1
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Daniel-Ivad PG, Van Lanen S, Ryan KS. Structure of the Oxygen, Pyridoxal Phosphate-Dependent Capuramycin Biosynthetic Protein Cap15. Biochemistry 2023; 62:2611-2621. [PMID: 37556254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes able to use oxygen as a co-substrate have emerged in multiple protein families. Here, we use crystallography to solve the 2.40 Å resolution crystal structure of Cap15, a nucleoside biosynthetic enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of glycyl uridine. Our structural study captures the internal aldimine, pinpointing the active site lysine as K230 and showing the site of phosphate binding. Our docking studies reveal how Cap15 is able to catalyze a stereoselective deprotonation reaction, and bioinformatic analysis reveals active site residues that distinguish Cap15 from the structurally related d-glucosaminate-6-phosphate ammonia lyase and l-seryl-tRNA(Sec) selenium transferase (SelA). Our work provides the structural basis for further mechanistic investigation of a unique biosynthetic enzyme and provides a blueprint for understanding how oxygen reactivity emerged in the SelA-like protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip G Daniel-Ivad
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Steven Van Lanen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Katherine S Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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2
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Tu B, Mao Y, Wang R, Kang Y, Ye J, Zhang H, Wu H. An alternative σ factor σ Lsl regulates lincomycin production in Streptomyces lincolnensis. J Basic Microbiol 2023; 63:190-199. [DOI: doi.org/10.1002/jobm.202200485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
AbstractLincomycin produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis is a critical antibacterial antibiotic in the clinical. To further understand the regulatory mechanism of lincomycin biosynthesis, we identified an alternative σ factor, σLsl, in Streptomyces lincolnensis NRRL 2936. Deletion of sigLsl resulted in an increase in cell growth but a decrease in lincomycin production. σLsl boosted lincomycin biosynthesis by directly stimulating the transcription of four genes (lmbD, lmbV, lmrC, and lmbU) within the lincomycin biosynthetic lmb gene cluster. Besides, σLsl participated in lincomycin biosynthesis by directly stimulating the transcription of mshC, a gene responsible for MSH synthesis. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that σLsl plays a direct regulatory role in lincomycin biosynthesis. This study extends the understanding of molecular mechanisms of lincomycin biosynthetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Yue Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Ruida Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Department of Applied Biology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Yajing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Jiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Department of Applied Biology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Huizhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Department of Applied Biology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Haizhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Department of Applied Biology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
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3
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Tu B, Mao Y, Wang R, Kang Y, Ye J, Zhang H, Wu H. An alternative σ factor σ L sl regulates lincomycin production in Streptomyces lincolnensis. J Basic Microbiol 2023; 63:190-199. [PMID: 36453540 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Lincomycin produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis is a critical antibacterial antibiotic in the clinical. To further understand the regulatory mechanism of lincomycin biosynthesis, we identified an alternative σ factor, σL sl , in Streptomyces lincolnensis NRRL 2936. Deletion of sigLsl resulted in an increase in cell growth but a decrease in lincomycin production. σL sl boosted lincomycin biosynthesis by directly stimulating the transcription of four genes (lmbD, lmbV, lmrC, and lmbU) within the lincomycin biosynthetic lmb gene cluster. Besides, σL sl participated in lincomycin biosynthesis by directly stimulating the transcription of mshC, a gene responsible for MSH synthesis. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that σL sl plays a direct regulatory role in lincomycin biosynthesis. This study extends the understanding of molecular mechanisms of lincomycin biosynthetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruida Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huizhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Haizhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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4
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Liu Z, Li M, Wang S, Huang H, Zhang W. Sulfur-Containing Metabolites from Marine and Terrestrial Fungal Sources: Origin, Structures, and Bioactivities. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20120765. [PMID: 36547912 PMCID: PMC9784856 DOI: 10.3390/md20120765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organosulfur natural products (NPs) refer to the different kinds of small molecular-containing sulfur (S) elements. Sulfur-containing NPs tightly link to the biochemical processes and play an important role in the pharmaceutical industry. The majority of S-containing NPs are generally isolated from Alliaceae plants or bacteria, and those from fungi are still relatively rare. In recent years, an increasing number of S-containing metabolites have been discovered in marine and terrestrial fungi, but there is no comprehensive and targeted review to summarize the studies. In order to make it more straightforward to better grasp the fungal-derived S-containing NPs and understand the particularity of marine S-containing NPs compared to those from terrestrial fungi, we summarized the chemical structures and biological activities of 89 new fungal-derived S-containing metabolites from 1929 when the penicillin was discovered to the present in this current review. The structural and bioactive diversity of these S-containing metabolites were concluded in detail, and the preliminary mechanism for C-S bond formation in fungi was also discussed briefly.
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5
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Maity AN, Chen JR, Li QY, Ke SC. The Nitrogen Atom of Vitamin B 6 Is Essential for the Catalysis of Radical Aminomutases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095210. [PMID: 35563602 PMCID: PMC9105233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radical aminomutases are pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP, a B6 vitamer)-dependent enzymes that require the generation of a 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical to initiate the catalytic cycle, to perform a 1,2 amino group shift reaction. The role of the nitrogen atom of PLP in radical aminomutases has not been investigated extensively yet. We report an alternative synthetic procedure to provide easy access to 1-deazaPLP (dAPLP), an isosteric analog of PLP which acts as a probe for studying the role of the nitrogen atom. Our results revealed that lysine 5,6-aminomutase (5,6-LAM), a radical aminomutase, reconstituted with dAPLP cannot turn over a substrate, demonstrating that the nitrogen atom is essential for radical aminomutases. In contrast, biochemical and spectroscopic studies on the S238A variant reconstituted with PLP revealed a minuscule loss of activity. This apparent anomaly can be explained by a water-mediated rescue of activity in S238A, as if mimicking the active site of lysine 2,3-aminomutase. This study leads to a better comprehension of how enzymes harness the optimum capability of PLP to realize catalysis.
