1
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Aseman MD, Kiyavash S. High Selectivity in Csp 2-Csp 2 versus Csp 3-O Reductive Elimination from Cycloplatinated(IV) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:12475-12484. [PMID: 38907728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
The cycloplatinated(IV) complexes trans-[Pt(p-MeC6H4)(C∧N)(OAc)2(H2O)] (C∧N = benzo[h]quinolate, bhq, 2a, and 2-phenylpyridinate, ppy, 2b) were prepared by reacting the corresponding [Pt(p-MeC6H4)(C∧N)(SMe2)] precursors with PhI(OAc)2 through an oxidative addition (OA) reaction. Thermolysis of 2a at 65 °C generates cis-[Pt(κ1N-10-(p-MeC6H4)-bhq)(OAc)2(H2O)], 3a, which is the product of a Csp2Ar-Csp2bhq reductive elimination (RE). The observed coupling reaction is significantly different from the previously reported analogous thermolysis of trans-[PtMe(C∧N)(OAc)2(H2O)] (C∧N = bhq, 2c, and ppy, 2d) that selectively releases Me-OAc (C-O RE). The density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental observations reveal that the Csp2Ar-Csp2bhq coupling reaction occurs through the dissociation of a coordinated water ligand. This in turn is followed by the concomitant bond forming and bond breaking process via a three-center ring transition state, in contrast to the Csp3Me-OAc coupling, which had taken place by an outer sphere SN2 type RE reaction in methyl complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Dadkhah Aseman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box, Tehran 14115-175, Iran
| | - Susan Kiyavash
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box, Tehran 14115-175, Iran
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2
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Kumar R. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed 1,2-Diaminations of Olefins: Synthetic Methodologies and Mechanistic Studies. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300705. [PMID: 37743249 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
1,2-Diamines are synthetically important motifs in organo-catalysis, natural products, and drug research. Continuous utilization of transition-metal based catalyst in direct 1,2-diamination of olefines, in contrast to metal-free transformations, with numerous impressive advances made in recent years (2015-2023). This review summarized contemporary research on the transition-metal catalyzed/mediated [e. g., Cu(II), Pd(II), Fe(II), Rh(III), Ir(III), and Co(II)] 1,2-diamination (asymmetric and non-asymmetric) especially emphasizing the recent synthetic methodologies and mechanistic understandings. Moreover, up-to-date discussion on (i) paramount role of oxidant and catalyst (ii) key achievements (iii) generality and uniqueness, (iv) synthetic limitations or future challenges, and (v) future opportunities are summarized related to this potential area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, Haryana, INDIA
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3
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Gong J, Wang Q, Zhu J. Diverting the 5- exo-Trig Oxypalladation to Formally 6- endo-Trig Fluorocycloetherification Product through 1,2-O/Pd(IV) Dyotropic Rearrangement. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:15735-15741. [PMID: 37462356 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Pd-catalyzed cyclizative functionalization of γ-hydroxyalkenes affords tetrahydrofuran derivatives via a key 5-exo-trig oxypalladation step. Herein, we report a palladium(II)-catalyzed, Selectfluor-mediated formal 6-endo-trig fluorocycloetherification of γ-hydroxyalkenes for the synthesis of functionalized tetrahydropyrans. Mechanistically, an σ-alkyl-Pd(II) intermediate resulting from the 5-exo-trig oxypalladation process is isolated and characterized by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Its oxidation with Selectfluor to Pd(IV) triggers the chemoselective 1,2-O/Pd(IV) dyotropic rearrangement affording, after C-F bond-forming reductive elimination, the tetrahydropyrans with concurrent generation of a tertiary carbon-fluorine bond. The occurrence of this 1,2-positional interchange is further evidenced by trapping the rearranged quaternary C(sp3)-Pd bond by an internal nucleophile that is materialized by the development of a Pd(II)-catalyzed oxidative bis-heterocyclization of alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gong
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Hannigan MD, Tami JL, Zimmerman PM, McNeil AJ. Rethinking Catalyst Trapping in Ni-Catalyzed Thieno[3,2- b]thiophene Polymerization. Macromolecules 2022; 55:10821-10830. [PMID: 37396500 PMCID: PMC10312364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Catalyst-transfer polymerization (CTP) is a chain-growth method used to synthesize conjugated polymers. Although CTP works well for most donor-type monomers, the polymerization stalls with thieno[3,2-b]thiophene when using Ni catalysts. Previous reports have rationalized this result by suggesting that the catalyst is trapped in a Ni0 π-complex with the highly electron-rich arene. In this study, evidence is provided that the catalyst trap is more likely a NiII complex that arises from oxidative insertion of Ni0 into the C-S bonds of thieno[3,2-b]thiophene. This result is consistent with the known reactivity of Ni0 complexes toward S-heteroarenes and is supported herein by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra acquired in situ, as well as data collected from small-molecule model reactions and density-functional theory simulations of the polymerization. We propose that this C-S insertion pathway and related off-cycle reactions may be relevant to understanding or enabling the CTP of other monomers with fused thiophenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Hannigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jessica L Tami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Anne J McNeil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States; Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2800, United States
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5
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Hashemi A, Bougueroua S, Gaigeot MP, Pidko EA. ReNeGate: A Reaction Network Graph-Theoretical Tool for Automated Mechanistic Studies in Computational Homogeneous Catalysis. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:7470-7482. [PMID: 36321652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exploration of the chemical reaction space of chemical transformations in multicomponent mixtures is one of the main challenges in contemporary computational chemistry. To remove expert bias from mechanistic studies and to discover new chemistries, an automated graph-theoretical methodology is proposed, which puts forward a network formalism of homogeneous catalysis reactions and utilizes a network analysis tool for mechanistic studies. The method can be used for analyzing trajectories with single and multiple catalytic species and can provide unique conformers of catalysts including multinuclear catalyst clusters along with other catalytic mixture components. The presented three-step approach has the integrated ability to handle multicomponent catalytic systems of arbitrary complexity (mixtures of reactants, catalyst precursors, ligands, additives, and solvents). It is not limited to predefined chemical rules, does not require prealignment of reaction mixture components consistent with a reaction coordinate, and is not agnostic to the chemical nature of transformations. Conformer exploration, reactive event identification, and reaction network analysis are the main steps taken for identifying the pathways in catalytic systems given the starting precatalytic reaction mixture as the input. Such a methodology allows us to efficiently explore catalytic systems in realistic conditions for either previously observed or completely unknown reactive events in the context of a network representing different intermediates. Our workflow for the catalytic reaction space exploration exclusively focuses on the identification of thermodynamically feasible conversion channels, representative of the (secondary) catalyst deactivation or inhibition paths, which are usually most difficult to anticipate based solely on expert chemical knowledge. Thus, the expert bias is sought to be removed at all steps, and the chemical intuition is limited to the choice of the thermodynamic constraint imposed by the applicable experimental conditions in terms of threshold energy values for allowed transformations. The capabilities of the proposed methodology have been tested by exploring the reactivity of Mn complexes relevant for catalytic hydrogenation chemistry to verify previously postulated activation mechanisms and unravel unexpected reaction channels relevant to rare deactivation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hashemi
