1
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Saha S, Averkiev B, Sues PE. Ruthenium Phosphinimine Complex as a Fast-Initiating Olefin Metathesis Catalyst with Competing Catalytic Cycles. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayantani Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66503, United States
| | - Boris Averkiev
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66503, United States
| | - Peter E. Sues
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66503, United States
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2
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Pal S, Mandal I, Kilbinger AFM. Controlled Alternating Metathesis Copolymerization of Terminal Alkynes. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:847-853. [PMID: 35736023 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Terminal alkynes display high reactivity toward Ru-carbene metathesis catalysts. However, the formation of a less reactive bulky carbene hinders their homopolymerization. Simultaneously, the higher reactivity of alkynes does not allow efficient cross propagation with sterically less-hindered cycloalkene monomers, resulting in inefficient copolymerization. Nonetheless, terminal alkynes undergo rapid cross-metathesis with vinyl ethers. Therefore, an efficient cross propagation can be achieved with terminal alkynes and cyclic enol ether monomers. Here, we show that terminal alkyne derivatives can be copolymerized in an alternating fashion with 2,3-dihydrofuran using Grubbs' third generation catalyst (G3). A linear relationship of the number-average molecular weight versus monomer to initiator ratio and block copolymer synthesis confirmed a controlled copolymerization. The SEC and NMR analyses of the synthesized copolymers confirmed the excellent control over molecular weight and exclusive alternating nature of the copolymer. The regioselective chain transfer of G3 to vinyl ether and the high reactivity of the Fischer-type Ru carbene toward terminal alkynes was also exploited for polymer conjugation. Finally, the presence of an acid labile backbone functionality in the synthesized alternating copolymers allowed complete degradation of the copolymer within a short time interval which was confirmed by SEC analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Pal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Indradip Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas F M Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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3
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Murai M, Taniguchi R, Takai K. Regiodivergent Carbene/Alkyne Metathesis in Chromium-Mediated Coupling and Cyclization with 1,6-Enynes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Murai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Ryuji Taniguchi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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4
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Yasir M, Kilbinger AFM. Cascade Ring-Opening/Ring-Closing Metathesis Polymerization of a Monomer Containing a Norbornene and a Cyclohexene Ring. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:210-214. [PMID: 35570788 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Norbornene is polymerized extremely fast when reacted with Grubbs' first (G1) or third generation catalyst (G3) because of its very high ring strain energy. Cyclohexene, on the other hand, cannot be polymerized using G1 or G3 due to its very low ring strain energy. Subsequently, the sequence-selective polymerization of these two monomers is extremely challenging. A sequence-selective cascade ring-opening/ring-closing metathesis polymerization of the monomer M containing both the norbornene and the cyclohexene ring using G1 or G3 is reported. The polymer structure was analyzed by 1H NMR, 1H-1H COSY, and 1H-1H ROESY spectroscopy and MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry. Polymers with moderate molecular weight dispersities and good molecular weight control were achieved by varying the ratio between monomer M and G1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yasir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas F. M. Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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5
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Senapati S, Ramana CV. A concise/catalytic approach for the construction of the C14-C28 fragment of eribulin. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:4542-4550. [PMID: 33949579 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00661d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple approach for the synthesis of the C14-C28 fragment of eribulin has been developed by employing a one-pot gold-catalyzed alkynol cyclization/Kishi reduction to construct the 1,5-cis-tetrahydropyran unit and a cross-metathesis/Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation-cycloetherification to install the 1,4-trans-tetrahydrofuran ring. Use of easily accessible building blocks, ease of operation and catalytic transformations as key reactions for the construction of THF/THP units highlight the current approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibadatta Senapati
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Chepuri V Ramana
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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6
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Kang C, Jung K, Ahn S, Choi TL. Controlled Cyclopolymerization of 1,5-Hexadiynes to Give Narrow Band Gap Conjugated Polyacetylenes Containing Highly Strained Cyclobutenes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17140-17146. [PMID: 32915557 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For decades, cyclopolymerization of α,ω-diyne derivatives has been an effective method to synthesize various soluble polyacetylenes containing five- to seven-membered rings in the backbone. However, cyclopolymerization to form four-membered carbocycles was considered impossible due to their exceptionally high ring strain (∼30 kcal/mol). Herein, we demonstrate the successful cyclopolymerization of rationally designed 1,5-hexadiyne derivatives to afford various polyacetylenes containing highly strained cyclobutenes in each repeat unit. After screening, Ru catalysts containing bulky diisopropylphenyl groups promoted challenging four-membered ring cyclization efficiently from various monomers, enabling the synthesis of high molecular weight (up to 40 kDa) polyacetylenes in a controlled manner. Furthermore, living polymerization allowed for block copolymer synthesis by combining with ring-opening metathesis polymerization as well as block copolymerization of two different 1,5-hexadiyne monomers to give a fully conjugated polyacetylene. These new polymers unexpectedly showed much narrower band gaps than conventional substituted polyacetylenes by >0.2 eV. Interestingly, computational studies showed much smaller bond length alternation in the conjugated backbone containing cyclobutenes, resulting in highly delocalized π electrons along the polymer chain and lower band gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kijung Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sojeong Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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7
