at 400 °C. The sp3-hybridized C exhibited weak couplings to hydrogen, short spin-lattice relaxation times, and unusually large shift anisotropies, which are characteristics of tetrahedral carbon with high concentrations of unpaired electrons. Moderate heat treatment at 400 °C on SiO2 and Al2O3 resulted in yellow-brown and nearly black samples, respectively, but the darker color on Al2O3 did not correspond to more extensive carbonization. Aromatic carbon bonded to hydrogen remained predominant and the peaks of naphthalenediol were still recognizable; however, some of the chemical shifts differed by up to 5 ppm, indicating significant differences in local structure. On SiO2, additional sharp peaks were detected and attributed to 1/3 of the 2,3-naphthalene molecules undergoing fast, nearly isotropic motions.
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33
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Duan P, Li X, Wang T, Chen B, Juhl SJ, Koeplinger D, Crespi VH, Badding JV, Schmidt-Rohr K. The Chemical Structure of Carbon Nanothreads Analyzed by Advanced Solid-State NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7658-7666. [PMID: 29808673 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b03733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanothreads are a new type of one-dimensional sp3-carbon nanomaterial formed by slow compression and decompression of benzene. We report characterization of the chemical structure of 13C-enriched nanothreads by advanced quantitative, selective, and two-dimensional solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments complemented by infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The width of the NMR spectral peaks suggests that the nanothread reaction products are much more organized than amorphous carbon. In addition, there is no evidence from NMR of a second phase such as amorphous mixed sp2/sp3-carbon. Spectral editing reveals that almost all carbon atoms are bonded to one hydrogen atom, unlike in amorphous carbon but as is expected for enumerated nanothread structures. Characterization of the local bonding structure confirms the presence of pure fully saturated "degree-6" carbon nanothreads previously deduced on the basis of crystal packing considerations from diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. These fully saturated threads comprise between 20% and 45% of the sample. Furthermore, 13C-13C spin exchange experiments indicate that the length of the fully saturated regions of the threads exceeds 2.5 nm. Two-dimensional 13C-13C NMR spectra showing bonding between chemically nonequivalent sites rule out enumerated single-site thread structures such as polytwistane or tube (3,0) but are consistent with multisite degree-6 nanothreads. Approximately a third of the carbon is in "degree-4" nanothreads with isolated double bonds. The presence of doubly unsaturated degree-2 benzene polymers can be ruled out on the basis of 13C-13C NMR with spin exchange rate constants tuned by rotational resonance and 1H decoupling. A small fraction of the sample consists of aromatic rings within the threads that link sections with mostly saturated bonding. NMR provides the detailed bonding information necessary to refine solid-state organic synthesis techniques to produce pure degree-6 or degree-4 carbon nanothreads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Duan
- Department of Chemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02453 , United States
| | | | | | - Bo Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853-1301 , United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Klaus Schmidt-Rohr
- Department of Chemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02453 , United States
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34
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Gao J, Zhang G, Yakobson BI, Zhang YW. Kinetic theory for the formation of diamond nanothreads with desired configurations: a strain-temperature controlled phase diagram. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:9664-9672. [PMID: 29761202 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr00308d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diamond nanothreads (DNTs) are a brand-new one-dimensional carbon nanomaterial that was synthesized recently by compressing benzene. Compared with sp2 carbon nanotubes, DNTs may possess a much higher interfacial load-transfer ability. However, previous studies have shown that the mechanical properties of DNTs are highly sensitive to the composition of Stone-Wales (SW) transformed sites. Up to now, it remained unclear what roles SWs play in the structure stability and how to engineer its molecular structure for novel mechanical properties. Using ab initio calculations, here we show that the most stable structure of a DNT is composed of alternative SW and hydrogenated carbon nanotube (3,0) units, suggesting that SW plays an essential role in stabilizing DNT. Interestingly, we found that the SW transition barrier is a nearly linear function of the applied strain, enabling strain engineering of its molecular structure. To do so, we propose a strain-temperature-stretching rate phase diagram to guide the construction of desired molecular structures to achieve superplastic behavior of DNTs. Our findings not only enrich our understanding of this novel carbon material, but also provide a strategy to control its structural and mechanical properties for novel applications, such as energy absorption, energy storage and materials reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Gao
- Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR, Singapore 138632.