- Inorganic Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Sana Bougueroua
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement (LAMBE) UMR8587, Universite Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE UMR8587, Evry-Courcouronnes 91025, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Gaigeot
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement (LAMBE) UMR8587, Universite Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE UMR8587, Evry-Courcouronnes 91025, France
| | - Evgeny A Pidko
- Inorganic Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
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6
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Yang G, Wu H, Gallarati S, Corminboeuf C, Wang Q, Zhu J. Migrative Carbofluorination of Saturated Amides Enabled by Pd-Based Dyotropic Rearrangement. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14047-14052. [PMID: 35916403 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Directly editing an all-carbon quaternary carbon itself of nonstrained acyclic molecules remains underexploited despite the recent advances in the fields of both C-H and C-C bond activation. Herein, we report a palladium-catalyzed migrative carbofluorination of saturated amides enabled by the activation of both the C(sp3)-H and the Cquaternary-Cσ bonds. In this transformation, the α-quaternary carbon of Weinreb amides is converted to α-tertiary fluoride with concurrent migration of an aryl or an amido group from the α- to β-carbon. DFT calculations indicate that the dyotropic rearrangement proceeds through an unusual anti-selective [2.1.0] bicyclic transition state. The reaction, compatible with a broad range of functional groups, is stereospecific and is applicable to the synthesis of enantioenriched products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Yang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hua Wu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Simone Gallarati
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design (LCMD), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design (LCMD), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Fujii T, Gallarati S, Corminboeuf C, Wang Q, Zhu J. Modular Synthesis of Benzocyclobutenes via Pd(II)-Catalyzed Oxidative [2+2] Annulation of Arylboronic Acids with Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8920-8926. [PMID: 35561421 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Benzocyclobutenes (BCBs) are highly valuable compounds in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and materials science. However, catalytic modular synthesis of functionalized BCBs from easily accessible starting materials remains limited. We report herein an efficient synthesis of diversely functionalized BCBs by a Pd(II)-catalyzed formal [2+2] annulation between arylboronic acids and alkenes in the presence of N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI). An intermolecular carbopalladation followed by palladium oxidation, intramolecular C(sp2)-H activation by a transient C(sp3)-Pd(IV) species, and selective carbon-carbon (C-C) bond-forming reductive elimination from a high-valent five-membered palladacycle is proposed to account for the reaction outcome. Kinetically competent oxidation of alkylPd(II) to alkylPd(IV) species is important to avoid the formation of a Heck adduct. The reaction forges two C-C bonds of the cyclobutene core and is compatible with a wide range of functional groups. No chelating bidentate directing group in the alkene part is needed for this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Fujii
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simone Gallarati
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design (LCMD), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design (LCMD), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Liu PY, Zhao SC, Zhang MY, Song L, Wang C, Yu F, Meng Q, Zhang Z, He YP. Pd-Catalyzed γ-Acetoxylation of Alkylamides: Structural Influence of Directing Groups. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6378-6386. [PMID: 35422116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Functional Material, Educational Department of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
- Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Catalytic Science and Technology, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Dandong Load West 1, Fushun 113001, China
| | - Shi-Chen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Catalytic Science and Technology, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Dandong Load West 1, Fushun 113001, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Catalytic Science and Technology, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Dandong Load West 1, Fushun 113001, China
| | - Lijuan Song
- Key Laboratory for Functional Material, Educational Department of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
- Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Catalytic Science and Technology, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Dandong Load West 1, Fushun 113001, China
| | - Caiping Wang
- Beijing Winsunny Pharmaceutical CO., LTD, Beijing 101113, China
| | - Fang Yu
- State Key Laboratory Fine Chemicals, Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, No. 26 Yucai Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo 315016, China
| | - Qingtao Meng
- Key Laboratory for Functional Material, Educational Department of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Functional Material, Educational Department of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Yu-Peng He
- Key Laboratory for Functional Material, Educational Department of Liaoning Province, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
- State Key Laboratory Fine Chemicals, Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, No. 26 Yucai Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo 315016, China
- Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Catalytic Science and Technology, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Dandong Load West 1, Fushun 113001, China
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9
