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Atkins AP, Dean AC, Lennox AJJ. Benzylic C(sp 3)-H fluorination. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1527-1547. [PMID: 39015617 PMCID: PMC11250007 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The selective fluorination of C(sp3)-H bonds is an attractive target, particularly for pharmaceutical and agrochemical applications. Consequently, over recent years much attention has been focused on C(sp3)-H fluorination, and several methods that are selective for benzylic C-H bonds have been reported. These protocols operate via several distinct mechanistic pathways and involve a variety of fluorine sources with distinct reactivity profiles. This review aims to give context to these transformations and strategies, highlighting the different tactics to achieve fluorination of benzylic C-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice C Dean
- University of Bristol, School of Chemistry, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K.
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2
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Zhao C, Gao R, Ma W, Li M, Li Y, Zhang Q, Guan W, Fu J. A facile synthesis of α,β-unsaturated imines via palladium-catalyzed dehydrogenation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4329. [PMID: 38773128 PMCID: PMC11109338 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48737-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The dehydrogenation adjacent to an electron-withdrawing group provides an efficient access to α,β-unsaturated compounds that serving as versatile synthons in organic chemistry. However, the α,β-desaturation of aliphatic imines has hitherto proven to be challenging due to easy hydrolysis and preferential dimerization. Herein, by employing a pre-fluorination and palladium-catalyzed dehydrogenation reaction sequence, the abundant simple aliphatic amides are amendable to the rapid construction of complex molecular architectures to produce α,β-unsaturated imines. Mechanistic investigations reveal a Pd(0)/Pd(II) catalytic cycle involving oxidative H-F elimination of N-fluoroamide followed by a smooth α,β-desaturation of the in-situ generated aliphatic imine intermediate. This protocol exhibits excellent functional group tolerance, and even the carbonyl groups are compatible without any competing dehydrogenation, allowing for late-stage functionalization of complex bioactive molecules. The synthetic utility of this transformation has been further demonstrated by a diversity-oriented derivatization and a concise formal synthesis of (±)-alloyohimbane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design and Synthesis and Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Rongwan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Wenxuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design and Synthesis and Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design and Synthesis and Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yifei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design and Synthesis and Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design and Synthesis and Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
| | - Junkai Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design and Synthesis and Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
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3
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Xie X, Li J, Li W, Li Y, Guo K, Zhu Y, Chen K. Silver-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Remote Fluorination via a Zwitterion-Promoted 1,4-Heteroaryl Migration. Org Lett 2024; 26:2228-2232. [PMID: 38457330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
A silver-catalyzed decarboxylative remote fluorination via a zwitterion-promoted 1,4-heteroaryl migration has been developed. A variety of heteroaryl-tethered benzyl fluorides have been readily synthesized with good regioselectivity under mild conditions. The zwitterion of the substrate is suggested to accelerate the 1,4-heteroaryl migration, which determines the regioselectivity of this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weinan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Hebei Normal University for Nationalities, Chengde 067000, China
| | - Yingguang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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4
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Yu F, Wang W, Wang S. Copper-Catalyzed, Interrupted Remote Fluoromethylthiolation of Unactivated C(sp3)-H Bonds. Org Lett 2024; 26:2068-2072. [PMID: 38426710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
An efficient copper-catalyzed selective fluoromethylthiolation of an inert δ-C(sp3)-H bond in sulfonamides was reported. In the presence of a copper catalyst and PhSO2SRf, the radical generated through 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) was sufficiently trapped by PhSO2SRf, instead of copper, which was prevalent in metal-catalyzed radical-relay processes, incorporating a fluoromethylthio group into molecules. The general substrate scope and mild conditions endowed the method with wide potential applications in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Wengui Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoufeng Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, People's Republic of China
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5
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Wei Y, Wang Z, Wang K, Qiu JK, Wang Z, Li H, Duan X, Guo K, Bao X, Wu X. Copper-Catalyzed Radical Allene C(sp 2 )-H Cyanation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317132. [PMID: 38038249 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
While the hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) from C(sp3 )-H bond has been well explored, the radical-mediated chemo- and regio-selective functionalization of allenic C(sp2 )-H bond via direct HAA from C(sp2 )-H bond of allene remains an unsolved challenge in synthetic chemistry. This is primarily due to inherent challenges with addition of radical intermediates to allenes, regioselectivity of HAA process, instability of allenyl radical toward propargyl radical et al. Herein, we report a copper catalyzed allenic C(sp2 )-H cyanation of an array of tri- and di-substituted allenes with exceptional site-selectivity, while mono-substituted allene was successfully cyanated, albeit with a low yield. In the developed strategy, steric N-fluoro-N-alkylsulfonamide, serving as precursor of hydrogen atom abstractor, plays a crucial role in achieving the desired regioselectivity and avoiding addition of N-centered radical to allene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Kaifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jiang-Kai Qiu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhaoshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Haotian Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xiu Duan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xiaoguang Bao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xinxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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6
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Li W, Sun B, Zhang L, Mo F. Visible-Light-Induced Transition-Metal-Free Redox-Neutral Carboxylation of Remote Benzylic C(sp 3)-H Bonds via 1,5-Hydrogen Atom Transfer. J Org Chem 2024; 89:521-526. [PMID: 38088918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The direct carboxylation of the benzylic C-H bonds under mild conditions is of great importance and is quite challenging. Herein, we report an approach for the carboxylation of remote benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds by integrating the redox-neutral visible-light photoredox catalysis and the nitrogen-centered 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer. The chemical transformation progresses via consecutive single electron transfer, 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer, formation of benzylic carbanion, and nucleophilic attack on the CO2 steps, thereby enabling access to the desired carboxylation products with moderate to high yields. We also endeavor to recover the CO2 groups generated in situ intramolecularly to achieve carboxylation under a nitrogen atmosphere, resulting in moderate yields of corresponding carboxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenke Li