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35
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Qiu L, Peña-Alvarez M, Baonza VG, Taravillo M, Casado J, Kertesz M. Mechanochemistry in [6]Cycloparaphenylene: A Combined Raman Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Study. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1903-1916. [PMID: 29700956 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy under high pressures up to 10 GPa and density functional computations up to 30 GPa are combined to obtain insights into the behavior of a prototypical nanohoop conjugated molecule, [6]cycloparaphenylene ([6]CPP). Upon increasing pressure, the nanohoop undergoes deformations, first reversible ovalization and then at even higher pressures aggregates are formed. This irreversible aggregation is caused by the formation of new intermolecular σ-bonds. Frequencies and derivatives of the Raman frequency shifts as a function of pressure are well reproduced by the computations. The frequency behavior is tied to changes in aromatic/quinonoid character of the nanohoop. The modeling at moderate high pressures reveals the deformation of the [6]CPP molecules into oval-like and peanut-like shapes. Surprisingly the pressure derivatives of the observed Raman mode shifts undergo a sudden change around a pressure value that is common to all Raman modes, indicating an underlying geometrical change extended over the whole molecule that is interpreted by the computational modeling. Simulations predict that under even larger deformations caused by higher pressures, oligomerization reactions would be triggered. Our simulations demonstrate that these transformations would occur regardless of the solvent, however pressures at which they happen are influenced by solvent molecules encapsulated in the interior of the [6]CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, D.C., 20057-1227, USA
| | - Miriam Peña-Alvarez
- MALTA-Consolider Team, Department of Physical Chemistry I, Chemistry Faculty, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Valentín G Baonza
- MALTA-Consolider Team, Department of Physical Chemistry I, Chemistry Faculty, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Taravillo
- MALTA-Consolider Team, Department of Physical Chemistry I, Chemistry Faculty, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, CEI Andalucía Tech, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071-, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, D.C., 20057-1227, USA
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36
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Huang HT, Zhu L, Ward MD, Chaloux BL, Hrubiak R, Epshteyn A, Badding JV, Strobel TA. Surprising Stability of Cubane under Extreme Pressure. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:2031-2037. [PMID: 29561621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The chemical stability of solid cubane under high-pressure was examined with in situ Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) up to 60 GPa. The Raman modes associated with solid cubane were assigned by comparing experimental data with calculations based on density functional perturbation theory, and low-frequency lattice modes are reported for the first time. The equation of state of solid cubane derived from the PXRD measurements taken during compression gives a bulk modulus of 14.5(2) GPa. In contrast with previous work and chemical intuition, PXRD and Raman data indicate that solid cubane exhibits anomalously large stability under extreme pressure, despite its immensely strained 90° C-C-C bond angles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Zhu
- Geophysical Laboratory , Carnegie Institution of Washington , 5251 Broad Branch Road Northwest , Washington , DC 20015 , United States
| | - Matthew D Ward
- Geophysical Laboratory , Carnegie Institution of Washington , 5251 Broad Branch Road Northwest , Washington , DC 20015 , United States
| | - Brian L Chaloux
- Chemistry Division , U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , DC 20375 , United States
| | - Rostislav Hrubiak
- High Pressure Collaborative Access Team (HPCAT), Geophysical Laboratory , Carnegie Institution of Washington , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Albert Epshteyn
- Chemistry Division , U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , DC 20375 , United States
| | | | - Timothy A Strobel
- Geophysical Laboratory , Carnegie Institution of Washington , 5251 Broad Branch Road Northwest , Washington , DC 20015 , United States
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37
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Li X, Wang T, Duan P, Baldini M, Huang HT, Chen B, Juhl SJ, Koeplinger D, Crespi VH, Schmidt-Rohr K, Hoffmann R, Alem N, Guthrie M, Zhang X, Badding JV. Carbon Nitride Nanothread Crystals Derived from Pyridine. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:4969-4972. [PMID: 29569919 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanothreads are a new one-dimensional sp3 carbon nanomaterial. They assemble into hexagonal crystals in a room temperature, nontopochemical solid-state reaction induced by slow compression of benzene to 23 GPa. Here we show that pyridine also reacts under compression to form a well-ordered sp3 product: C5NH5 carbon nitride nanothreads. Solid pyridine has a different crystal structure from solid benzene, so the nontopochemical formation of low-dimensional crystalline solids by slow compression of small aromatics may be a general phenomenon that enables chemical design of properties. The nitrogen in the carbon nitride nanothreads may improve processability, alters photoluminescence, and is predicted to reduce the bandgap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Chemistry , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States.,Materials Research Institute , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Materials Research Institute , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States.,Department of Physics , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Pu Duan
- Department of Chemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02453 , United States
| | - Maria Baldini
- Geophysical Laboratory , Carnegie Institution of Washington , Washington , D.C. 20015 , United States
| | - Haw-Tyng Huang
- Materials Research Institute , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University, Baker Laboratory , Ithaca , New York 14853-1301 , United States
| | - Stephen J Juhl
- Department of Chemistry , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States.,Materials Research Institute , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Daniel Koeplinger
- Department of Chemistry , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States.,Materials Research Institute , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Vincent H Crespi