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Martin JL, Sati GC, Malakar T, Hatt J, Zimmerman PM, Montgomery J. Glycosyl Exchange of Unactivated Glycosidic Bonds: Suppressing or Embracing Side Reactivity in Catalytic Glycosylations. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5817-5826. [PMID: 35413188 PMCID: PMC9173671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While developing boron-catalyzed glycosylations using glycosyl fluoride donors and trialkylsilyl ether acceptors, competing pathways involving productive glycosylation or glycosyl exchange were observed. Experimental and computational mechanistic studies suggest a novel mode of reactivity where a dioxolenium ion is a key intermediate that promotes both pathways through addition to either a silyl ether or to the acetal of an existing glycosidic linkage. Modifications in catalyst structure enable either pathway to be favored, and with this understanding, improved multicomponent iterative couplings and glycosyl exchange processes were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Girish C Sati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Tanmay Malakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jessica Hatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - John Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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10
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Li X, Jin J, Chen P, Liu G. Catalytic remote hydrohalogenation of internal alkenes. Nat Chem 2022; 14:425-432. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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11
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Lei L, Zou PS, Wang ZX, Liang C, Hou C, Mo DL. Palladacycle-Catalyzed Regioselective Heck Reaction Using Diaryliodonium Triflates and Aryl Iodides. Org Lett 2022; 24:663-667. [PMID: 34995468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe a P-containing palladacycle-catalyzed regioselective Heck reaction of 2,3-dihydrofuran with diaryliodonium salts and aryl iodides to afford 2-aryl-2,5-dihydrofurans and 2-aryl-2,3-dihydrofurans, respectively, in good yields. Mechanistic studies revealed that the oxidative addition of diaryliodonium salts to palladacycles to form Pd(IV) species showed high chemoselectivity and that electron-rich aryl moieties were preferentially transferred to the Heck product. DFT calculations indicated that the regioselectivity-determining step is the reductive elimination reaction rather than the isomerization and reinsertion of Pd(IV)-hydride intermediates into the double bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Pei-Sen Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Cui Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Cheng Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Dong-Liang Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M. Chernyshev
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Novocherkassk, 346428, Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Novocherkassk, 346428, Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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13
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Magallon C, Griego L, Hu CH, Company A, Ribas X, Mirica LM. Organometallic Ni(II), Ni(III), and Ni(IV) Complexes Relevant to Carbon-Carbon and Carbon-Oxygen Bond Formation Reactions. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi01486b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and spectroscopic and structural characterization of well-defined organometallic Ni(II) and Ni(III) complexes bearing the PyNMe3 ligand - a tetradentate N-based macrocyclic ligand which coordinates to the metal center...
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14
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Provencher PA, Hoskin JF, Wong JJ, Chen X, Yu JQ, Houk KN, Sorensen EJ. Pd(II)-Catalyzed Synthesis of Benzocyclobutenes by β-Methylene-Selective C(sp 3)-H Arylation with a Transient Directing Group. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20035-20041. [PMID: 34817163 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Methylene-selective C-H functionalization is a significant hurdle that remains to be addressed in the field of Pd(II) catalysis. We report a Pd(II)-catalyzed synthesis of benzocyclobutenes by methylene-selective C(sp3)-H arylation of ketones. The reaction utilizes glycine as a transient directing group and a 2-pyridone ligand, which may govern the methylene selectivity by making intimate molecular associations with the substrate during concerted metalation-deprotonation. This reaction is shown to be highly selective for intramolecular methylene C(sp3)-H arylation, thus enabling sequential C(sp3)-H functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Provencher
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - John F Hoskin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jonathan J Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiangyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Erik J Sorensen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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15
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Liu T, Han L, Zhang J, Lu G. Multiple Reaction Pathways of Eight-Membered Rhodacycles in Rh-Catalyzed Annulations of 2-Alkenyl Phenols/Anilides with Alkynes. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10484-10491. [PMID: 34313437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations were performed to study the competing pathways of rhodacycle intermediates generated in Rh(III)-catalyzed annulations of 2-alkenyl phenols and 2-alkenyl anilides with alkynes. The results show that the multiple pathways of eight-membered rhodacycles can be subtly tuned to give specific cyclic products. The seven-membered oxacyclic and spirocyclic products from 2-alkenyl phenols are formed by favoring the pathway of dissociating the Rh-O bond of O-contained rhodacycles, which are followed by antarafacial nucleophilic attack. The indoline product from 2-alkenyl anilides is generated through the pathway of intramolecular olefin migratory insertion of the N-contained rhodacycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Jining University, Qufu, Shandong 273155, China
| | - Lingli Han
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Jining University, Qufu, Shandong 273155, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Jining University, Qufu, Shandong 273155, China
| | - Gang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
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16
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Romine AM, Demer MJ, Gembicky M, Rheingold AL, Engle KM. Ligand Rearrangement Leads to Tetrahydrothiophene-Functionalized N,S-Heterocyclic Carbene Palladium(II) Complexes. Organometallics 2021; 40:2311-2319. [PMID: 34433997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydrothiophene-functionalized N,S-heterocyclic carbene palladium(II) complexes are synthesized through an unexpected rearrangement that proceeds with palladium(II) trifluoroacetate and not with palladium(II) acetate, palladium(II) bromide, or palladium(II) chloride. A series of these complexes were isolated and characterized by X-ray crystallography. The mechanism of formation of these [3.2.1]-palladabicycles was explored, and the catalytic capabilities of these complexes were demonstrated in representative C-C coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Romine
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Matthew J Demer
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Milan Gembicky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Arnold L Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Keary M Engle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- José‐Antonio García‐López
- Grupo de Química Organometálica Departamento de Química Inorgánica Facultad de Química Universidad de Murcia 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Isabel Saura‐Llamas
- Grupo de Química Organometálica Departamento de Química Inorgánica Facultad de Química Universidad de Murcia 30100 Murcia Spain
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18