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Beiqi Sun
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fanyang Mo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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7
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Holt E, Ruskin J, Garrison NG, Vemulapalli S, Lam W, Kiame N, Henriquez N, Borukhova F, Williams J, Dudding T, Lectka T. Photoactivated Pyridine Directed Fluorination through Hydrogen Atom Transfer. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 38033293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
We have established hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) as the key player in a directed, photopromoted fluorination of pyridylic groups. The Lewis basic pyridyl nitrogen directs amine radical dication propagated HAT and Selectfluor fluorination of various ortho substituents in a highly regioselective manner with little to no side product formation. A variety of pyridines and quinolines were employed to showcase the directing capability of the nitrogen atom. Additionally, both experimental and computational data are provided that illuminate how this mechanism differs from and complements prior work in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Holt
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jonah Ruskin
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Nathaniel G Garrison
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Srini Vemulapalli
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S3A1, Canada
| | - Winson Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Neil Kiame
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Nicolas Henriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Fanny Borukhova
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jack Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Travis Dudding
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S3A1, Canada
| | - Thomas Lectka
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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8
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Zhang D, Fan J, Shi Y, Huang Y, Fu C, Wu X, Ma S. Copper-catalyzed propargylic C-H functionalization for allene syntheses. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9191-9196. [PMID: 37655026 PMCID: PMC10466309 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01501g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Allenenitriles bearing different synthetically versatile functional groups have been prepared smoothly from 5-alkynyl fluorosulfonamides in decent yields with an excellent chemo- and regio-selectivity under redox neutral conditions. The resulting allenenitriles can be readily converted to useful functionalized heterocycles. Based on mechanistic study, it is confirmed that this is the first example of radical-based non-activated propargylic C-H functionalization for allene syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China
| | - Junjie Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China
| | - Yaqi Shi
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China
| | - Yankai Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China
| | - Chunling Fu
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China
| | - Shengming Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China
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9
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Du Z, Liu S, Li Y, Peng J, Sun Y, Song Y, Liu Y, Zeng X. Fluoroamide-Directed Regiodivergent C-Alkylation of Nitroalkanes. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37314942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, by exploiting different activation modes of fluoroamides, we achieved α- and δ-C(sp3)-H alkylation of nitroalkanes with switchable regioselectivity. Cu catalysis enabled the interception of a distal C-centered radical by a N-centered radical to couple nitroalkanes and unactivated δ-C-H bonds. In addition, imines generated in situ by fluoroamides were trapped by nitroalkanes to realize the α-C-H alkylation of amides. Both of those scalable protocols have broad substrate scopes and good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Shiwen Liu
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Institute of Flexible Functional Materials, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, China
| | - Yuke Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Junjie Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Yanji Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Yanshan Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Xiaojun Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
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10
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Liu S, Kumar N, Robert F, Landais Y. Thiochromane Formation via Visible-Light-Mediated Intramolecular δ-C(sp 3)-H Bond Arylation of Sulfonamides. Org Lett 2023; 25:3072-3077. [PMID: 37092716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light-mediated intramolecular site-selective δ-C(sp3)-H bond arylation of aliphatic trifluoromethanesulfonamides was developed. The reaction proceeds through a radical cascade, including the generation of a sulfonamidyl radical, which triggers a 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer, affording a δ-C-centered radical, which finally cyclized onto a neighboring thiopolyfluoroaryl moiety to deliver a range of synthetically useful thiochromanes. The cyclization process occurs through two distinct pathways depending upon the nature of the substituent X ortho to the native C-S bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Nivesh Kumar
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Frédéric Robert
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Yannick Landais
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
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11
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Gomez CA, Mondal D, Du Q, Chan N, Lewis JC. Directed Evolution of an Iron(II)- and α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase for Site-Selective Azidation of Unactivated Aliphatic C-H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202301370. [PMID: 36757808 PMCID: PMC10050089 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202301370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
FeII - and α-ketoglutarate-dependent halogenases and oxygenases can catalyze site-selective functionalization of C-H bonds via a variety of C-X bond forming reactions, but achieving high chemoselectivity for functionalization using non-native functional groups remains rare. The current study shows that directed evolution can be used to engineer variants of the dioxygenase SadX that address this challenge. Site-selective azidation of succinylated amino acids and a succinylated amine was achieved as a result of mutations throughout the SadX structure. The installed azide group was reduced to a primary amine, and the succinyl group required for azidation was enzymatically cleaved to provide the corresponding amine. These results provide a promising starting point for evolving additional SadX variants with activity on structurally distinct substrates and for enabling enzymatic C-H functionalization with other non-native functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Dibyendu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Kalsec Inc., 3713W. Main St., Kalamazoo, MI 49006, USA