- Department of Chemistry , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States.,Materials Research Institute , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States.,Department of Physics , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Klaus Schmidt-Rohr
- Department of Chemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02453 , United States
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University, Baker Laboratory , Ithaca , New York 14853-1301 , United States
| | - Nasim Alem
- Materials Research Institute , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Malcolm Guthrie
- European Spallation Source, ESS ERIC , SE-22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - John V Badding
- Department of Chemistry , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States.,Materials Research Institute , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States.,Department of Physics , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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38
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Chen B, Wang T, Crespi VH, Li X, Badding J, Hoffmann R. All the Ways To Have Substituted Nanothreads. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:1131-1140. [PMID: 29266935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We describe a general, symmetry-conditioned way of enumerating isomers of saturated singly substituted one-dimensional nanothreads of the (CH)5E and (CH)5CR type, where E is a heteroatom and R is a substituent. Four nanothreads - so-called tube (3,0), polytwistane, the zipper polymer, and polymer I, are treated in detail. The methodology, combining symmetry arguments and computer-based enumeration, is generally applicable to isomerism problems in polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Baker Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Roald Hoffmann
- Baker Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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39
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Ward MD, Huang HT, Zhu L, Biswas A, Popov D, Badding JV, Strobel TA. Chemistry through cocrystals: pressure-induced polymerization of C2H2·C6H6to an extended crystalline hydrocarbon. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:7282-7294. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07852h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The 1 : 1 acetylene–benzene cocrystal, C2H2·C6H6, was synthesized under pressure in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) and its evolution under pressure was studied with single-crystal X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Ward
- Geophysical Laboratory
- Carnegie Institution of Washington
- Washington
- USA
| | - Haw-Tyng Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
| | - Li Zhu
- Geophysical Laboratory
- Carnegie Institution of Washington
- Washington
- USA
| | - Arani Biswas
- Department of Chemistry
- Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
| | - Dmitry Popov
- High Pressure Collaborative Access Team (HPCAT)
- Geophysical Laboratory
- Carnegie Institution of Washington
- Argonne
- USA
| | - John V. Badding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
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40
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Brazhkin VV, Nikolaev NA, Shulga YM, Lebed YB, Kondrin MV. The structure and synthesis of organic crystalline polymers: hints from ab initio computation. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00595h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The optical properties and structures of extended covalently bonded hydrocarbon polymers were studied by the DFT method and compared with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Y. M. Shulga
- National University of Science and Technology ’MISIS’
- 119049 Moscow
- Russia
| | - Y. B. Lebed
- Institute for Nuclear Research RAS
- Moscow
- Russia
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry; New York University; 100 Washington Square East, Room 712 New York NY 10003 USA
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry; New York University; 100 Washington Square East, Room 712 New York NY 10003 USA
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43
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Li X, Baldini M, Wang T, Chen B, Xu ES, Vermilyea B, Crespi VH, Hoffmann R, Molaison JJ, Tulk CA, Guthrie M, Sinogeikin S, Badding JV. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Carbon Nanothread Single Crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16343-16349. [PMID: 29040804 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of well-ordered reduced dimensional carbon solids with extended bonding remains a challenge. For example, few single-crystal organic monomers react under topochemical control to produce single-crystal extended solids. We report a mechanochemical synthesis in which slow compression at room temperature under uniaxial stress can convert polycrystalline or single-crystal benzene monomer into single-crystalline packings of carbon nanothreads, a one-dimensional sp3 carbon nanomaterial. The long-range order over hundreds of microns of these crystals allows them to readily exfoliate into fibers. The mechanochemical reaction produces macroscopic single crystals despite large dimensional changes caused by the formation of multiple strong, covalent C-C bonds to each monomer and a lack of reactant single-crystal order. Therefore, it appears not to follow a topochemical pathway, but rather one guided by uniaxial stress, to which the nanothreads consistently align. Slow-compression room-temperature synthesis may allow diverse molecular monomers to form single-crystalline packings of polymers, threads, and higher dimensional carbon networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Maria Baldini
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - En-Shi Xu
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Brian Vermilyea
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Vincent H Crespi
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Jamie J Molaison
- Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Christopher A Tulk
- Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Malcolm Guthrie
- European Spallation Source, ESS ERIC , SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Stanislav Sinogeikin
- High Pressure Collaborative Access Team, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - John V Badding
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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44