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Peterson GI, Choi TL. Cascade polymerizations: recent developments in the formation of polymer repeat units by cascade reactions. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4843-4854. [PMID: 34122940 PMCID: PMC8159232 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01475c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, most polymerizations rely on simple reactions such as alkene addition, ring-opening, and condensation because they are robust, highly efficient, and selective. These reactions, however, generally only yield a single new C-C or C-O bond during each propagation step. In recent years, novel macromolecules have been prepared with propagation steps that involve cascade reactions, enabling various combinations of bond making and breaking steps to form more complex repeat units. These polymerizations are often challenging, given the requirements for high conversion and selectivity in controlled polymerizations, yet they provide polymers with unique chemical structures and significantly broaden the scope of how polymers can be made. In this perspective, we summarize the recent developments in cascade polymerizations, primarily focusing on single-component cascades (rather than multi-component polymerizations). Polymerization performance, monomer scope, and mechanisms are discussed for polymerizations utilizing radical, ionic, and metathesis-based mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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8
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Kang C, Sung JC, Kim K, Hong SH, Choi TL. Synthesis of Conjugated Polyenynes with Alternating Six- and Five-Membered Rings via β-Selective Cascade Metathesis and Metallotropy Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:339-343. [PMID: 35648545 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cascade metathesis and metallotropy (M&M) polymerization, which involves sequential olefin metathesis and metallotropic 1,3-shift reactions specifically from multiyne monomers, is the only method reported so far to prepare conjugated polyenynes via the chain-growth mechanism. Using this method, various conjugated polyenynes containing cyclopentene units in the backbone could be synthesized via exclusive α-addition by using the third-generation Grubbs catalyst. Herein, we demonstrate the complete switch of regioselectivity toward β-addition using a Ru carbene containing a dithiolate ligand, and thus, synthesized unique conjugated polyenynes having alternating cyclohexene and cyclopentene units in the backbone. Furthermore, detailed in situ NMR studies revealed an interesting phenomenon that the adjacent triple bond strongly chelates to the propagating Ru carbene during the polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunsoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Hyeok Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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9
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Liu X, Liu F, Liu W, Gu H. ROMP and MCP as Versatile and Forceful Tools to Fabricate Dendronized Polymers for Functional Applications. POLYM REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2020.1723022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangfei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haibin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Multifunctional conjugated 1,6-heptadiynes and its derivatives stimulated molecular electronics: Future moletronics. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Jung K, Ahmed TS, Lee J, Sung JC, Keum H, Grubbs RH, Choi TL. Living β-selective cyclopolymerization using Ru dithiolate catalysts. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8955-8963. [PMID: 31762976 PMCID: PMC6855257 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01326a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclopolymerization (CP) of 1,6-heptadiyne derivatives is a powerful method for synthesizing conjugated polyenes containing five- or six-membered rings via α- or β-addition, respectively. Fifteen years of studies on CP have revealed that user-friendly Ru-based catalysts promoted only α-addition; however, we recently achieved β-selective regiocontrol to produce polyenes containing six-membered-rings, using a dithiolate-chelated Ru-based catalyst. Unfortunately, slow initiation and relatively low catalyst stability inevitably led to uncontrolled polymerization. Nevertheless, this investigation gave us some clues to how successful living polymerization could be achieved. Herein, we report living β-selective CP by rational engineering of the steric factor on monomer or catalyst structures. As a result, the molecular weight of the conjugated polymers from various monomers could be controlled with narrow dispersities, according to the catalyst loading. A mechanistic investigation by in situ kinetic studies using 1H NMR spectroscopy revealed that with appropriate pyridine additives, imposing a steric demand on either the monomer or the catalyst significantly improved the stability of the propagating carbene as well as the relative rates of initiation over propagation, thereby achieving living polymerization. Furthermore, we successfully prepared diblock and even triblock copolymers with a broad monomer scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kijung Jung
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Tonia S Ahmed
- The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis , Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , USA
| | - Jaeho Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Jong-Chan Sung
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Hyeyun Keum
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Robert H Grubbs
- The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis , Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , USA
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea .
