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Su X, Liu R, Li Y, Han T, Zhang Z, Niu N, Kang M, Fu S, Wang D, Wang D, Tang BZ. Aggregation-Induced Emission-Active Poly(phenyleneethynylene)s for Fluorescence and Raman Dual-Modal Imaging and Drug-Resistant Bacteria Killing. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2101167. [PMID: 34606177 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Poly(phenyleneethynylene) (PPE) is a widely used functional conjugated polymer with applications ranging from organic optoelectronics and fluorescence sensors to optical imaging and theranostics. However, the fluorescence efficiency of PPE in aggregate states is generally not as good as their solution states, which greatly compromises their performance in fluorescence-related applications. Herein, a series of PPE derivatives with typical aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties is designed and synthesized. In these PPEs, the diethylamino-substituted tetraphenylethene units function as the long-wavelength AIE source and the alkyl side chains serve as the functionalization site. The obtained AIE-active PPEs with large π-conjugation show strong aggregate-state fluorescence, interesting self-assembly behaviors, inherently enhanced alkyne vibrations in the Raman-silent region of cells, and efficient antibacterial activities. The PPE nanoparticles with good cellular uptake capability can clearly and sensitively visualize the tumor region and residual tumors via their fluorescence and Raman signals, respectively, to benefit the precise tumor resection surgery. After post-functionalization, the obtained PPE-based polyelectrolyte can preferentially image bacteria over mammalian cells and possesses efficient photodynamic killing capability against Gram-positive and drug-resistant bacteria. This work provides a feasible design strategy for developing functional conjugated polymers with multimodal imaging capability as well as photodynamic antimicrobial ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Su
- Center for AIE Research Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong 999077 China
| | - Ruihua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Ying Li
- Center for AIE Research Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Ting Han
- Center for AIE Research Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Center for AIE Research Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Niu Niu
- Center for AIE Research Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Miaomiao Kang
- Center for AIE Research Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Shuang Fu
- Center for AIE Research Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Deliang Wang
- Center for AIE Research Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Dong Wang
- Center for AIE Research Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong 999077 China
- Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology School of Science and Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Guangdong 518172 China
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2
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Tang Y, Zhuang Y, Zhang S, Smith ZJ, Li Y, Mu X, Li M, He C, Zheng X, Pan F, Gao T, Zhang L. Azo-Enhanced Raman Scattering for Enhancing the Sensitivity and Tuning the Frequency of Molecular Vibrations. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:768-780. [PMID: 34079895 PMCID: PMC8161494 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Raman scattering provides stable narrow-banded signals that potentially allow for multicolor microscopic imaging. The major obstacle for the applications of Raman spectroscopy and microscopy is the small cross section of Raman scattering that results in low sensitivity. Here, we report a new concept of azo-enhanced Raman scattering (AERS) by designing the intrinsic molecular structures using resonance Raman and concomitant fluorescence quenching strategies. Based on the selection of vibrational modes and the enhancing unit of azobenzenes, we obtained a library of AERS molecules with specific Raman signals in the fingerprint and silent frequency regions. The spectral characterization and molecular simulation revealed that the azobenzene unit conjugated to the vibrational modes significantly enhanced Raman signals due to the mechanism of extending the conjugation system, coupling the electronic-vibrational transitions, and improving the symmetry of vibrational modes. The nonradiative decay of azobenzene from the excited state quenched the commitment fluorescence, thus providing a clean background for identifying Raman scattering. The most sensitive AERS molecules produced Raman signals of more than 4 orders of magnitude compared to 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU). In addition, a frequency tunability of 10 distinct Raman bands was achieved by selecting different types of vibrational modes. This methodology of AERS allows for designing small-molecule Raman probes to visualize various entities in complex systems by multicolor spontaneous Raman imaging. It will open new prospects to explore innovative applications of AERS in interdisciplinary research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Tang
- China
Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China
- College
of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yongpeng Zhuang
- China
Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China
- College
of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- China
Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China
- College
of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zachary J. Smith
- Department
of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yuee Li
- School
of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xijiao Mu
- School
of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mengna Li
- China
Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China
- College
of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Caili He
- China
Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China
- College
of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xingxing Zheng
- China
Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China
- College
of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Fangfang Pan
- China
Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China
- College
of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Tingjuan Gao
- China
Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China
- College
of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- China
Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China
- College
of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