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6
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Noguchi T, Isogai S, Terada T, Nishiyama M, Kuzuyama T. Cryptic Oxidative Transamination of Hydroxynaphthoquinone in Natural Product Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5435-5440. [PMID: 35293722 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes are a group of versatile enzymes that catalyze various reactions, but only a small number of them react with O2. Here, we report an unprecedented PLP-dependent enzyme, NphE, that catalyzes both transamination and two-electron oxidation using O2 as an oxidant. Our intensive analysis reveals that NphE transfers the l-glutamate-derived amine to 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene-derived mompain to form 8-amino-flaviolin (8-AF) via a highly conjugated quinonoid intermediate that is reactive with O2. During the NphE reaction, O2 is reduced to yield H2O2. An integrated technique involving NphE structure prediction by AlphaFold v2.0 and molecular dynamics simulation suggested the O2-accessible cavity. Our in vivo results demonstrated that 8-AF is a genuine biosynthetic intermediate for the 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene-derived meroterpenoid naphterpin without an amino group, which was supported by site-directed mutagenesis. This study clearly establishes the NphE reaction product 8-AF as a common intermediate with a cryptic amino group for the biosynthesis of terpenoid-polyketide hybrid natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Noguchi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, JAPAN
| | - Shota Isogai
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, JAPAN
| | - Tohru Terada
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, JAPAN.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, JAPAN
| | - Makoto Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, JAPAN.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, JAPAN
| | - Tomohisa Kuzuyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, JAPAN.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, JAPAN
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7
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Hou B, Wang R, Zou J, Zhang F, Wu H, Ye J, Zhang H. A putative redox‐sensing regulator Rex regulates lincomycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces lincolnensis. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 61:772-781. [DOI: doi.org/10.1002/jobm.202100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
AbstractLincomycin is an important antimicrobial agent which is widely used in clinical and animal husbandry. The biosynthetic pathway of lincomycin comes to light in the past 10 years, however, the regulatory mechanism is still unclear. In this study, a redox‐sensing regulator Rex from Streptomyces lincolnensis (Rexlin) was identified and characterized to affect cell growth and lincomycin biosynthesis. Disruption of rex resulted in an increase in cell growth, but a decrease in lincomycin production. The results of quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction showed that Rexlin can promote transcription of the regulatory gene lmbU and the structural genes lmbA, lmbC, lmbJ, lmbV, and lmbW. However, electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis demonstrated that Rexlin can not bind to the promoter regions of these genes above. Findings in this study broadened our horizons in the regulatory mechanism of lincomycin production and laid a foundation for strain improvement of antibiotic producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Department of Applied Biology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Ruida Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Department of Applied Biology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Jingyun Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Department of Applied Biology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Feixue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Department of Applied Biology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Haizhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Department of Applied Biology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Jiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Department of Applied Biology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Huizhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Department of Applied Biology East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
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8
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Hou B, Wang R, Zou J, Zhang F, Wu H, Ye J, Zhang H. A putative redox-sensing regulator Rex regulates lincomycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces lincolnensis. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 61:772-781. [PMID: 34313330 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lincomycin is an important antimicrobial agent which is widely used in clinical and animal husbandry. The biosynthetic pathway of lincomycin comes to light in the past 10 years, however, the regulatory mechanism is still unclear. In this study, a redox-sensing regulator Rex from Streptomyces lincolnensis (Rexlin ) was identified and characterized to affect cell growth and lincomycin biosynthesis. Disruption of rex resulted in an increase in cell growth, but a decrease in lincomycin production. The results of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that Rexlin can promote transcription of the regulatory gene lmbU and the structural genes lmbA, lmbC, lmbJ, lmbV, and lmbW. However, electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis demonstrated that Rexlin can not bind to the promoter regions of these genes above. Findings in this study broadened our horizons in the regulatory mechanism of lincomycin production and laid a foundation for strain improvement of antibiotic producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruida Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyun Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Feixue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Haizhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huizhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Applied Biology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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9
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Mohamed OG, Khalil ZG, Salim AA, Cui H, Blumenthal A, Capon RJ. Lincolnenins A-D: Isomeric Bactericidal Bianthracenes from Streptomyces lincolnensis. J Org Chem 2020; 86:11011-11018. [PMID: 33320674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cultivation profiling followed by chemical analysis of Streptomyces lincolnensis yielded four new isomeric bianthracenes, lincolnenins A-D (1-4), with relative stereostructures assigned on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis. Lincolnenins A (1) and B (2) exhibit restricted rotation about alternate bianthracene 9-9' and 9-8' bridges, respectively, and exist as single atropisomers, whereas C (3) and D (4) are thermally interconvertible atropisomers sharing a common 8-8' bianthracene bridge. Absolute configurations were assigned to 1-4 on the basis of diagnostic ROESY correlations and ECD calculations, whereas acid-mediated dehydration of 1 led to formation and revision of the absolute configuration of the biosynthetically related known Streptomyces antibiotic, setomimycin (5). Lincolnenin A (1) exhibited significant bactericidal activity against multiple susceptible and drug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens (MIC99 < 2.0 μM), including Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra (MIC99 = 0.9 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama G Mohamed
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zeinab G Khalil
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Angela A Salim
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hui Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Antje Blumenthal
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Robert J Capon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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10
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A single amino acid substitution converts a histidine decarboxylase to an imidazole acetaldehyde synthase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 693:108551. [PMID: 32871134 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Histidine decarboxylase (HDC; EC 4.1.1.22), an enzyme that catalyzes histamine synthesis with high substrate specificity, is a member of the group II pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) -dependent decarboxylase family. Tyrosine is a conserved residue among group II PLP-dependent decarboxylases. Human HDC has a Y334 located on a catalytically important loop at the active site. In this study, we demonstrated that a HDC Y334F mutant is capable of catalyzing the decarboxylation-dependent oxidative deamination of histidine to yield imidazole acetaldehyde. Replacement of the active-site Tyr with Phe in group II PLP-dependent decarboxylases, including mammalian aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, plant tyrosine/DOPA decarboxylase, and plant tryptophan decarboxylase, is expected to result in the same functional change, given that a Y-to-F substitution at the corresponding residue (number 260) in the HDC of Morganella morganii, another group II PLP-dependent decarboxylase, yielded the same effect. Thus, it was suggested that the loss of the OH moiety from the active-site Tyr residue of decarboxylase uniquely converts the enzyme to an aldehyde synthase.