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12
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Kanbayashi N, Okamura TA, Onitsuka K. Living Cyclocopolymerization through Alternating Insertion of Isocyanide and Allene via Controlling the Reactivity of the Propagation Species: Detailed Mechanistic Investigation. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:15307-15317. [PMID: 31475819 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Living cyclocopolymerization through the alternating insertion of an isocyanide and allene into palladium-carbon bond was developed based on the controlling the reactivity of the propagation species using bidentate ligands. We revealed that the rate of the presented cyclocopolymerization was depended on the ligands of Pd-initiator. When the palladium-methyl complexes having appropriate cis-chelating ligand, such as 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp), were used as initiator, the cyclocopolymerization of bifunctional aryl isocyanides (1) that contain both isocyano and allenyl moieties polymerized to afford poly(quinolylene-2,3-methylene)s with controlled molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distributions. The resulting polymer was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR analyses, which clearly showed that the terminal moiety of the polymer formed well-defined organopalladium complex as the resting state for the polymerization, which could undergo further polymerization; not only cyclocopolymerization with 1 but also homopolymerization of simple aryl isocyanide. In the analysis of the cyclocopolymerization mechanism, we conclusively demonstrated that the insertion reaction of isocyanide is the rate-determination step in the cyclocopolymerization, which proceeds via a five-coordinate intermediate with a geometrical change. The cis-chelating ligand controls the site interchange reaction, which dominates the reactivity of propagation species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Kanbayashi
- Department of Macromolecular Science Graduate School of Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 , Japan
| | - Taka-Aki Okamura
- Department of Macromolecular Science Graduate School of Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 , Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Onitsuka
- Department of Macromolecular Science Graduate School of Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 , Japan
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13
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Song JA, Park B, Kim S, Kang C, Lee D, Baik MH, Grubbs RH, Choi TL. Living Polymerization Caught in the Act: Direct Observation of an Arrested Intermediate in Metathesis Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10039-10047. [PMID: 31194522 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the stability and reactivity of the propagating species is critical in living polymerization. Therefore, most living olefin metathesis polymerizations require the stabilization of the catalyst by coordination of external ligands containing Lewis basic heteroatoms, e.g., phosphines and pyridines. However, in some cases, chemists postulated that the propagating metal carbene could also be stabilized by olefin chelation. Here, we disclose that stable 16-electron olefin-chelated Ru carbenes play a key role in previously reported living/controlled ring-opening metathesis polymerization of endo-tricyclo[4.2.2.02,5]deca-3,9-diene and cyclopolymerization of 1,8-nonadiynes using Grubbs catalysts. We successfully isolated these propagating species during polymerization and confirmed their olefin-chelated structures using X-ray crystallography and NMR analysis. DFT calculations and van 't Hoff plots from the equilibrium between olefin-chelated Ru carbenes and 3-chloropyridine (Py)-coordinated carbenes revealed that entropically favored olefin chelation overwhelmed enthalpically more stable Py-coordinated Ru carbenes at room temperature. Therefore, olefin chelation stabilized the propagating species and slowed down the propagation relative to initiation, thereby lowering polydispersity. This finding provides a deeper understanding of the olefin metathesis polymerization mechanism using Grubbs catalysts and offers clues for designing new controlled/living polymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ah Song
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Bohyun Park
- Department of Chemistry , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyung Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Kang
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Robert H Grubbs
- The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
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14