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Natalie Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jared C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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12
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Pinter EN, Sheldon ZS, Modak A, Cook SP. Fluorosulfonamide-Directed Heteroarylation of Aliphatic C(sp 3)-H Bonds. J Org Chem 2023; 88:4757-4760. [PMID: 36912807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a formal dehydrogenative cross coupling of heterocycles with unactivated aliphatic amines. The resulting transformation enables the direct alkylation of common heterocycles by merging N-F-directed 1,5-HAT with Minisci chemistry, leading to predictable site selectivity. The reaction provides a direct route for the transformation of simple alkyl amines to value-added products under mild reaction conditions, making this an attractive option for C(sp3)-H heteroarylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Pinter
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Zachary S Sheldon
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Atanu Modak
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Silas P Cook
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
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13
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Lu T, Wang B, Chang W, Liu L, Li J. N-Fluorobenzamide-Directed Formal [4+2] Cycloaddition Reaction with Maleic Anhydride: Access to Fluorescent Aminonaphthalic Anhydrides. J Org Chem 2023; 88:818-827. [PMID: 36660857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a formal [4+2] cycloaddition reaction of N-fluorobenzamides and maleic anhydride in the presence of CuI and LiOH, and a series of fluorescent 1-amino-2,3-naphthalic anhydrides were produced in good yields. This reaction proceeded via a multistep process involving nitrogen-centered radical generation, 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer, and benzylic radical addition to the amide carbonyl oxygen to generate an N-(tert-butyl) isobenzofuran-1(3H)-imine intermediate, which isomerized to an N-(tert-butyl) isobenzofuran-1-amine via deprotonation and protonation with the aid of LiOH; finally, the amine underwent a [4+2] cycloaddition reaction with maleic anhydride to give the 1-amino-2,3-naphthalic anhydride product upon dehydrating aromatization. Notably, the corresponding naphthalic anhydride products could be transformed into a diverse array of naphthalimides. Both the naphthalic anhydrides and the naphthalimides exhibited similar fluorescent features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Boyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Weixing Chang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Lingyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Weijin Road 94#, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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14
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Hintz H, Bower J, Tang J, LaLama M, Sevov C, Zhang S. Copper-Catalyzed Electrochemical C-H Fluorination. CHEM CATALYSIS 2023; 3:100491. [PMID: 36743279 PMCID: PMC9894310 DOI: 10.1016/j.checat.2022.100491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We report the systematic development of an electrooxidative methodology that translates stoichiometric C-H fluorination reactivity of an isolable CuIII fluoride complex into a catalytic process. The critical challenges of electrocatalysis with a highly reactive CuIII species were addressed by the judicious selection of electrolyte, F- source, and sacrificial electron acceptor. Catalyst-controlled C-H fluorination occurs with a preference for hydridic C-H bonds with high bond dissociation energies over weaker but less hydridic C-H bonds. The selectivity is driven by an oxidative asynchronous proton-coupled elelctron transfer (PCET) at an electrophilic CuIII-F complex. We further demonstrate that the asynchronicity factor of hydrogen atom transfer η can be used as a guideline to rationalize the selectivity of C-H fluorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Hintz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Jamey Bower
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Jinghua Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Matthew LaLama
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Christo Sevov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
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15
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Lee H, He T, Cook SP. Iron-Catalyzed, Directed Benzylic Borylation. Org Lett 2023; 25:1-4. [PMID: 36550075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe an iron-catalyzed benzylic C-H borylation reaction. The reaction targets primary and secondary C(sp3)-H bonds to deliver high-value boronic esters under mild conditions with short (7-8 min) reaction times. Functional groups are well tolerated, and complete site selectivity is observed in the presence of multiple benzylic C-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Tiancheng He
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Silas P Cook
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
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16
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Lei P, Chen Q, Chen H, Zhou Y, Jin L, Wang W, Chen F. Synthesis of Bibenzyl Derivatives via Visible-Light-Promoted 1,5-Hydrogen Atom Transfer/Radical Coupling Reactions of N-Fluorocarboxamides. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202206057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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17
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Zhou T, Chen H, Liu Y, Wang H, Yan Q, Wang W, Chen F. Visible-Light-Promoted Xanthate-Transfer Cyclization Reactions of Unactivated Olefins under Photocatalyst- and Additive-Free Conditions. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15582-15597. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tongyao Zhou
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Hang Chen
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Qiongjiao Yan
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Fener Chen
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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18
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Divergent regioselective Heck-type reaction of unactivated alkenes and N-fluoro-sulfonamides. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6297. [PMID: 36272976 PMCID: PMC9588056 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33996-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of regioselectivity in Heck-type reaction of unactivated alkenes represents a longstanding challenge due to several detachable hydrogens in β–H elimination step, which generally afford either one specific regioisomer or a mixture. Herein, a copper-catalyzed intermolecular Heck-type reaction of unactivated alkenes and N-fluoro-sulfonamides with divergent regioselectivities is reported. The complete switch of regioselectivity mainly depends on the choice of different additives. Employment of alcohol solvent gives access to vinyl products, while the addition of carboxylate leads to the formation of allylic products. In addition, exclusion of these two promoting factors results in β-lactams via a C–N reductive elimination. This protocol shows a broad substrate scope for both alkenes and structurally diverse N-fluoro-sulfonamides, producing the corresponding products with excellent regio- and stereoselectivities. Further control experiments and DFT calculations provide in-depth insights into the reaction mechanism, highlighting the distinct effect of the additives on a bidentate auxiliary-stabilized Cu(III) intermediate. The control of regioselectivity in Heck-type reactions of unactivated alkenes is challenging. Here, the authors realize regiodivergent Heck-type reactions of unactivated alkenes and N-fluoro-sulfonamides.