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Canty AJ, Ariafard A. Computational Study of Intramolecular Coordination Enhanced Oxidative Addition to form PdIV-Pincer Complexes, and Selectivity in Aryloxide Attack at PdIVCH2CRR′ Motifs in Palladium-Mediated Organic Synthesis. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allan J. Canty
- School of Natural Sciences—Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- School of Natural Sciences—Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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19
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Abdolalian P, Tizhoush SK, Farshadfar K, Ariafard A. The role of hypervalent iodine(iii) reagents in promoting alkoxylation of unactivated C(sp 3)-H bonds catalyzed by palladium(ii) complexes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7185-7195. [PMID: 34123345 PMCID: PMC8153247 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01230d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Pd(OAc)2-catalysed alkoxylation of the C(sp3)-H bonds mediated by hypervalent iodine(iii) reagents (ArIX2) has been developed by several prominent researchers, there is no clear mechanism yet for such crucial transformations. In this study, we shed light on this important issue with the aid of the density functional theory (DFT) calculations for alkoxylation of butyramide derivatives. We found that the previously proposed mechanism in the literature is not consistent with the experimental observations and thus cannot be operating. The calculations allowed us to discover an unprecedented mechanism composed of four main steps as follows: (i) activation of the C(sp3)-H bond, (ii) oxidative addition, (iii) reductive elimination and (iv) regeneration of the active catalyst. After completion of step (i) via the CMD mechanism, the oxidative addition commences with an X ligand transfer from the iodine(iii) reagent (ArIX2) to Pd(ii) to form a square pyramidal complex in which an iodonium occupies the apical position. Interestingly, a simple isomerization of the resultant five-coordinate complex triggers the Pd(ii) oxidation. Accordingly, the movement of the ligand trans to the Pd-C(sp3) bond to the apical position promotes the electron transfer from Pd(ii) to iodine(iii), resulting in the reduction of iodine(iii) concomitant with the ejection of the second X ligand as a free anion. The ensuing Pd(iv) complex then undergoes the C-O reductive elimination by nucleophilic attack of the solvent (alcohol) on the sp3 carbon via an outer-sphere SN2 mechanism assisted by the X- anion. Noteworthy, starting from the five coordinate complex, the oxidative addition and reductive elimination processes occur with a very low activation barrier (ΔG ‡ 0-6 kcal mol-1). The strong coordination of the alkoxylated product to the Pd(ii) centre causes the regeneration of the active catalyst, i.e. step (iv), to be considerably endergonic, leading to subsequent catalytic cycles to proceed with a much higher activation barrier than the first cycle. We also found that although, in most cases, the alkoxylation reactions proceed via a Pd(ii)-Pd(iv)-Pd(ii) catalytic cycle, the other alternative in which the oxidation state of the Pd(ii) centre remains unchanged during the catalysis could be operative, depending on the nature of the organic substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Abdolalian
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Poonak Tehran 1469669191 Iran
| | - Samaneh K Tizhoush
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Poonak Tehran 1469669191 Iran
| | - Kaveh Farshadfar
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Poonak Tehran 1469669191 Iran
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Poonak Tehran 1469669191 Iran
- School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania Private Bag 75 Hobart TAS 7001 Australia
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20
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Kim S, Kim D, Hong SY, Chang S. Tuning Orbital Symmetry of Iridium Nitrenoid Enables Catalytic Diastereo- and Enantioselective Alkene Difunctionalizations. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3993-4004. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suhyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seung Youn Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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21
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Genoux A, Biedrzycki M, Merino E, Rivera-Chao E, Linden A, Nevado C. Synthesis and Characterization of Bidentate (P^N)Gold(III) Fluoride Complexes: Reactivity Platforms for Reductive Elimination Studies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4164-4168. [PMID: 33015997 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A new family of cationic, bidentate (P^N)gold(III) fluoride complexes has been prepared and a detailed characterization of the gold-fluoride bond has been carried out. Our results correlate with the observed reactivity of the fluoro ligand, which undergoes facile exchange with both cyano and acetylene nucleophiles. The resulting (P^N)arylgold(III)C(sp) complexes have enabled the first study of reductive elimination on (P^N)gold(III) systems, which demonstrated that C(sp2 )-C(sp) bond formation occurs at higher rates than those reported for analogous phosphine-based monodentate systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Genoux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michał Biedrzycki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Estíbaliz Merino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.,Current address: Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Chemical Research Institute Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28805-Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Rivera-Chao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Nevado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
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22
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Genoux A, Biedrzycki M, Merino E, Rivera‐Chao E, Linden A, Nevado C. Synthesis and Characterization of Bidentate (P^N)Gold(III) Fluoride Complexes: Reactivity Platforms for Reductive Elimination Studies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Genoux
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Michał Biedrzycki
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Estíbaliz Merino
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zürich Switzerland
- Current address: Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Chemical Research Institute Andrés M. del Río (IQAR) University of Alcalá 28805-Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Eva Rivera‐Chao
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Cristina Nevado
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zürich Switzerland
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23
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Behnia A, A. Fard M, Blacquiere JM, Puddephatt RJ. Cycloneophylpalladium(IV) Complexes: Formation by Oxidative Addition and Selectivity of Their Reductive Elimination Reactions. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ava Behnia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Mahmood A. Fard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Johanna M. Blacquiere
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Richard J. Puddephatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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24
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Lin X, Vigalok A, Vedernikov AN. Aryl C(sp 2)-X Coupling (X = C, N, O, Cl) and Facile Control of N-Mono- and N,N-Diarylation of Primary Alkylamines at a Pt(IV) Center. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20725-20734. [PMID: 33226792 PMCID: PMC7884019 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We