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Qiu L, Peña-Alvarez M, Taravillo M, Evans PJ, Darzi ER, Jasti R, Burrezo PM, López Navarrete JT, Baonza VG, Casado J, Kertesz M. High-Pressure Chemistry and the Mechanochemical Polymerization of [5]-Cyclo-p-phenylene. Chemistry 2017; 23:16593-16604. [PMID: 28898486 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Evidence for the surprising formation of polymeric phases under high pressure for conjugated nanohoop molecules was found. This paper represents one of the unique cases, in which the molecular-level effects of pressure in crystalline organic solids is addressed, and provides a general approach based on vibrational Raman spectroscopy combining experiments and computations. In particular, we studied the structural and supramolecular chemistry of the cyclic conjugated nanohoop molecule [5]cyclo-para-phenylene ([5]CPP) under high pressures up to 10 GPa experimentally and up to 20 GPa computationally. The theoretical modeling for periodic crystals predicts good agreements with the experimentally obtained Raman spectra in the molecular phase. In addition, we have discovered two stable polymeric phases that arise in the simulation. The critical pressures in the simulation are too high, but the formation of polymeric phases at high pressures provides a natural explanation for the observed irreversibility of the Raman spectra upon pressure release between 6 and 7 GPa. The geometric parameters show a deformation toward quinonoid structures at high pressures accompanied by other deformations of the [5]CPP nanohoops. The quinonoidization of the benzene rings is linked to the systematic change of the bond length alternation as a function of the pressure, providing a qualitative interpretation of the observed spectral shifts of the molecular phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, D.C., 20057-1227, USA
| | - Miriam Peña-Alvarez
- MALTA-Consolider Team, Department of Physical Chemistry I, Chemistry Faculty, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Taravillo
- MALTA-Consolider Team, Department of Physical Chemistry I, Chemistry Faculty, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul J Evans
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1253, USA
| | - Evan R Darzi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1253, USA
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1253, USA
| | - P Mayorga Burrezo
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, CEI Andalucía Tech, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071-, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan T López Navarrete
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, CEI Andalucía Tech, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071-, Málaga, Spain
| | - Valentín G Baonza
- MALTA-Consolider Team, Department of Physical Chemistry I, Chemistry Faculty, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Casado
- MALTA-Consolider Team, Department of Physical Chemistry I, Chemistry Faculty, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, D.C., 20057-1227, USA
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45
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Nobrega MM, Teixeira-Neto E, Cairns AB, Temperini MLA, Bini R. One-dimensional diamondoid polyaniline-like nanothreads from compressed crystal aniline. Chem Sci 2017; 9:254-260. [PMID: 29629095 PMCID: PMC5869312 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03445h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One-dimensional diamondoid polyaniline-like nanothreads combine the outstanding mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes with the versatility of NH2 groups.
Low-dimensional nanomaterials such as highly ordered polyaniline (PANI) have attracted considerable interest due to their expected extraordinary electronic and optoelectronic properties. In spite of several attempts, the attainment of atomically well-ordered PANI is a long-standing challenge. Pressure-induced polymerization of aromatic molecules in the crystal phase has been demonstrated as a practicable route for the synthesis of highly ordered polymers but this approach has never been tested to produce PANI. Here we show the synthesis of diamondoid polyaniline-like nanothreads at 33 GPa and 550 K by compressing aniline in crystal phase-II. Infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction data, and DFT calculations support the formation of this totally new polyaniline-like nanothread. The NH2-enriched carbon nanothread combines the outstanding mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes with the versatility of NH2 groups decorating the exterior of the nanothreads representing potential active sites for doping and as linkers for molecules with biological interest and inorganic nanostructures. The synergy of all of these properties emphasizes the strong potential of this material to be applied in a broad range of areas, from chemistry to materials engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo M Nobrega
- Departamento de Química Fundamental , Instituto de Química da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) , CP 26077-CEP 05513-970-São Paulo , SP , Brazil . ; ; Tel: +55 11 3091 3890.,LENS , European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy , Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) , Italy
| | - Erico Teixeira-Neto
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano) , Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Campinas, Sao Paulo , Zip Code 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Andrew B Cairns
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility , 71 Avenue des Martyrs , 38043 Grenoble , France
| | - Marcia L A Temperini
- Departamento de Química Fundamental , Instituto de Química da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) , CP 26077-CEP 05513-970-São Paulo , SP , Brazil . ; ; Tel: +55 11 3091 3890
| | - Roberto Bini
- LENS , European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy , Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) , Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff" dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze , Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) , Italy.,ICCOM-CNR , Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds , National Research Council of Italy , Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Firenze , Italy
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46
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Temperature-induced oligomerization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at ambient and high pressures. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7889. [PMID: 28801612 PMCID: PMC5554131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature-induced oligomerization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was found at 500–773 K and ambient and high (3.5 GPa) pressures. The most intensive oligomerization at 1 bar and 3.5 GPa occurs at 740–823 K. PAH carbonization at high pressure is the final stage of oligomerization and occurs as a result of sequential oligomerization and polymerization of the starting material, caused by overlapping of π-orbitals, a decrease of intermolecular distances, and finally the dehydrogenation and polycondensation of benzene rings. Being important for building blocks of life, PAHs and their oligomers can be formed in the interior of the terrestrial planets with radii less than 2270 km.