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11
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Studies of lincosamide formation complete the biosynthetic pathway for lincomycin A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24794-24801. [PMID: 32958639 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009306117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of lincomycin A consists of the unusual eight-carbon thiosugar core methyllincosamide (MTL) decorated with a pendent N-methylprolinyl moiety. Previous studies on MTL biosynthesis have suggested GDP-ᴅ-erythro-α-ᴅ-gluco-octose and GDP-ᴅ-α-ᴅ-lincosamide as key intermediates in the pathway. However, the enzyme-catalyzed reactions resulting in the conversion of GDP-ᴅ-erythro-α-ᴅ-gluco-octose to GDP-ᴅ-α-ᴅ-lincosamide have not yet been elucidated. Herein, a biosynthetic subpathway involving the activities of four enzymes-LmbM, LmbL, CcbZ, and CcbS (the LmbZ and LmbS equivalents in the closely related celesticetin pathway)-is reported. These enzymes catalyze the previously unknown biosynthetic steps including 6-epimerization, 6,8-dehydration, 4-epimerization, and 6-transamination that convert GDP-ᴅ-erythro-α-ᴅ-gluco-octose to GDP-ᴅ-α-ᴅ-lincosamide. Identification of these reactions completes the description of the entire lincomycin biosynthetic pathway. This work is significant since it not only resolves the missing link in octose core assembly of a thiosugar-containing natural product but also showcases the sophistication in catalytic logic of enzymes involved in carbohydrate transformations.
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12
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Han H, Xu B, Zeng W, Zhou J. Regulating the biosynthesis of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate with riboswitch to enhance L-DOPA production by Escherichia coli whole-cell biotransformation. J Biotechnol 2020; 321:68-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Oxygen reactivity with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate enzymes: biochemical implications and functional relevance. Amino Acids 2020; 52:1089-1105. [PMID: 32844248 PMCID: PMC7497351 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02885-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The versatility of reactions catalyzed by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) enzymes is largely due to the chemistry of their extraordinary catalyst. PLP is necessary for many reactions involving amino acids. Reaction specificity is controlled by the orientation of the external aldimine intermediate that is formed upon addition of the amino acidic substrate to the coenzyme. The breakage of a specific bond of the external aldimine gives rise to a carbanionic intermediate. From this point, the different reaction pathways diverge leading to multiple activities: transamination, decarboxylation, racemization, elimination, and synthesis. A significant novelty appeared approximately 30 years ago when it was reported that some PLP-dependent decarboxylases are able to consume molecular oxygen transforming an amino acid into a carbonyl compound. These side paracatalytic reactions could be particularly relevant for human health, also considering that some of these enzymes are responsible for the synthesis of important neurotransmitters such as γ-aminobutyric acid, dopamine, and serotonin, whose dysregulation under oxidative conditions could have important implications in neurodegenerative states. However, the reactivity of PLP enzymes with dioxygen is not confined to mammals/animals. In fact, some plant PLP decarboxylases have been reported to catalyze oxidative reactions producing carbonyl compounds. Moreover, other recent reports revealed the existence of new oxidase activities catalyzed by new PLP enzymes, MppP, RohP, Ind4, CcbF, PvdN, Cap15, and CuaB. These PLP enzymes belong to the bacterial and fungal kingdoms and are present in organisms synthesizing bioactive compounds. These new PLP activities are not paracatalytic and could only scratch the surface on a wider and unexpected catalytic capability of PLP enzymes.