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19
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Yang JW, Tan GQ, Liang KC, Xu KD, Su M, Liu F. Copper-Catalyzed, N-Directed Distal C(sp 3)-H Functionalization toward Azepanes. Org Lett 2022; 24:7796-7800. [PMID: 36264027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We herein report a copper-catalyzed formal [5 + 2] aza-annulation of N-fluorosulfonamides and 1,3-dienes/1,3-enynes for synthesis of structurally diverse alkene/alkyne-containing azepanes. The reaction features selective functionalization of distal unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds and a broad substrate scope, thus allowing the late-stage modification of pharmaceuticals and natural products. A radical mechanism involving 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer of N-radicals, facile coupling of alkyl radicals with 1,3-dienes/1,3-enynes, and the construction of azepane motifs via C-N bond formation is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wen Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Qiang Tan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Cheng Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Dong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Ma Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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20
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Wang MM, Nguyen TVT, Waser J. Activation of aminocyclopropanes via radical intermediates. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7344-7357. [PMID: 35938356 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00090c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aminocyclopropanes are versatile building blocks for accessing high value-added nitrogen-containing products. To control ring-opening promoted by ring strain, the Lewis acid activation of donor-acceptor substituted systems is now well established. Over the last decade, alternative approaches have emerged proceeding via the formation of radical intermediates, alleviating the need for double activation of the cyclopropanes. This tutorial review summarizes key concepts and recent progress in ring-opening transformations of aminocyclopropanes via radical intermediates, divided into formal cycloadditions and 1,3-difunctionalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tin V T Nguyen
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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21
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Chen X, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Niu ZJ, Shi WY, Gong XP, Jiao RQ, Gao MH, Liu XY, Liang YM. Copper-Catalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfer and Aryl Migration Strategy for the Arylalkylation of Activated Alkenes. Org Lett 2022; 24:4338-4343. [PMID: 35687371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the copper-catalyzed arylalkylation of activated alkenes via hydrogen-atom transfer and aryl migration strategy. The reaction was carried out through a radical-mediated continuous migration pathway using N-fluorosulfonamides as the alkyl source. The primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl radicals formed by intramolecular hydrogen-atom transfer proceeded smoothly. This methodology is an efficient approach for the synthesis of various amide derivatives possessing a quaternary carbon center with good yields and high regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Jie Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Qiang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Hui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
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22
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Rui J, Zhao Q, Huls AJ, Soler J, Paris JC, Chen Z, Reshetnikov V, Yang Y, Guo Y, Garcia-Borràs M, Huang X. Directed evolution of nonheme iron enzymes to access abiological radical-relay C(sp 3)-H azidation. Science 2022; 376:869-874. [PMID: 35587977 PMCID: PMC9933208 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj2830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We report the reprogramming of nonheme iron enzymes to catalyze an abiological C(sp3)‒H azidation reaction through iron-catalyzed radical relay. This biocatalytic transformation uses amidyl radicals as hydrogen atom abstractors and Fe(III)‒N3 intermediates as radical trapping agents. We established a high-throughput screening platform based on click chemistry for rapid evolution of the catalytic performance of identified enzymes. The final optimized variants deliver a range of azidation products with up to 10,600 total turnovers and 93% enantiomeric excess. Given the prevalence of radical relay reactions in organic synthesis and the diversity of nonheme iron enzymes, we envision that this discovery will stimulate future development of metalloenzyme catalysts for synthetically useful transformations unexplored by natural evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Rui
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Qun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Anthony J. Huls
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jordi Soler
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jared C. Paris
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Zhenhong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Viktor Reshetnikov
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Yunfang Yang
- College of Chemical Enginering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yisong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA,Corresponding author. (X.H.); (M.G.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Marc Garcia-Borràs
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain,Corresponding author. (X.H.); (M.G.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Xiongyi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.,Corresponding author. (X.H.); (M.G.B.); (Y.G.)