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Peterson GI, Yang S, Choi TL. Synthesis of Functional Polyacetylenes via Cyclopolymerization of Diyne Monomers with Grubbs-type Catalysts. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:994-1005. [PMID: 30689346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Metathesis cyclopolymerization (CP) of α,ω-diynes is a powerful method to prepare functional polyacetylenes (PAs). PAs have long been studied due to their interesting electrical, optical, photonic, and magnetic properties which make them candidates for use in various advanced applications. Grubbs catalysts are widely used throughout synthetic chemistry, largely due to their accessibility, high reactivity, and tolerance to air, moisture, and many functional groups. Prior to our entrance into this field, only a few examples of CP using modified Grubbs catalysts existed. Inspired by these works, we saw an opportunity to expand the accessibility and utility of Grubbs-catalyzed CPs. We began by exploring CP with popular and commercially available Grubbs catalysts. We found Grubbs third-generation catalyst (G3) to be an excellent catalyst when we used strategies to stabilize the propagating Ru carbene, such as decreasing the polymerization temperature or using weakly coordinating solvent or ligands. Controlled living polymerizations were demonstrated using various 1,6-heptadiyne monomers and yielded polymers with exclusively 5-membered rings (via α-addition) in the polymer backbone. The strategy of stabilizing the Ru carbene was also critical to successful CP with Hoveyda-Grubbs second-generation (HG2) and Grubbs first-generation (G1) catalysts. We found that decomposed Ru species were catalyzing side reactions which could be completely shut down by decreasing the reaction temperature or using weakly coordinating ligands. While HG2 generally led to uncontrolled polymerizations, we found it to be an effective catalyst for monomers with very large side chains. G1 displayed broader functional group tolerance and thus broader monomer scope than G3. We next looked at our ability to change the regioselectivity of the polymerization by using Z-selective catalysts which favor β-addition and the formation of 6-membered rings in the polymer backbone. While modest β-selectivity could be obtained using Grubbs Z-selective catalyst at low temperatures, we found that by using one of Hoveyda and co-workers' catalysts with decreased carbene electrophilicity, we could achieve exclusive formation of 6-membered rings. We also pursued alternative routes to achieve 6+-membered rings in the polymer backbone by using diyne monomers with increased distance between alkynes. We found that optimizing the monomer structure for CP was an effective strategy to achieve controlled polymerizations. By using bulky substituents (maximizing the Thorpe-Ingold effect) and/or using heteroatoms (shorter bonds) to bring the alkynes closer together, controlled living CP could be achieved with various 1,7-octadiyne and 1,8-nonadiyne monomers. Finally, we took advantage of several inherent properties of controlled CP techniques to prepare polymers with advanced architectures and nanostructures. For instance, the living nature of the polymerization enabled production of block copolymers, the tolerance of very large substituents enabled production of dendronized and brush polymers, and the insolubility or crystallinity of some monomers was utilized for the spontaneous self-assembly of polymers into various one- and two-dimensional nanostructures. Overall, the strategies of stabilizing the propagating Ru carbene, modulating the selectivity and reactivity of the Ru carbene, and enhancing the inherent reactivity of monomers were key to improving the utility and performance of CP with Grubbs-type catalysts. The insight provided by these studies will be important for future developments of CP and other metathesis polymerizations utilizing ring-closing steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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15
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Chen J, Sun R, Liao X, Han H, Li Y, Xie M. Tandem Metathesis Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly to Nanostructured Block Copolymer and the Controlled Triazolinedione Modification for Enhancing Dielectric Properties. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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16
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Comparative Studies on Properties of Polymers with Bulky Side Groups Synthesized by Cyclopolymerization of α,ω-Dienes and α,ω-Diynes. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-019-2183-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Pasini D, Takeuchi D. Cyclopolymerizations: Synthetic Tools for the Precision Synthesis of Macromolecular Architectures. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8983-9057. [PMID: 30146875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monomers possessing two functionalities suitable for polymerization are often designed and utilized in syntheses directed to the formation of cross-linked macromolecules. In this review, we give an account of recent developments related to the use of such monomers in cyclopolymerization processes, in order to form linear, soluble macromolecules. These processes can be activated by means of radical, ionic, or transition-metal mediated chain-growth polymerization mechanisms, to achieve cyclic moieties of variable ring size which are embedded within the polymer backbone, driving and tuning peculiar physical properties of the resulting macromolecules. The two functionalities are covalently linked by a "tether", which can be appropriately designed in order to "imprint" elements of chemical information into the polymer backbone during the synthesis and, in some cases, be removed by postpolymerization reactions. The two functionalities can possess identical or even very different reactivities toward the polymerization mechanism involved; in the latter case, consequences and outcomes related to the sequence-controlled, precision synthesis of macromolecules have been demonstrated. Recent advances in new initiating systems and polymerization catalysts enabled the precision syntheses of polymers with regulated cyclic structures by highly regio- and/or stereoselective cyclopolymerization. Cyclopolymerizations involving double cyclization, ring-opening, or isomerization have been also developed, generating unique repeating structures, which can hardly be obtained by conventional polymerization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Pasini