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14
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Vobruba S, Kamenik Z, Kadlcik S, Janata J. N-Deacetylation in Lincosamide Biosynthesis Is Catalyzed by a TldD/PmbA Family Protein. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2048-2054. [PMID: 32786288 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lincosamides are clinically important antibiotics originally produced as microbial specialized metabolites. The complex biosynthesis of lincosamides is coupled to the metabolism of mycothiol as a sulfur donor. Here, we elucidated the N-deacetylation of the mycothiol-derived N-acetyl-l-cysteine residue of a lincosamide intermediate, which is comprised of an amino acid and an aminooctose connected via an amide bond. We purified this intermediate from the culture broth of a deletion mutant strain and tested it as a substrate of recombinant lincosamide biosynthetic proteins in the in vitro assays that were monitored via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Our findings showed that the N-deacetylation reaction is catalyzed by CcbIH/CcbQ or LmbIH/LmbQ proteins in celesticetin and lincomycin biosynthesis, respectively. These are the first N-deacetylases from the TldD/PmbA protein family, from which otherwise only several proteases and peptidases were functionally characterized. Furthermore, we present a sequence similarity network of TldD/PmbA proteins, which suggests that the lincosamide N-deacetylases are unique among these widely distributed proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Vobruba
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Kamenik
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kadlcik
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Janata
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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15
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Hoffarth ER, Rothchild KW, Ryan KS. Emergence of oxygen- and pyridoxal phosphate-dependent reactions. FEBS J 2020; 287:1403-1428. [PMID: 32142210 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) is an organic cofactor employed by ~ 4% of enzymes. The structure of the PLP cofactor allows for the stabilization of carbanions through resonance. A small number of PLP-dependent enzymes employ molecular oxygen as a cosubstrate. Here, we review the biological roles and possible mechanisms of these enzymes, and we observe that these enzymes are found in multiple protein families, suggesting that reaction with oxygen might have emerged de novo in several protein families and thus could be directed to emerge again through laboratory evolution experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elesha R Hoffarth
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Katherine S Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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16
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Chen X, Zhang H, Zhou S, Bi M, Qi S, Gao H, Ni X, Xia H. The bifunctional enzyme, GenB4, catalyzes the last step of gentamicin 3',4'-di-deoxygenation via reduction and transamination activities. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:62. [PMID: 32156271 PMCID: PMC7063804 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotics generally use chemical modifications to avoid inactivity from pathogens. One of the most used modifications is 3′,4′-di-deoxygenation, which imitates the structure of gentamicin. However, the mechanism of di-deoxygenation has not been clearly elucidated. Results Here, we report that the bifunctional enzyme, GenB4, catalyzes the last step of gentamicin 3′,4′-di-deoxygenation via reduction and transamination activities. Following disruption of genB4 in wild-type M. echinospora, its products accumulated in 6′-deamino-6′-oxoverdamicin (1), verdamicin C2a (2), and its epimer, verdamicin C2 (3). Following disruption of genB4 in M. echinospora ΔgenK, its products accumulated in sisomicin (4) and 6′-N-methylsisomicin (5, G-52). Following in vitro catalytic reactions, GenB4 transformed sisomicin (4) to gentamicin C1a (9) and transformed verdamicin C2a (2) and its epimer, verdamicin C2 (3), to gentamicin C2a (11) and gentamicin C2 (12), respectively. Conclusion This finding indicated that in addition to its transamination activity, GenB4 exhibits specific 4′,5′ double-bond reducing activity and is responsible for the last step of gentamicin 3′,4′-di-deoxygenation. Taken together, we propose three new intermediates that may refine and supplement the specific biosynthetic pathway of gentamicin C components and lay the foundation for the complete elucidation of di-deoxygenation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotang Chen
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shaotong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Mingjun Bi
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shizhou Qi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Huiyuan Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xianpu Ni
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Huanzhang Xia
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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17
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Lin CY, Pang AP, Zhang Y, Qiao J, Zhao GR. Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals the significant pleiotropic regulatory effects of LmbU on lincomycin biosynthesis. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:30. [PMID: 32050973 PMCID: PMC7014725 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lincomycin, produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis, is a lincosamide antibiotic and widely used for the treatment of the infective diseases caused by Gram-positive bacteria. The mechanisms of lincomycin biosynthesis have been deeply explored in recent years. However, the regulatory effects of LmbU that is a transcriptional regulator in lincomycin biosynthetic (lmb) gene cluster have not been fully addressed. Results LmbU was used to search for homologous LmbU (LmbU-like) proteins in the genomes of actinobacteria, and the results showed that LmbU-like proteins are highly distributed regulators in the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of secondary metabolites or/and out of the BGCs in actinomycetes. The overexpression, inactivation and complementation of the lmbU gene indicated that LmbU positively controls lincomycin biosynthesis in S. lincolnensis. Comparative transcriptomic analysis further revealed that LmbU activates the 28 lmb genes at whole lmb cluster manner. Furthermore, LmbU represses the transcription of the non-lmb gene hpdA in the biosynthesis of l-tyrosine, the precursor of lincomycin. LmbU up-regulates nineteen non-lmb genes, which would be involved in multi-drug flux to self-resistance, nitrate and sugar transmembrane transport and utilization, and redox metabolisms. Conclusions LmbU is a significant pleiotropic transcriptional regulator in lincomycin biosynthesis by entirely activating the lmb cluster and regulating the non-lmb genes in Streptomyces lincolnensis. Our results first revealed the pleiotropic regulatory function of LmbU, and shed new light on the transcriptional effects of LmbU-like family proteins on antibiotic biosynthesis in actinomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Lin
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ai-Ping Pang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Guang-Rong Zhao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China. .,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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18
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Xu Y, Tang Y, Wang N, Liu J, Cai X, Cai H, Li J, Tan G, Liu R, Bai L, Zhang L, Wu H, Zhang B. Transcriptional regulation of a leucine-responsive regulatory protein for directly controlling lincomycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces lincolnensis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2575-2587. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10381-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent bifunctional enzyme catalyzed biosynthesis of indolizidine alkaloids in fungi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 117:1174-1180. [PMID: 31882449 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914777117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Indolizidine alkaloids such as anticancer drugs vinblastine and vincristine are exceptionally attractive due to their widespread occurrence, prominent bioactivity, complex structure, and sophisticated involvement in the chemical defense for the producing organisms. However, the versatility of the indolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis remains incompletely addressed since the knowledge about such biosynthetic machineries is only limited to several representatives. Herein, we describe the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) for the biosynthesis of curvulamine, a skeletally unprecedented antibacterial indolizidine alkaloid from Curvularia sp. IFB-Z10. The molecular architecture of curvulamine results from the functional collaboration of a highly reducing polyketide synthase (CuaA), a pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent aminotransferase (CuaB), an NADPH-dependent dehydrogenase (CuaC), and a FAD-dependent monooxygenase (CuaD), with its transportation and abundance regulated by a major facilitator superfamily permease (CuaE) and a Zn(II)Cys6 transcription factor (CuaF), respectively. In contrast to expectations, CuaB is bifunctional and capable of catalyzing the Claisen condensation to form a new C-C bond and the α-hydroxylation of the alanine moiety in exposure to dioxygen. Inspired and guided by the distinct function of CuaB, our genome mining effort discovers bipolamines A-I (bipolamine G is more antibacterial than curvulamine), which represent a collection of previously undescribed polyketide alkaloids from a silent BGC in Bipolaris maydis ATCC48331. The work provides insight into nature's arsenal for the indolizidine-coined skeletal formation and adds evidence in support of the functional versatility of PLP-dependent enzymes in fungi.