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Polovinkin V, Khakurel K, Babiak M, Angelov B, Schneider B, Dohnalek J, Andreasson J, Hajdu J. Demonstration of electron diffraction from membrane protein crystals grown in a lipidic mesophase after lamella preparation by focused ion beam milling at cryogenic temperatures. J Appl Crystallogr 2020; 53:1416-1424. [PMID: 33304220 PMCID: PMC7710488 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576720013096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron crystallography of sub-micrometre-sized 3D protein crystals has emerged recently as a valuable field of structural biology. In meso crystallization methods, utilizing lipidic mesophases, particularly lipidic cubic phases (LCPs), can produce high-quality 3D crystals of membrane proteins (MPs). A major step towards realizing 3D electron crystallography of MP crystals, grown in meso, is to demonstrate electron diffraction from such crystals. The first task is to remove the viscous and sticky lipidic matrix that surrounds the crystals without damaging the crystals. Additionally, the crystals have to be thin enough to let electrons traverse them without significant multiple scattering. In the present work, the concept that focused ion beam milling at cryogenic temperatures (cryo-FIB milling) can be used to remove excess host lipidic mesophase matrix is experimentally verified, and then the crystals are thinned to a thickness suitable for electron diffraction. In this study, bacteriorhodopsin (BR) crystals grown in a lipidic cubic mesophase of monoolein were used as a model system. LCP from a part of a hexagon-shaped plate-like BR crystal (∼10 µm in thickness and ∼70 µm in the longest dimension), which was flash-frozen in liquid nitro-gen, was milled away with a gallium FIB under cryogenic conditions, and a part of the crystal itself was thinned into a ∼210 nm-thick lamella with the ion beam. The frozen sample was then transferred into an electron cryo-microscope, and a nanovolume of ∼1400 × 1400 × 210 nm of the BR lamella was exposed to 200 kV electrons at a fluence of ∼0.06 e Å-2. The resulting electron diffraction peaks were detected beyond 2.7 Å resolution (with an average peak height to background ratio of >2) by a CMOS-based Ceta 16M camera. The results demonstrate that cryo-FIB milling produces high-quality lamellae from crystals grown in lipidic mesophases and pave the way for 3D electron crystallography on crystals grown or embedded in highly viscous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Polovinkin
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Science, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Krishna Khakurel
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Science, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Babiak
- CEITEC – Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/4, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Borislav Angelov
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Science, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bohdan Schneider
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, CZ-252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dohnalek
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, CZ-252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jakob Andreasson
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Science, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Janos Hajdu
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Science, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
This is a review of relevant Raman spectroscopy (RS) techniques and their use in structural biology, biophysics, cells, and tissues imaging towards development of various medical diagnostic tools, drug design, and other medical applications. Classical and contemporary structural studies of different water-soluble and membrane proteins, DNA, RNA, and their interactions and behavior in different systems were analyzed in terms of applicability of RS techniques and their complementarity to other corresponding methods. We show that RS is a powerful method that links the fundamental structural biology and its medical applications in cancer, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, atherosclerotic, and other diseases. In particular, the key roles of RS in modern technologies of structure-based drug design are the detection and imaging of membrane protein microcrystals with the help of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), which would help to further the development of protein structural crystallography and would result in a number of novel high-resolution structures of membrane proteins—drug targets; and, structural studies of photoactive membrane proteins (rhodopsins, photoreceptors, etc.) for the development of new optogenetic tools. Physical background and biomedical applications of spontaneous, stimulated, resonant, and surface- and tip-enhanced RS are also discussed. All of these techniques have been extensively developed during recent several decades. A number of interesting applications of CARS, resonant, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy methods are also discussed.
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Tian S, Li H, Li Z, Tang H, Yin M, Chen Y, Wang S, Gao Y, Yang X, Meng F, Lauher JW, Wang P, Luo L. Polydiacetylene-based ultrastrong bioorthogonal Raman probes for targeted live-cell Raman imaging. Nat Commun 2020; 11:81. [PMID: 31900403 PMCID: PMC6941979 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Live-cell Raman imaging based on bioorthogonal Raman probes with distinct signals in the cellular Raman-silent region (1800-2800 cm-1) has attracted great interest in recent years. We report here a class of water-soluble and biocompatible polydiacetylenes with intrinsic ultrastrong alkyne Raman signals that locate in this region for organelle-targeting live-cell Raman imaging. Using a host-guest topochemical polymerization strategy, we have synthesized a water-soluble and functionalizable master polydiacetylene, namely poly(deca-4,6-diynedioic acid) (PDDA), which possesses significantly enhanced (up to ~104 fold) alkyne vibration compared to conventional alkyne Raman probes. In addition, PDDA can be used as a general platform for multi-functional ultrastrong Raman probes. We achieve high quality live-cell stimulated Raman scattering imaging on the basis of modified PDDA. The polydiacetylene-based Raman probes represent ultrastrong intrinsic Raman imaging agents in the Raman-silent region (without any Raman enhancer), and the flexible functionalization of this material holds great promise for its potential diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidan Tian
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Haozheng Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11790, USA
| | - Huajun Tang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Mingming Yin
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yage Chen
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Shun Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement & Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Fanling Meng
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Joseph W Lauher
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11790, USA.
| | - Ping Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China. .,Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
| | - Liang Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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