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23
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Herron AN, Hsu CP, Yu JQ. δ-C-H Halogenation Reactions Enabled by a Nitrogen-Centered Radical Precursor. Org Lett 2022; 24:3652-3656. [PMID: 35549294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-centered radicals are versatile synthetic intermediates with the ability to undergo diverse reactions such as hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), β-scission, and addition across unsaturated systems. A long-standing impediment to the wider adoption of these intermediates in synthesis has been the difficulty of their generation. Herein we disclose a new hydrazonyl carboxylic acid precursor to nitrogen-centered radicals and its application toward remote C-H fluorination and chlorination reactions of sulfonyl-protected alkyl amines via 1,5-HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair N Herron
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ching-Pei Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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24
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Abstract
Herein, we describe the nickel-catalyzed reductive arylation of remote C(sp3)-H bonds with aryl electrophiles. The reaction targets secondary and tertiary C(sp3)-H bonds to deliver all-carbon quaternary centers. The success of this method relies on a novel amidyl radical precursor that tolerates reducing conditions, namely O-oxalate hydroxamic acid esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Silas P. Cook
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
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25
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Li QZ, Zeng R, Fan Y, Liu YQ, Qi T, Zhang X, Li JL. Remote C(sp 3 )-H Acylation of Amides and Cascade Cyclization via N-Heterocyclic Carbene Organocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116629. [PMID: 35112461 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of inert C(sp3 )-H bonds under environmentally benign catalytic conditions remains a challenging task in synthetic chemistry. Here, we report an organocatalytic remote C(sp3 )-H acylation of amides and cascade cyclization through a radical-mediated 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer mechanism using N-heterocyclic carbene as the catalyst. Notably, a diversity of nitrogen-containing substrates, including simple linear aliphatic carbamates and ortho-alkyl benzamides, can be successfully applied to this organocatalytic system. With the established protocol, over 120 examples of functionalized δ-amino ketones and isoquinolinones with diverse substituents were easily synthesized in up to 99 % yield under mild conditions. The robustness and generality of the organocatalytic strategy were further highlighted by the successful acylation of unactivated C(sp3 )-H bonds and late-stage modification of pharmaceutical molecules. Then, the asymmetric control of the radical reaction was attempted and proven feasible by using a newly designed chiral thiazolium catalyst, and moderate enantioselectivity was obtained at the current stage. Preliminary mechanistic investigations including several control reactions, KIE experiments, and computational studies shed light on the organocatalytic radical reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Zhu Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Yang Fan
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Yan-Qing Liu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Ting Qi
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.,College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Jun-Long Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
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26
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Wen YT, Kong XT, Liu HC, Wang CT, Wei WX, Wang B, Liu XY, Liang YM. Ni-Catalyzed Remote Radical/Cross-Electrophile Coupling Cascade for Selective C(sp 3)-H Arylation. Org Lett 2022; 24:2399-2403. [PMID: 35312326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An innovative 1,5-HAT cascade strategy has been advanced for the nickel-catalyzed distal arylation via cross-electrophile coupling. Through specific migration, the remote C(sp3)-H bond is regioselectively activated, and Ar-I as the available electrophile is used for the construction of the C(sp3)-C(sp2) bond. This method also has broad applicability for benzylic and aliphatic N-fluorocarboxamides with yields up to 80%. Furthermore, a series of control experiments demonstrated that this reaction is probably initiated by a radical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ting Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiang-Tao Kong
- Henan Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Hong-Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Cui-Tian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wan-Xu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xue-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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27
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Paik A, Paul S, Bhowmik S, Das R, Naveen T, Rana S. Recent Advances in First Row Transition Metal Mediated C‐H Halogenation of (Hetero)arenes and Alkanes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Paik
- University of North Bengal Department of Chemistry Raja Rammohunpur, DarjeelingWest Bengal, India - 734013 734013 Siliguri INDIA
| | - Sabarni Paul
- University of North Bengal Department of Chemistry Raja Rammohunpur, DarjeelingWest Bengal, India - 734013 734013 Siliguri INDIA
| | - Sabyasachi Bhowmik
- University of North Bengal Department of Chemistry Raja Rammohunpur, DarjeelingWest Bengal, India - 734013 734013 Siliguri INDIA
| | - Rahul Das
- University of North Bengal Department of Chemistry Raja Rammohunpur, DarjeelingWest Bengal, India - 734013 734013 Siliguri INDIA
| | - Togati Naveen
- Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Department of Chemistry 395007 Surat INDIA
| | - Sujoy Rana
- University of North Bengal Chemistry Raja Rammohunpur, DarjeelingWest Bengal, India, 734013 734013 Siliguri INDIA
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28
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Ni SF, Huang G, Chen Y, Wright JS, Li M, Dang L. Recent advances in γ-C(sp3)–H bond activation of amides, aliphatic amines, sulfanilamides and amino acids. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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29
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Li Q, Zeng R, Fan Y, Liu Y, Qi T, Zhang X, Li J. Remote C(sp
3
)−H Acylation of Amides and Cascade Cyclization via N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Organocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing‐Zhu Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 China
| | - Yang Fan
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 China
| | - Yan‐Qing Liu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 China
| | - Ting Qi
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 China
- College of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 China
| | - Jun‐Long Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 China
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30
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Hu QP, Liu YT, Liu YZ, Pan F. Photoinduced remote regioselective radical alkynylation of unactivated C-H bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2295-2298. [PMID: 35075463 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06885g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A method for the remote regioselective alkynylation of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds in diverse aliphatic amides by photogenerated amidyl radicals has been developed. The site-selectivity is dominated via a 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process of the amide. Mild reaction conditions and high regioselectivity are demonstrated in this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qu-Ping Hu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, 5 Jingan Road, Chengdu 610068, P. R. China.