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20
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Li J, Wang N, Tang Y, Cai X, Xu Y, Liu R, Wu H, Zhang B. Developmental regulator BldD directly regulates lincomycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces lincolnensis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:548-553. [PMID: 31447118 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory mechanism of lincomycin biosynthesis remains largely unknown, although lincomycin and its derivatives have been of great application in pharmaceutical industry. As a global regulator, BldD is widespread in Streptomyces, and functions as an on-off switch to regulate the transition from morphological differentiation to secondary metabolism, inspiring us to explore scarcely regulatory realm of lincomycin biosynthesis. In this work, deletion of bldD gene (SLCG_1664) in Streptomyces lincolnensis blocked the sporulation and nearly abolished lincomycin production, while the morphological phenotype and lincomycin production were restored when introducing a functional bldD gene into the ΔbldD mutant. S. lincolnensis BldD (BldDSL) was validated to bind to upstream regions of lincomycin biosynthetic structural genes lmbA, lmbC-lmbD, lmbE, lmbV-lmbW, resistant genes lmrA, lmrB, lmrC, and regulatory gene lmbU. Disruption of bldD significantly decreased the transcription of genes in lincomycin biosynthetic cluster, thus resulting in the sharply loss of lincomycin production. These findings indicate that BldDSL, similar to Saccharopolyspora erythraea BldD (BldDSE), directly regulates the biosynthesis of lincomycin. What's more, we discovered that BldDSE could bind to upstream regions of lmbA, lmbV-lmbW, lmrA and lmrC. Corresponding to this, S. lincolnensis BldD can bind to upstream region of eryAI-eryBIV, revealing an interactional regulation of the two BldDs. In summary, our data indicated that the developmental regulator BldD played a vital role in directly regulating the biosynthesis of lincomycin, and expanded the knowledge on lincomycin biosynthetic regulation in S. lincolnensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Sciences and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Nian Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Sciences and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yaqian Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Sciences and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xinlu Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Sciences and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yurong Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Sciences and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Ruihua Liu
- Xinyu Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Suzhou, 234000, China
| | - Hang Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Sciences and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Buchang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Physical Sciences and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
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21
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Zhang C, Du C, Liao JY, Gu Y, Gong Y, Pei J, Gu H, Yin D, Gao L, Pan Y. Synthesis of magnetite hybrid nanocomplexes to eliminate bacteria and enhance biofilm disruption. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:2833-2840. [PMID: 31066733 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00057g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria can increase drug resistance by forming bacterial biofilms. Once the biofilm is formed, it becomes difficult to remove or kill the related bacteria completely by antibiotics and other antibacterial agents because these antibacterial agents cannot easily break through the biofilm matrix barrier and reach the internal bacteria. Therefore, we synthesized magnetite hybrid nanocomplexes that can penetrate and disrupt bacterial biofilms. The obtained nanocomposites are composed of multinucleated iron oxides and Ag seeds. The outer iron oxides can help the internal Ag nanoparticles penetrate the bacterial biofilms, hence killing the internal bacteria and disrupting the biofilms. We took advantage of E. coli and P. aeruginosa bacteria to test the antibacterial properties of the magnetite hybrid nanocomplexes. When planktonic E. coli and P. aeruginosa bacteria were incubated with 100 μg mL-1 magnetite hybrid nanocomplexes for 30 min, almost all the bacteria were killed. When the obtained biofilms of E. coli and P. aeruginosa were treated with magnetite hybrid nanocomplexes (10 μg mL-1 and 100 μg mL-1), the survival of E. coli and P. aeruginosa biofilms with a magnetic field showed a big decrease compared with that without a magnetic field. Therefore, the as-synthesized nanocomposites have promising potential as antimicrobial agents for killing bacteria and disrupting biofilms in the presence of a magnetic field, and thus should be further studied for a wide range of antibacterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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22
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Du YL, Ryan KS. Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent reactions in the biosynthesis of natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:430-457. [DOI: 10.1039/c8np00049b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We review reactions catalyzed by pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes, highlighting enzymes reported in the recent natural product biosynthetic literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Katherine S. Ryan
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
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TetR-Type Regulator SLCG_2919 Is a Negative Regulator of Lincomycin Biosynthesis in Streptomyces lincolnensis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 85:AEM.02091-18. [PMID: 30341075 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02091-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lincomycin A (Lin-A) is a widely used antibacterial antibiotic fermented by Streptomyces lincolnensis However, the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms underlying lincomycin biosynthesis have seldom been investigated. Here, we first identified a TetR family transcriptional regulator (TFR), SLCG_2919, which negatively modulates lincomycin biosynthesis in S. lincolnensis LCGL. SLCG_2919 was found to specifically bind to promoter regions of the lincomycin biosynthetic gene cluster (lin cluster), including 25 structural genes, three resistance genes, and one regulatory gene, and to inhibit the transcription of these genes, demonstrating a directly regulatory role in lincomycin biosynthesis. Furthermore, we found that SLCG_2919 was not autoregulated, but directly repressed its adjacent gene, SLCG_2920, which encodes an ATP/GTP binding protein whose overexpression increased resistance against lincomycin and Lin-A yields in S. lincolnensis The precise SLCG_2919 binding site within the promoter region of SLCG_2920 was determined by a DNase I footprinting assay and by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) based on base substitution mutagenesis, with the internal 10-nucleotide (nt) AT-rich sequence (AAATTATTTA) shown to be essential for SLCG_2919 binding. Our findings indicate that SLCG_2919 is a negative regulator for controlling lincomycin biosynthesis in S. lincolnensis The present study improves our understanding of molecular regulation for lincomycin biosynthesis.IMPORTANCE TetR family transcriptional regulators (TFRs) are generally found to regulate diverse cellular processes in bacteria, especially antibiotic biosynthesis in Streptomyces species. However, knowledge of their function in lincomycin biosynthesis in S. lincolnensis remains unknown. The present study provides a new insight into the regulation of lincomycin biosynthesis through a TFR, SLCG_2919, that directly modulates lincomycin production and resistance. Intriguingly, SLCG_2919 and its adjoining gene, SLCG_2920, which encodes an ATP/GTP binding protein, were extensively distributed in diverse Streptomyces species. In addition, we revealed a new TFR binding motif, in which SLCG_2919 binds to the promoter region of SLCG_2920, dependent on the intervening AT-rich sequence rather than on the flanking inverted repeats found in the binding sites of other TFRs. These insights into transcriptional regulation of lincomycin biosynthesis by SLCG_2919 will be valuable in paving the way for genetic engineering of regulatory elements in Streptomyces species to improve antibiotic production.