present the first example of an unprecedented and fast aryl
C(sp2)–X reductive elimination from a series of
isolated Pt(IV) aryl complexes (Ar = p-FC6H4) LPtIVF(py)(Ar)X (X = CN, Cl, 4-OC6H4NO2) and LPtIVF2(Ar)(HX)
(X = NHAlk; Alk = n-Bu, PhCH2, cyclo-C6H11, t-Bu, cyclopropylmethyl)
bearing a bulky bidentate 2-[bis(adamant-1-yl)phosphino]phenoxide
ligand (L). The C(sp2)–X reductive elimination reactions
of all isolated Pt(IV) complexes follow first-order kinetics and were
modeled using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. When a
difluoro complex LPtIVF2(Ar)(py) is treated
with TMS–X (TMS = trimethylsilyl; X= NMe2, SPh,
OPh, CCPh) it also gives the corresponding products of the Ar–X
coupling but without observable LPtIVF(py)(Ar)X intermediates.
Remarkably, the LPtIVF2(Ar)(HX) complexes with
alkylamine ligands (HX = NH2Alk) form selectively either
mono- (ArNHAlk) or diarylated (Ar2NAlk) products in the
presence or absence of an added Et3N, respectively. This
method allows for a one-pot preparation of diarylalkylamine bearing
different aryl groups. These findings were also applied in unprecedented
mono- and di-N-arylation of amino acid derivatives (lysine and tryptophan)
under very mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Lin
- School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Arkadi Vigalok
- School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Andrei N Vedernikov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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25
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Borysenko IO, Sviatenko LK, Okovytyy SI, Leszczynski J. Efficient approach for exploring the multiple-channel bimolecular interactions of conformationally flexible reagents. Epoxide ring opening reaction. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Whitehurst WG, Gaunt MJ. Synthesis and Reactivity of Stable Alkyl-Pd(IV) Complexes Relevant to Monodentate N-Directed C(sp 3)-H Functionalization Processes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14169-14177. [PMID: 32697079 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl-Pd(IV) complexes are frequently invoked in the proposed mechanisms of Pd-catalyzed C(sp3)-H functionalization reactions, though few examples of Pd(IV) complexes containing cyclopalladated substrates have been isolated due to the instability of the high-valent Pd(IV) center. Herein, we report the synthesis of stable and isolable OCO pincer-supported alkyl-Pd(IV) complexes containing cyclopalladated alkylamine and oxime frameworks, which represent the first examples of alkyl-Pd(IV) complexes derived from the oxidation of cyclopalladated monodentate N-donor substrates. The aminoalkyl-Pd(IV) complexes reacted efficiently with O- and N-nucleophiles to afford γ-functionalized alkylamine products. A mechanistic study of the nucleophile-mediated reductive elimination was conducted using an oxime-derived Pd(IV) complex, which revealed the intermediacy of a previously unexplored anionic Pd(IV) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Whitehurst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Gaunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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27
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Vitek AK, Jugovic TME, Zimmerman PM. Revealing the Strong Relationships between Ligand Conformers and Activation Barriers: A Case Study of Bisphosphine Reductive Elimination. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K. Vitek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Timothy M. E. Jugovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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28
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Kammeraad JA, Goetz J, Walker EA, Tewari A, Zimmerman PM. What Does the Machine Learn? Knowledge Representations of Chemical Reactivity. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:1290-1301. [PMID: 32091880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In a departure from conventional chemical approaches, data-driven models of chemical reactions have recently been shown to be statistically successful using machine learning. These models, however, are largely black box in character and have not provided the kind of chemical insights that historically advanced the field of chemistry. To examine the knowledgebase of machine-learning models-what does the machine learn-this article deconstructs black-box machine-learning models of a diverse chemical reaction data set. Through experimentation with chemical representations and modeling techniques, the analysis provides insights into the nature of how statistical accuracy can arise, even when the model lacks informative physical principles. By peeling back the layers of these complicated models we arrive at a minimal, chemically intuitive model (and no machine learning involved). This model is based on systematic reaction-type classification and Evans-Polanyi relationships within reaction types which are easily visualized and interpreted. Through exploring this simple model, we gain deeper understanding of the data set and uncover a means for expert interactions to improve the model's reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Kammeraad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jack Goetz
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, 1085 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Eric A Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ambuj Tewari
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, 1085 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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29
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Hao HY, Mao YJ, Xu ZY, Lou SJ, Xu DQ. Selective Cross-Dehydrogenative C(sp 3)-H Arylation with Arenes. Org Lett 2020; 22:2396-2402. [PMID: 32124610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Selective C(sp3)-C(sp2) bond construction is of central interest in chemical synthesis. Despite the success of classic cross-coupling reactions, the cross-dehydrogenative coupling between inert C(sp3)-H and C(sp2)-H bonds represents an attractive alternative toward new C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds. Herein, we establish a selective inter- and intramolecular C(sp3)-H arylation of alcohols with nondirected arenes that thereby provides a general pathway to access a wide range of β-arylated alcohols, including tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ols and benzopyran-3-ols, with high to excellent chemo- and regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Hao
- Catalytic Hydrogenation Research Center, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides and Cleaner Production Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yang-Jie Mao
- Catalytic Hydrogenation Research Center, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides and Cleaner Production Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Yuan Xu
- Catalytic Hydrogenation Research Center, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides and Cleaner Production Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Jie Lou
- Catalytic Hydrogenation Research Center, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides and Cleaner Production Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Qian Xu
- Catalytic Hydrogenation Research Center, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides and Cleaner Production Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
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30