| | - Yu-Tao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, 5 Jingan Road, Chengdu 610068, P. R. China.
| | - Yong-Ze Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, 5 Jingan Road, Chengdu 610068, P. R. China.
| | - Fei Pan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, 5 Jingan Road, Chengdu 610068, P. R. China.
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31
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Wang X, Xue Y, Hu W, Shi L, Zhu X, Hao XQ, Song MP. Cu(II)-Catalyzed N-Directed Distal C(sp 3)-H Heteroarylation of Aliphatic N-Fluorosulfonamides. Org Lett 2022; 24:1055-1059. [PMID: 35080894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed δ-regioselective C(sp3)-H heteroarylation of N-fluorosulfonamides has been developed. A broad range of heteroarenes were well tolerated and reacted with various N-fluorosulfonamides to give the corresponding heteroarylated amides in good yields. Notably, all types (1°, 2°, and 3°) of δ-C(sp3)-H bonds in the N-fluorosulfonamides could be regioselectively activated through the 1,5-HAT process. This protocol provides a practical strategy for the functionalization of heteroarenes and amides via forging a C(sp3)-C(sp2) bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Xue
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Weinan Hu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Shi
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xinju Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Qi Hao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
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32
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Man Y, Liu S, Xu B, Zeng X. N-Heterocyclic-Carbene-Catalyzed C-H Acylation via Radical Relay. Org Lett 2022; 24:944-948. [PMID: 35049310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A method of N-fluorocarboxamide-directed N-heterocyclic-carbene (NHC)-catalyzed benzylic C-H acylation with aldehydes via the hydrogen atom transfer strategy is disclosed. This transformation involves a sequence of single-electron transfer, 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer, and radical cross-coupling steps. This method offers facile access to various highly functionalized ketones and exhibits good chemical yields and functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunquan Man
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shiwen Liu
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Institute of Flexible Functional Materials, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224000, China
| | - Bo Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaojun Zeng
- The College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
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33
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Liu HC, Kong X, Gong XP, Li Y, Niu ZJ, Gou XY, Li XS, Wang YZ, Shi WY, Huang YC, Liu XY, Liang YM. Site-Selective Coupling of Remote C(sp3)−H/meta-C(sp2)−H Bonds Enabled by Ru/Photoredox Dual Catalysis and Mechanistic Studies. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5382-5389. [PMID: 35655562 PMCID: PMC9093131 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00764a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Construction of C(sp2)−C(sp3) bonds via regioselective coupling of C(sp2)−H/C(sp3)−H bonds is challenging due to the low reactivity and regioselectivity of C−H bonds. Here, a novel photoinduced Ru/photocatalyst-cocatalyzed regioselective cross-dehydrogenative coupling...