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47
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Chen B, Hoffmann R, Cammi R. Druckeffekte auf organische Reaktionen in Fluiden – eine neue theoretische Perspektive. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853-1301 USA
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853-1301 USA
| | - Roberto Cammi
- Department of Chemical Science, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Viale Parco Area delle Scienze. 17/a Parma 43100 Italien
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48
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Chen B, Hoffmann R, Cammi R. The Effect of Pressure on Organic Reactions in Fluids—a New Theoretical Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:11126-11142. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853-1301 USA
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853-1301 USA
| | - Roberto Cammi
- Department of Chemical Science, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Viale Parco Area delle Scienze. 17/a Parma 43100 Italy
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49
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Cai W, Dunuwille M, He J, Taylor TV, Hinton JK, MacLean MC, Molaison JJ, Dos Santos AM, Sinogeikin S, Deemyad S. Deuterium Isotope Effects in Polymerization of Benzene under Pressure. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:1856-1864. [PMID: 28395511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The enormous versatility in the properties of carbon materials depends on the content of the sp2 and sp3 covalent bonds. Under compression, if intermolecular distances cross a critical threshold, then unsaturated hydrocarbons gradually transform to saturated carbon polymers. However, the mechanism of polymerization, even for benzene, the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon, is still not understood. We used high-pressure synchrotron X-ray, neutron diffraction, and micro-Raman spectroscopy together with density functional calculations to investigate the isotope effects in benzene isotopologues C6H6 and C6D6 up to 46.0 GPa. Raman spectra of polymeric products recovered from comparable pressures show the progression of polymerization exhibiting a pronounced kinetic isotope effect. Kinetically retarded reactions in C6D6 shed light on the mechanism of polymerization of benzene. We find that C6D6-derived products recovered from P < 35 GPa actively react with moisture, forming polymers with higher sp3 hydrogen contents. Significant isotopic shift (≥7 GPa) in persistence of Bragg reflections of C6D6 is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhao Cai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah , 115S 1400E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Mihindra Dunuwille
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah , 115S 1400E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jiangang He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Trevor V Taylor
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah , 115S 1400E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jasmine K Hinton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah , 115S 1400E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Mary C MacLean
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah , 115S 1400E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jamie J Molaison
- Quantum Condensed Matter Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Antonio M Dos Santos
- Quantum Condensed Matter Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Stanislav Sinogeikin
- High Pressure Collaborative Access Team (HPCAT), Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institute of Washington , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Shanti Deemyad
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah , 115S 1400E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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50
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The best features of diamond nanothread for nanofibre applications. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14863. [PMID: 28303887 PMCID: PMC5357841 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon fibres have attracted interest from both the scientific and engineering communities due to their outstanding physical properties. Here we report that recently synthesized ultrathin diamond nanothread not only possesses excellent torsional deformation capability, but also excellent interfacial load-transfer efficiency. Compared with (10,10) carbon nanotube bundles, the flattening of nanotubes is not observed in diamond nanothread bundles, which leads to a high-torsional elastic limit that is almost three times higher. Pull-out tests reveal that the diamond nanothread bundle has an interface transfer load of more than twice that of the carbon nanotube bundle, corresponding to an order of magnitude higher in terms of the interfacial shear strength. Such high load-transfer efficiency is attributed to the strong mechanical interlocking effect at the interface. These intriguing features suggest that diamond nanothread could be an excellent candidate for constructing next-generation carbon fibres.
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