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Hutchings M, Liu J, Qiu Y, Song C, Wang LP. Bond-Order Time Series Analysis for Detecting Reaction Events in Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:1606-1617. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marshall Hutchings
- Department of Chemistry, University of California; 1 Shields Avenue; Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Johnson Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California; 1 Shields Avenue; Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yudong Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California; 1 Shields Avenue; Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Chenchen Song
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University; Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Lee-Ping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California; 1 Shields Avenue; Davis, California 95616, United States
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31
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Xu X. Reactivity of a formal Cu( iii)-alkyl species toward aniline: a DFT investigation. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:8859-8863. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01744b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, through theoretical investigation of the reactivity between a formal Cu(iii)-alkyl species and aniline, we demonstrated the possibility of a SN2-like C–N coupling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Xu
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Haidian
- People's Republic of China
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32
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Wang LP, Song C. Car-Parrinello Monitor for More Robust Born-Oppenheimer Molecular Dynamics. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:4454-4467. [PMID: 31318557 PMCID: PMC9749491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) is a promising simulation method for exploring the possible reaction pathways of a chemical system, but one significant challenge is the increased difficulty of converging the self-consistent field (SCF) calculation that often accompanies the breaking and forming of chemical bonds. To address this challenge, we developed an enhancement to the BOMD simulation method called the Car-Parrinello monitor (CPMonitor) that uses Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) to recover from SCF convergence failures. CPMonitor works by detecting SCF convergence failures in BOMD and switching to a CPMD Hamiltonian to propagate through the region of configuration space where the SCF calculation is unable to converge, then switching back to BOMD when good convergence behavior is re-established. We present a series of simulation studies that use CPMonitor, including detailed studies of the thermodynamic and dynamical properties of simple systems, as well as ab initio nanoreactor simulations containing transition metal atoms that were previously not possible to simulate using standard BOMD methods. Our studies show that CPMonitor can make BOMD simulations robust to SCF convergence difficulties and improve simulation performance and stability in reaction discovery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Ping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California; 1 Shields Ave; Davis, CA 95616
| | - Chenchen Song
- Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory; Menlo Park, CA 94025
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33
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34
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Roberts CC, Camasso NM, Bowes EG, Sanford MS. Impact of Oxidation State on Reactivity and Selectivity Differences between Nickel(III) and Nickel(IV) Alkyl Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney C. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Nicole M. Camasso
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Eric G. Bowes
- Department of Chemistry University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
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35
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Roberts CC, Camasso NM, Bowes EG, Sanford MS. Impact of Oxidation State on Reactivity and Selectivity Differences between Nickel(III) and Nickel(IV) Alkyl Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9104-9108. [PMID: 31050840 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Described is a systematic comparison of factors impacting the relative rates and selectivities of C(sp3 )-C and C(sp3 )-O bond-forming reactions at high-valent Ni as a function of oxidation state. Two Ni complexes are compared: a cationic octahedral NiIV complex ligated by tris(pyrazolyl)borate and a cationic octahedral NiIII complex ligated by tris(pyrazolyl)methane. Key features of reactivity/selectivity are revealed: 1) C(sp3 )-C(sp2 ) bond-forming reductive elimination occurs from both centers, but the NiIII complex reacts up to 300-fold faster than the NiIV , depending on the reaction conditions. The relative reactivity is proposed to derive from ligand dissociation kinetics, which vary as a function of oxidation state and the presence/absence of visible light. 2) Upon the addition of acetate (AcO- ), the NiIV complex exclusively undergoes C(sp3 )-OAc bond formation, while the NiIII analogue forms the C(sp3 )-C(sp2 ) coupled product selectively. This difference is rationalized based on the electrophilicity of the respective M-C(sp3 ) bonds, and thus their relative reactivity towards outer-sphere SN 2-type bond-forming reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney C Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nicole M Camasso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Eric G Bowes
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British, Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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36
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Albright H, Riehl PS, McAtee CC, Reid JP, Ludwig JR, Karp LA, Zimmerman PM, Sigman MS, Schindler CS. Catalytic Carbonyl-Olefin Metathesis of Aliphatic Ketones: Iron(III) Homo-Dimers as Lewis Acidic Superelectrophiles. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:1690-1700. [PMID: 30596414 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic carbonyl-olefin metathesis reactions have recently been developed as a powerful tool for carbon-carbon bond formation. However, currently available synthetic protocols rely exclusively on aryl ketone substrates while the corresponding aliphatic analogs remain elusive. We herein report the development of Lewis acid-catalyzed carbonyl-olefin ring-closing metathesis reactions for aliphatic ketones. Mechanistic investigations are consistent with a distinct mode of activation relying on the in situ formation of a homobimetallic singly bridged iron(III)-dimer as the postulated active catalytic species. These "superelectrophiles" function as more powerful Lewis acid catalysts that form upon association of individual iron(III)-monomers. While this mode of Lewis acid activation has previously been postulated to exist, it has not yet been applied in a catalytic setting. The insights presented are expected to enable further advancement in Lewis acid catalysis by building upon the activation principle of "superelectrophiles" and to broaden the current scope of catalytic carbonyl-olefin metathesis reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Albright
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Paul S Riehl
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Christopher C McAtee
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Jolene P Reid
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Jacob R Ludwig
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Lindsey A Karp