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Xiangtao Kong
- Henan Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University Anyang 455000 China
| | - Xiao-Ping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Yuke Li
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Modeling and Computation, Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin Hong Kong China
| | - Zhi-Jie Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Xue-Ya Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Xue-Song Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Yu-Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Wei-Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Yan-Chong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Xue-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
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34
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Georgiou E, Spinnato D, Chen K, Melchiorre P, Muñiz K. Switchable photocatalysis for the chemodivergent benzylation of 4-cyanopyridines. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8060-8064. [PMID: 35919417 PMCID: PMC9278488 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02698h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a photocatalytic strategy for the chemodivergent radical benzylation of 4-cyanopyridines. The chemistry uses a single photoredox catalyst to generate benzyl radicals upon N–F bond activation of 2-alkyl N-fluorobenzamides. The judicious choice of different photocatalyst quenchers allowed us to select at will between mechanistically divergent processes. The two reaction manifolds, an ipso-substitution path proceeding via radical coupling and a Minisci-type addition, enabled selective access to regioisomeric C4 or C2 benzylated pyridines, respectively. Mechanistic investigations shed light on the origin of the chemoselectivity switch. We report a photocatalytic strategy for the chemodivergent radical benzylation of 4-cyanopyridines. The chemistry uses a single photoredox catalyst to generate benzyl radicals upon N–F bond activation of 2-alkyl N-fluorobenzamides.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Georgiou
- ICIQ – Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16 – 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Davide Spinnato
- ICIQ – Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16 – 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Kang Chen
- ICIQ – Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16 – 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Paolo Melchiorre
- ICIQ – Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16 – 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23 – 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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35
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Wei H, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Gao S, Wang T, Zhao M, Wei P, Wang M. Copper-catalyzed intramolecular iminolactonization cyclization reactions of remote C(sp 3)–H bonds in carboxamides. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8912-8916. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01711c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel and efficient synthetic method for iminolactones by copper-catalyzed intramolecular C(sp3)–H bond functionalization of carboxamides via a cascade process is reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Shuo Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Tongtong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Pifeng Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
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36
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Zhong LJ, Lv GF, Ouyang XH, Li Y, Li JH. Copper-Catalyzed Fluoroamide-Directed Remote Benzylic C-H Olefination: Facile Access to Internal Alkenes. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00822j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A general, site-selective copper-catalyzed fluoroamide-directed remote benzylic C-H olefination of N-fluoroamides with terminal alkenes for producing internal alkenes is disclosed. This protocol proceeds via a hybrid Cu-radical mechanism, which synergistically...
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37
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Zhong LJ, Xiong ZQ, Ouyang XH, Li Y, Song RJ, Sun Q, Lu X, Li JH. Intermolecular 1,2-Difunctionalization of Alkenes Enabled by Fluoroamide-Directed Remote Benzyl C(sp 3)-H Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:339-348. [PMID: 34935377 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed remote benzylic C-H functionalization strategy enabling 1,2-difunctionalization of alkenes with 2-methylbenzeneamides and nucleophiles, including alcohols, indoles, pyrroles, and the intrinsic amino groups, is reported, which is characterized by its redox-neutral conditions, exquisite site-selectivity, broad substrate scope, and wide utilizations of late-stage modifying bioactive molecules. This reaction proceeds through nitrogen-centered radical generation, hydrogen atom transfer, benzylic radical addition across the alkenes, single-electron oxidation, and carbocation electrophilic course cascades. While using external nucleophiles manipulates three-component alkene alkylalkoxylation and alkyl-heteroarylation with 2-methylbenzeneamides to access dialkyl ethers, 3-alkylindoles, and 3-alkylpyrroles, omitting the external nucleophiles results in two-component alkylamidation ([5+2] annulation) of alkenes with 2-methylbenzeneamides to benzo-[f][1,2]thiazepine 1,1-dioxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Jin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Xuan-Hui Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Ren-Jie Song
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Xin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface & Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 475004, China
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38
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Chen GL, He SH, Cheng L, Liu F. Copper-Catalyzed N-Directed Distal C(sp 3)-H Sulfonylation and Thiolation with Sulfinate Salts. Org Lett 2021; 23:8338-8342. [PMID: 34632768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We herein report a selective and catalytic C(sp3)-H functionalization approach to access amines bearing organo-sulfonyl and organo-thiol groups. This reaction proceeds through a cascade process of N-radical formation, alkyl radical formation via 1,5-HAT, and C-S bond formation, thereby offering a series of functionalized amines. This method could enable primary, secondary, and tertiary C(sp3)-H sulfonylation and thiolation and also exhibits good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Le Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Hui He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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39
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Liang L, Guo G, Li C, Wang SL, Wang YH, Guo HM, Niu HY. Copper-Catalyzed Intermolecular Alkynylation and Allylation of Unactivated C(sp 3)-H Bonds via Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Org Lett 2021; 23:8575-8579. [PMID: 34669414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We describe Cu-catalyzed intermolecular alkynylation and allylation of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds with singly occupied molecular orbital-philes (SOMO-philes) via hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). Employing N-fluoro-sulfonamide as a HAT reagent, a set of substituted alkene and alkyne compounds were synthesized in high yields with good regioselectivity and functional-group compatibility. Late-stage functionalization of natural products and drug molecules is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Ge Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Song-Lin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Yue-Hui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Hai-Ming Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453007, China