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24
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Zhang D, Tang Z, Liu W. Biosynthesis of Lincosamide Antibiotics: Reactions Associated with Degradation and Detoxification Pathways Play a Constructive Role. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1496-1506. [PMID: 29792672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Natural products typically are small molecules produced by living organisms. These products possess a wide variety of biological activities and thus have historically played a critical role in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology either as chemotherapeutic agents or as useful tools. Natural products are not synthesized for use by human beings; rather, living organisms produce them in response to various biochemical processes and environmental concerns, both internal and external. These processes/concerns are often dynamic and thus motivate the diversification, optimization, and selection of small molecules in line with changes in biological function. Consequently, the interactions between living organisms and their environments serve as an engine that drives coevolution of natural products and their biological functions and ultimately programs the constant theme of small-molecule development in nature based on biosynthesis generality and specificity. Following this theme, we herein review the biosynthesis of lincosamide antibiotics and dissect the process through which nature creates an unusual eight-carbon aminosugar (lincosamide) and then functionalizes this common high-carbon chain-containing sugar core with diverse l-proline derivatives and sulfur appendages to form individual members, including the clinically useful anti-infective agent lincomycin A and its naturally occurring analogues celesticetin and Bu-2545. The biosynthesis of lincosamide antibiotics is unique in that it results from an intersection of anabolic and catabolic chemistry. Many reactions that are usually involved in degradation and detoxification play a constructive role in biosynthetic processes. Formation of the trans-4-propyl-l-proline residue in lincomycin A biosynthesis requires an oxidation-associated degradation-like pathway composed of heme peroxidase-catalyzed ortho-hydroxylation and non-heme 2,3-dioxygenase-catalyzed extradiol cleavage for l-tyrosine processing prior to the building-up process. Mycothiol (MSH) and ergothioneine (EGT), two small-molecule thiols that are known for their redox-relevant roles in protection against various endogenous and exogenous stresses, function through two unusual S-glycosylations to mediate an eight-carbon aminosugar transfer, activation, and modification during the molecular assembly and tailoring processes in lincosamide antibiotic biosynthesis. Related intermediates include an MSH S-conjugate, mercapturic acid, and a thiomethyl product, which are reminiscent of intermediates found in thiol-mediated detoxification metabolism. In these biosynthetic pathways, "old" protein folds can result in "new" enzymatic activity, such as the DinB-2 fold protein for thiol exchange between EGT and MSH, the γ-glutamyltranspeptidase homologue for C-C bond cleavage, and the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme for diverse S-functionalization, generating interest in how nature develops remarkably diverse biochemical functions using a limited range of protein scaffolds. These findings highlight what we can learn from natural product biosynthesis, the recognition of its generality and specificity, and the natural theme of the development of bioactive small molecules, which enables the diversification process to advance and expand small-molecule functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daozhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence on Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhijun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence on Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence on Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, 1366 Hongfeng Road, Huzhou 313000, China
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25
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Hedges JB, Kuatsjah E, Du YL, Eltis LD, Ryan KS. Snapshots of the Catalytic Cycle of an O 2, Pyridoxal Phosphate-Dependent Hydroxylase. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:965-974. [PMID: 29466666 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes that catalyze hydroxylation of unactivated carbons normally contain heme and nonheme iron cofactors. By contrast, how a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme could catalyze such a hydroxylation was unknown. Here, we investigate RohP, a PLP-dependent enzyme that converts l-arginine to ( S)-4-hydroxy-2-ketoarginine. We determine that the RohP reaction consumes oxygen with stoichiometric release of H2O2. To understand this unusual chemistry, we obtain ∼1.5 Å resolution structures that capture intermediates along the catalytic cycle. Our data suggest that RohP carries out a four-electron oxidation and a stereospecific alkene hydration to give the ( S)-configured product. Together with our earlier studies on an O2, PLP-dependent l-arginine oxidase, our work suggests that there is a shared pathway leading to both oxidized and hydroxylated products from l-arginine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi-Ling Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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26
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Wang M, Chen D, Zhao Q, Liu W. Isolation, Structure Elucidation, and Biosynthesis of a Cysteate-Containing Nonribosomal Peptide in Streptomyces lincolnensis. J Org Chem 2018; 83:7102-7108. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, 1366 Hongfeng Road, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Qunfei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, 1366 Hongfeng Road, Huzhou 313000, China
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27