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Corinna S Schindler
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
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37
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Jiang Q, Peacock DM, Hartwig JF, Cundari TR. Carbon(sp3)-nitrogen bond-forming reductive elimination from phosphine-ligated alkylpalladium(II) amide complexes: A DFT study. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Mao YJ, Luo G, Hao HY, Xu ZY, Lou SJ, Xu DQ. Anion ligand promoted selective C–F bond reductive elimination enables C(sp2)–H fluorination. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14458-14461. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07726j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A detailed mechanism study on the anion ligand promoted selective C–H bond fluorination is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Jie Mao
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Catalytic Hydrogenation Research Center
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
| | - Gen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yan Hao
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Catalytic Hydrogenation Research Center
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
| | - Zhen-Yuan Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Catalytic Hydrogenation Research Center
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
| | - Shao-Jie Lou
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Catalytic Hydrogenation Research Center
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
| | - Dan-Qian Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Catalytic Hydrogenation Research Center
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
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39
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Yu JL, Zhang SQ, Hong X. Stepwise versus Concerted Reductive Elimination Mechanisms in the Carbon–Iodide Bond Formation of (DPEphos)RhMeI2 Complex. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Lu Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuo-Qing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
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40
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Simm GN, Vaucher AC, Reiher M. Exploration of Reaction Pathways and Chemical Transformation Networks. J Phys Chem A 2018; 123:385-399. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b10007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor N. Simm
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alain C. Vaucher
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Reiher
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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41
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Aldaz C, Kammeraad JA, Zimmerman PM. Discovery of conical intersection mediated photochemistry with growing string methods. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:27394-27405. [PMID: 30357173 PMCID: PMC6532651 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04703k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Conical intersections (CIs) are important features of photochemistry that determine yields and selectivity. Traditional CI optimizers require significant human effort and chemical intuition, which typically restricts searching to only a small region of the CI space. Herein, a systematic approach utilizing the growing string method is introduced to locate multiple CIs. Unintuitive MECI are found using driving coordinates that can be generated using a combinatorial search, and subsequent optimization allows reaction pathways, transition states, products, and seam-space pathways to be located. These capabilities are demonstrated by application to two prototypical photoisomerization reactions and the dimerization of butadiene. In total, many reaction pathways were uncovered, including the elusive stilbene hula-twist mechanism, and a previously unidentified product in butadiene dimerization. Overall, these results suggest that growing string methods provide a predictive strategy for exploring photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Aldaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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42
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Peacock DM, Jiang Q, Cundari TR, Hartwig JF. Reductive Elimination to Form C(sp3)–N Bonds from Palladium(II) Primary Alkyl Complexes. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Matthew Peacock
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Quan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Thomas R. Cundari
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - John F. Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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43
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Rudenko AE, Clayman NE, Walker KL, Maclaren JK, Zimmerman PM, Waymouth RM. Ligand-Induced Reductive Elimination of Ethane from Azopyridine Palladium Dimethyl Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11408-11415. [PMID: 30160962 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Reductive elimination (RE) is a critical step in many catalytic processes. The reductive elimination of unsaturated groups (aryl, vinyl and ethynyl) from Pd(II) species is considerably faster than RE of saturated alkyl groups. Pd(II) dimethyl complexes ligated by chelating diimine ligands are stable toward RE unless subjected to a thermal or redox stimulus. Herein, we report the spontaneous RE of ethane from (azpy)PdMe2 complexes and the unique role of the redox-active azopyridine (azpy) ligands in facilitating this reaction. The (azpy)PdMe2 complexes are air- and moisture-stable in the solid form, but they readily produce ethane upon dissolution in polar solvents at temperatures from 10 °C to room temperature without the need for an external oxidant or elevated temperatures. Experimental and computational studies indicate that a bimolecular methyl transfer precedes the reductive elimination step, where both steps are facilitated by the redox-active azopyridine ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey E Rudenko
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-5080 , United States
| | - Naomi E Clayman
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-5080 , United States
| | - Katherine L Walker
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-5080 , United States
| | - Jana K Maclaren
- Stanford Nano Shared Facilities , Stanford University , 476 Lomita Mall , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1055 , United States
| | - Robert M Waymouth
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-5080 , United States
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44
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Guan Y, Ingman VM, Rooks BJ, Wheeler SE. AARON: An Automated Reaction Optimizer for New Catalysts. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:5249-5261. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Victoria M. Ingman
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Rooks
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Steven E. Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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45
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Vo MN, Basdogan Y, Derksen BS, Proust N, Cox GA, Kowall C, Keith JA, Johnson JK. Mechanism of Isobutylene Polymerization: Quantum Chemical Insight into AlCl3/H2O-Catalyzed Reactions. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minh Nguyen Vo
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Yasemin Basdogan
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Bridget S. Derksen