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit , University of Pavia , Viale Taramelli , 10-27100 Pavia , Italy
| | - Daisuke Takeuchi
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology , Hirosaki University , 3 Bunkyo-cho , Hirosaki , Aomori , 036-8561 , Japan
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18
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Jung K, Kim K, Sung JC, Ahmed TS, Hong SH, Grubbs RH, Choi TL. Toward Perfect Regiocontrol for β-Selective Cyclopolymerization Using a Ru-Based Olefin Metathesis Catalyst. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kijung Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunsoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tonia S. Ahmed
- The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Soon Hyeok Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert H. Grubbs
- The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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19
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Wang W, Cui L, Sun P, Shi L, Yue C, Li F. Reusable N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complex Catalysts and Beyond: A Perspective on Recycling Strategies. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9843-9929. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Wang
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Lifeng Cui
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lijun Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chengtao Yue
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fuwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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20
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2016. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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21
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Jung H, Jung K, Hong M, Kwon S, Kim K, Hong SH, Choi TL, Baik MH. Understanding the Origin of the Regioselectivity in Cyclopolymerizations of Diynes and How to Completely Switch It. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:834-841. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b11968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hoimin Jung
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center
for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kijung Jung
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mannkyu Hong
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center
for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongyeon Kwon
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center
for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunsoon Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Hyeok Hong
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center
for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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22
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Kandimalla SR, Sabitha G. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Oxacyclic Spirooxindole Derivatives through Ring-Closing Enyne Metathesis and Intramolecular Pauson-Khand (2+2+1) Cyclization of Oxindole Enynes. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satheeshkumar Reddy Kandimalla
- Natural Products Chemistry Division; CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi 110 025 India
| | - Gowravaram Sabitha
- Natural Products Chemistry Division; CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi 110 025 India
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23
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Kang C, Park H, Lee JK, Choi TL. Cascade Polymerization via Controlled Tandem Olefin Metathesis/Metallotropic 1,3-Shift Reactions for the Synthesis of Fully Conjugated Polyenynes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11309-11312. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyeon Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jin-Kyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Deryn E. Fogg
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, and Centre for Catalysis Research & Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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25
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Kang C, Kang EH, Choi TL. Successful Cyclopolymerization of 1,6-Heptadiynes Using First-Generation Grubbs Catalyst Twenty Years after Its Invention: Revealing a Comprehensive Picture of Cyclopolymerization Using Grubbs Catalysts. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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26
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Song JA, Choi TL. Seven-Membered Ring-Forming Cyclopolymerization of 1,8-Nonadiyne Derivatives Using Grubbs Catalysts: Rational Design of Monomers and Insights into the Mechanism for Olefin Metathesis Polymerizations. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ah Song
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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