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Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate as an oxygenase cofactor: Discovery of a carboxamide-forming, α-amino acid monooxygenase-decarboxylase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:974-979. [PMID: 29343643 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718667115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Capuramycins are antimycobacterial antibiotics that consist of a modified nucleoside named uridine-5'-carboxamide (CarU). Previous biochemical studies have revealed that CarU is derived from UMP, which is first converted to uridine-5'-aldehyde in a reaction catalyzed by the dioxygenase CapA and subsequently to 5'-C-glycyluridine (GlyU), an unusual β-hydroxy-α-amino acid, in a reaction catalyzed by the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent transaldolase CapH. The remaining steps that are necessary to furnish CarU include decarboxylation, O atom insertion, and oxidation. We demonstrate that Cap15, which has sequence similarity to proteins annotated as bacterial, PLP-dependent l-seryl-tRNA(Sec) selenium transferases, is the sole catalyst responsible for complete conversion of GlyU to CarU. Using a complementary panel of in vitro assays, Cap15 is shown to be dependent upon substrates O2 and (5'S,6'R)-GlyU, the latter of which was unexpected given that (5'S,6'S)-GlyU is the isomeric product of the transaldolase CapH. The two products of Cap15 are identified as the carboxamide-containing CarU and CO2 While known enzymes that catalyze this type of chemistry, namely α-amino acid 2-monooxygenase, utilize flavin adenine dinucleotide as the redox cofactor, Cap15 remarkably requires only PLP. Furthermore, Cap15 does not produce hydrogen peroxide and is shown to directly incorporate a single O atom from O2 into the product CarU and thus is an authentic PLP-dependent monooxygenase. In addition to these unusual discoveries, Cap15 activity is revealed to be dependent upon the inclusion of phosphate. The biochemical characteristics along with initiatory mechanistic studies of Cap15 are reported, which has allowed us to assign Cap15 as a PLP-dependent (5'S,6'R)-GlyU:O2 monooxygenase-decarboxylase.
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Janata J, Kamenik Z, Gazak R, Kadlcik S, Najmanova L. Biosynthesis and incorporation of an alkylproline-derivative (APD) precursor into complex natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7np00047b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the biosynthetic and evolutionary aspects of lincosamide antibiotics, antitumour pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) and the quorum-sensing molecule hormaomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Janata
- Institute of Microbiology
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- BIOCEV
- Vestec
- Czech Republic
| | - Z. Kamenik
- Institute of Microbiology
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- BIOCEV
- Vestec
- Czech Republic
| | - R. Gazak
- Institute of Microbiology
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- BIOCEV
- Vestec
- Czech Republic
| | - S. Kadlcik
- Institute of Microbiology
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- BIOCEV
- Vestec
- Czech Republic
| | - L. Najmanova
- Institute of Microbiology
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- BIOCEV
- Vestec
- Czech Republic
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Evolution-guided adaptation of an adenylation domain substrate specificity to an unusual amino acid. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189684. [PMID: 29240815 PMCID: PMC5730197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylation domains CcbC and LmbC control the specific incorporation of amino acid precursors in the biosynthesis of lincosamide antibiotics celesticetin and lincomycin. Both proteins originate from a common L-proline-specific ancestor, but LmbC was evolutionary adapted to use an unusual substrate, (2S,4R)-4-propyl-proline (PPL). Using site-directed mutagenesis of the LmbC substrate binding pocket and an ATP-[32P]PPi exchange assay, three residues, G308, A207 and L246, were identified as crucial for the PPL activation, presumably forming together a channel of a proper size, shape and hydrophobicity to accommodate the propyl side chain of PPL. Subsequently, we experimentally simulated the molecular evolution leading from L-proline-specific substrate binding pocket to the PPL-specific LmbC. The mere change of three amino acid residues in originally strictly L-proline-specific CcbC switched its substrate specificity to prefer PPL and even synthetic alkyl-L-proline derivatives with prolonged side chain. This is the first time that such a comparative study provided an evidence of the evolutionary relevant adaptation of the adenylation domain substrate binding pocket to a new sterically different substrate by a few point mutations. The herein experimentally simulated rearrangement of the substrate binding pocket seems to be the general principle of the de novo genesis of adenylation domains' unusual substrate specificities. However, to keep the overall natural catalytic efficiency of the enzyme, a more comprehensive rearrangement of the whole protein would probably be employed within natural evolution process.
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Dunbar KL, Scharf DH, Litomska A, Hertweck C. Enzymatic Carbon-Sulfur Bond Formation in Natural Product Biosynthesis. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5521-5577. [PMID: 28418240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur plays a critical role for the development and maintenance of life on earth, which is reflected by the wealth of primary metabolites, macromolecules, and cofactors bearing this element. Whereas a large body of knowledge has existed for sulfur trafficking in primary metabolism, the secondary metabolism involving sulfur has long been neglected. Yet, diverse sulfur functionalities have a major impact on the biological activities of natural products. Recent research at the genetic, biochemical, and chemical levels has unearthed a broad range of enzymes, sulfur shuttles, and chemical mechanisms for generating carbon-sulfur bonds. This Review will give the first systematic overview on enzymes catalyzing the formation of organosulfur natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L Dunbar
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) , Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel H Scharf
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan , 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2216, United States
| | - Agnieszka Litomska
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) , Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) , Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University , 07743 Jena, Germany
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Kadlcik S, Kamenik Z, Vasek D, Nedved M, Janata J. Elucidation of salicylate attachment in celesticetin biosynthesis opens the door to create a library of more efficient hybrid lincosamide antibiotics. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3349-3355. [PMID: 28507704 PMCID: PMC5416915 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04235j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial biosynthesis for more efficient antibiotics: 150 novel lincosamides prepared by combining lincomycin and celesticetin biosynthetic pathways.