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Nico Proust
- The Lubrizol Corporation, 29400 Lakeland Boulevard, Wickliffe, Ohio 44092, United States
| | - G. Adam Cox
- The Lubrizol Corporation, 29400 Lakeland Boulevard, Wickliffe, Ohio 44092, United States
| | - Cliff Kowall
- The Lubrizol Corporation, 29400 Lakeland Boulevard, Wickliffe, Ohio 44092, United States
| | - John A. Keith
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - J. Karl Johnson
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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46
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Vaissier Welborn V, Head-Gordon T. Electrostatics Generated by a Supramolecular Capsule Stabilizes the Transition State for Carbon-Carbon Reductive Elimination from Gold(III) Complex. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3814-3818. [PMID: 29939756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahedral assemblies of stoichiometry M4L6 have been proven to catalyze a range of chemical reactions including the carbon-carbon reductive elimination reaction from transition metals such as gold. Here, we perform quantum chemical calculations of Gold(III) transition metal complexes in vacuum, and encapsulated in Ga4L612- or Si4L68- assemblies within both a reaction field continuum solvent and in an aqueous molecular environment with counterions, to rationalize the rate enhancements observed experimentally for the reductive elimination reaction. We find that the Ga4L612- assembly lowers the energy barrier of the reaction compared to Si4L68-, which is consistent with kinetic trends observed experimentally. We have determined that the primary factor for catalytic rate acceleration stems from the electrostatic environment emanating from the Ga4L612- capsule as opposed to the water or counterions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Vaissier Welborn
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Teresa Head-Gordon
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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47
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Peacock DM, Jiang Q, Hanley PS, Cundari TR, Hartwig JF. Reductive Elimination from Phosphine-Ligated Alkylpalladium(II) Amido Complexes To Form sp 3 Carbon-Nitrogen Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2018. [PMID: 29537835 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We report the formation of phosphine-ligated alkylpalladium(II) amido complexes that undergo reductive elimination to form alkyl-nitrogen bonds and a combined experimental and computational investigation of the factors controlling the rates of these reactions. The free-energy barriers to reductive elimination from t-Bu3P-ligated complexes were significantly lower (ca. 3 kcal/mol) than those previously reported from NHC-ligated complexes. The rates of reactions from complexes containing a series of electronically and sterically varied anilido ligands showed that the reductive elimination is slower from complexes of less electron-rich or more sterically hindered anilido ligands than from those containing more electron-rich and less hindered anilido ligands. Reductive elimination of alkylamines also occurred from complexes bearing bidentate P,O ligands. The rates of reactions of these four-coordinate complexes were slower than those for reactions of the three-coordinate, t-Bu3P-ligated complexes. The calculated pathway for reductive elimination from rigid, 2-methoxyarylphosphine-ligated complexes does not involve initial dissociation of the oxygen. Instead, reductive elimination is calculated to occur directly from the four-coordinate complex in concert with a lengthening of the Pd-O bond. To investigate this effect experimentally, a four-coordinate Pd(II) anilido complex containing a flexible, aliphatic linker between the P and O atoms was synthesized. Reductive elimination from this complex was faster than that from the analogous complex containing the more rigid, aryl linker. The flexible linker enables full dissociation of the ether ligand during reductive elimination, leading to the faster reaction of this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Matthew Peacock
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Quan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling , University of North Texas , Denton , Texas 76203 , United States
| | - Patrick S Hanley
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Thomas R Cundari
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling , University of North Texas , Denton , Texas 76203 , United States
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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48
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Żyła-Karwowska M, Moshniaha L, Zhylitskaya H, Stępień M. Pd-Induced Double C–H Bond Activation in Annulative Syntheses of Bipyrrole Boomerangs: Mechanistic Insights from NMR Spectroscopy and Computation. J Org Chem 2018; 83:5199-5209. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Żyła-Karwowska
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Liliia Moshniaha
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Halina Zhylitskaya
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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49
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Vitek AK, Leone AK, McNeil AJ, Zimmerman PM. Spin-Switching Transmetalation at Ni Diimine Catalysts. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K. Vitek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Amanda K. Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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50
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Lian B, Zhang L, Li SJ, Zhang LL, Fang DC. Pd IV Species Mediation in Pd II-Catalyzed Direct Alkylation of Arenes with Oxiranes: A DFT Study. J Org Chem 2018; 83:3142-3148. [PMID: 29485873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction mechanisms of Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed dehydrogenative alkylation of 2-phenylpyridine with oxirane were investigated using DFT calculations. The most plausible reaction pathway was confirmed as a PdII/IV/II catalytic cycle consisting of four processes: C-H activation, ring-opening oxidative addition of oxirane, reductive elimination, and recovery of the catalyst. According to the B2PLYP/DGDZVP computational data, the oxidative addition of oxirane for converting PdII to PdIV was assigned to be the rate-determining step with a free-energy barrier of 28.1 kcal·mol-1. For comparison, we also studied the alternative PdII-only pathway without a change of oxidation state and found that it was hindered kinetically by a high free-energy barrier of 75.1 kcal·mol-1 occurring for the ring-opening migratory insertion of oxirane. In addition, the small-ring strain of oxirane should be responsible for the feasible C-O bond-cleavage and subsequent PdII → PdIV conversion, because the designed four-, five-, and six-membered-ring reagents did not display such an oxidative addition reactivity. Lastly, an extended reactivity order among oxirane, PhI, PhBr, and PhCl toward oxidative addition onto PdII to form PdIV was proposed in this article based on the computed kinetic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Lian
- College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China.,School of Science , Tianjin Chengjian University , Tianjin 300384 , China
| | - Shi-Jun Li
- College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
| | - Lu-Lu Zhang
- College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
| | - De-Cai Fang
- College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
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