Lincosamides, which are produced by streptomycetes, compose a small but clinically important class of antibiotics. The recent elucidation of the condensation and post-condensation biosynthetic steps of the lincosamides lincomycin and celesticetin revealed several unexpected reaction mechanisms. Here, we prepared recombinant proteins involved in the celesticetin biosynthetic pathway and used them for in vitro assays that were monitored by LC-MS. Our results elucidate the last biosynthetic step of celesticetin: the attachment of salicylic acid is catalyzed by the Ccb2 acyl-CoA ligase and the Ccb1 acyltransferase. Ccb1 belongs to the WS/DGAT protein family and, in contrast to the characterized members of the family, has unusual substrate specificity. To the best of our knowledge, Ccb1 is the first protein in this family that transfers a benzoyl derivative-CoA conjugate and is the first WS/DGAT protein involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Furthermore, we exploited the relaxed substrate specificities of Ccb1 and Ccb2, as well as three additional upstream post-condensation biosynthetic proteins in the celesticetin pathway, and combined the lincomycin and the celesticetin biosynthetic pathways in vitro. In this way, we prepared a library of 150 novel hybrid lincosamides, including two unnatural chimeras of lincomycin and celesticetin, which were shown to have antibacterial properties more pronounced than clinically used lincomycin. These achievements may be considered a case study in applying knowledge about biosynthetic machinery to assemble a large number of compounds from originally a small group of natural products without the need for chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kadlcik
- Institute of Microbiology , Czech Academy of Sciences , BIOCEV , Prumyslova 595 , 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic .
| | - Z Kamenik
- Institute of Microbiology , Czech Academy of Sciences , BIOCEV , Prumyslova 595 , 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic .
| | - D Vasek
- Institute of Microbiology , Czech Academy of Sciences , BIOCEV , Prumyslova 595 , 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic .
| | - M Nedved
- Institute of Microbiology , Czech Academy of Sciences , BIOCEV , Prumyslova 595 , 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic .
| | - J Janata
- Institute of Microbiology , Czech Academy of Sciences , BIOCEV , Prumyslova 595 , 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic .
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Pilicer SL, Bakhshi PR, Bentley KW, Wolf C. Biomimetic Chirality Sensing with Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1758-1761. [PMID: 28128945 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) is introduced to a biomimetic indicator displacement assay for simultaneous determination of the absolute configuration, enantiomeric composition and concentration of unprotected amino acids, amino alcohols and amines. The chiroptical assay is based on fast imine metathesis with a PLP aryl imine probe to capture the target compound for circular dichroism and fluorescence sensing analysis. The substrate binding yields characteristic Cotton effects that provide information about the target compound ee and the synchronous release of the indicator results in a nonenantioselective off-on fluorescence response that is independent of the enantiomeric sample composition and readily correlated to the total analyte concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Pilicer
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University , Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Pegah R Bakhshi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University , Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Keith W Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University , Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University , Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
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Ringel MT, Dräger G, Brüser T. PvdN Enzyme Catalyzes a Periplasmic Pyoverdine Modification. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23929-23938. [PMID: 27703013 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.755611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyoverdines are high affinity siderophores produced by a broad range of pseudomonads to enhance growth under iron deficiency. They are especially relevant for pathogenic and mutualistic strains that inhabit iron-limited environments. Pyoverdines are generated from non-ribosomally synthesized highly modified peptides. They all contain an aromatic chromophore that is formed in the periplasm by intramolecular cyclization steps. Although the cytoplasmic peptide synthesis and side-chain modifications are well characterized, the periplasmic maturation steps are far from understood. Out of five periplasmic enzymes, PvdM, PvdN, PvdO, PvdP, and PvdQ, functions have been attributed only to PvdP and PvdQ. The other three enzymes are also regarded as essential for siderophore biosynthesis. The structure of PvdN has been solved recently, but no function could be assigned. Here we present the first in-frame deletion of the PvdN-encoding gene. Unexpectedly, PvdN turned out to be required for a specific modification of pyoverdine, whereas the overall amount of fluorescent pyoverdines was not altered by the mutation. The mutant strain grew normally under iron-limiting conditions. Mass spectrometry identified the PvdN-dependent modification as a transformation of the N-terminal glutamic acid to a succinamide. We postulate a pathway for this transformation catalyzed by the enzyme PvdN, which is most likely functional in the case of all pyoverdines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Ringel
- From the Institute of Microbiology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover and
| | - Gerald Dräger
- the Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1 B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüser
- From the Institute of Microbiology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover and
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Ushimaru R, Lin CI, Sasaki E, Liu HW. Characterization of Enzymes Catalyzing Transformations of Cysteine S-Conjugated Intermediates in the Lincosamide Biosynthetic Pathway. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1606-11. [PMID: 27431934 PMCID: PMC5253346 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lincosamides such as lincomycin A, celesticetin, and Bu-2545, constitute an important group of antibiotics. These natural products are characterized by a thiooctose linked to a l-proline residue, but they differ with regards to modifications of the thioacetal moiety, the pyrrolidine ring, and the octose core. Here we report that the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme CcbF (celesticetin biosynthetic pathway) is a decarboxylating deaminase that converts a cysteine S-conjugated intermediate into an aldehyde. In contrast, the homologous enzyme LmbF (lincomycin biosynthetic pathway) catalyzes C-S bond cleavage of the same intermediate to afford a thioglycoside. We show that Ccb4 and LmbG (downstream methyltransferases) convert the aldehyde and thiol intermediates into a variety of methylated lincosamide compounds including Bu-2545. The substrates used in these studies are the β-anomers of the natural substrates. The findings not only provide insight into how the biosynthetic pathway of lincosamide antibiotics can bifurcate to generate different lincosamides, but also reveal the promiscuity of the enzymes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richiro Ushimaru
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1935, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Chia-I Lin
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1935, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Eita Sasaki
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1935, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hung-Wen Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1935, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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