| | - Hong-Ying Niu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
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40
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Jiang YM, Yu Y, Wu SF, Yan H, Yuan Y, Ye KY. Electrochemical fluorosulfonylation of styrenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11481-11484. [PMID: 34667999 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04813a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An environmentally friendly and efficient electrochemical fluorosulfonylation of styrenes has been developed. With the use of sulfonylhydrazides and triethylamine trihydrofluoride, a diverse array of β-fluorosulfones could be readily obtained. This reaction features mild conditions and a broad substrate scope, which could also be conveniently extended to a gram-scale preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Shao-Fen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Hong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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41
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Sinha SK, Guin S, Maiti S, Biswas JP, Porey S, Maiti D. Toolbox for Distal C-H Bond Functionalizations in Organic Molecules. Chem Rev 2021; 122:5682-5841. [PMID: 34662117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal catalyzed C-H activation has developed a contemporary approach to the omnipresent area of retrosynthetic disconnection. Scientific researchers have been tempted to take the help of this methodology to plan their synthetic discourses. This paradigm shift has helped in the development of industrial units as well, making the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceutical drugs step-economical. In the vast zone of C-H bond activation, the functionalization of proximal C-H bonds has gained utmost popularity. Unlike the activation of proximal C-H bonds, the distal C-H functionalization is more strenuous and requires distinctly specialized techniques. In this review, we have compiled various methods adopted to functionalize distal C-H bonds, mechanistic insights within each of these procedures, and the scope of the methodology. With this review, we give a complete overview of the expeditious progress the distal C-H activation has made in the field of synthetic organic chemistry while also highlighting its pitfalls, thus leaving the field open for further synthetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Kumar Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Srimanta Guin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sudip Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jyoti Prasad Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sandip Porey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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42
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43
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Yu F, Li C, Wang C, Zhang H, Cao ZY. (1-Selenocyanatoethyl)benzene: A Selenocyanation Reagent for Site-Selective Selenocyanation of Inert Alkyl C(sp 3)-H Bonds. Org Lett 2021; 23:7156-7160. [PMID: 34468157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A new, simple, yet easily accessible, (1-selenocyanatoethyl)benzene has been designed and applied as a SeCN group transfer reagent for selenocyanation of aliphatic C(sp3)-H bonds for the first time. This protocol is featured with mild reaction conditions and wide substrate scope. Control experiments reveal that a radical-group transfer mechanism might be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Chuang Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Chuangye Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Zhong-Yan Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
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44
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Xue Y, Shi L, Wang X, Yu X, Zhu X, Hao XQ, Song MP. Regioselective N-F and α C(sp 3)-H Arylation of Aliphatic N-Fluorosulfonamides with Imidazopyridines. Org Lett 2021; 23:6807-6812. [PMID: 34406015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A regioselective arylation of aliphatic N-fluorosulfonamides with imidazopyridines enabled by breaking of N-F and α C(sp3)-H bond to form C-N and C-C bonds was described. With CuCl as the catalyst, a radical mechanism was proposed to produce N-arylated aliphatic sulfonamides via a N radical intermediate. Importantly, under acidic conditions, an in situ generated imine was the possible intermediate, which was trapped by imidazopyridines to form α C(sp3)-H arylated aliphatic sulfonamides. The current protocol featured a broad substrate scope, tunable reaction conditions, operational convenience, and good regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Xue
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Shi
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoni Yu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xinju Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Qi Hao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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45
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DeMuth JC, Song Z, Carpenter SH, Boddie TE, Radović A, Baker TM, Gutierrez O, Neidig ML. Experimental and computational studies of the mechanism of iron-catalysed C-H activation/functionalisation with allyl electrophiles. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9398-9407. [PMID: 34349913 PMCID: PMC8278975 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01661j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic methods that utilise iron to facilitate C–H bond activation to yield new C–C and C–heteroatom bonds continue to attract significant interest. However, the development of these systems is still hampered by a limited molecular-level understanding of the key iron intermediates and reaction pathways that enable selective product formation. While recent studies have established the mechanism for iron-catalysed C–H arylation from aryl-nucleophiles, the underlying mechanistic pathway of iron-catalysed C–H activation/functionalisation systems which utilise electrophiles to establish C–C and C–heteroatom bonds has not been determined. The present study focuses on an iron-catalysed C–H allylation system, which utilises allyl chlorides as electrophiles to establish a C–allyl bond. Freeze-trapped inorganic spectroscopic methods (57Fe Mössbauer, EPR, and MCD) are combined with correlated reaction studies and kinetic analyses to reveal a unique and rapid reaction pathway by which the allyl electrophile reacts with a C–H activated iron intermediate. Supporting computational analysis defines this novel reaction coordinate as an inner-sphere radical process which features a partial iron–bisphosphine dissociation. Highlighting the role of the bisphosphine in this reaction pathway, a complementary study performed on the reaction of allyl electrophile with an analogous C–H activated intermediate bearing a more rigid bisphosphine ligand exhibits stifled yield and selectivity towards allylated product. An additional spectroscopic analysis of an iron-catalysed C–H amination system, which incorporates N-chloromorpholine as the C–N bond-forming electrophile, reveals a rapid reaction of electrophile with an analogous C–H activated iron intermediate consistent with the inner-sphere radical process defined for the C–H allylation system, demonstrating the prevalence of this novel reaction coordinate in this sub-class of iron-catalysed C–H functionalisation systems. Overall, these results provide a critical mechanistic foundation for the rational design and development of improved systems that are efficient, selective, and useful across a broad range of C–H functionalisations. Experimental and computational studies support an inner-sphere radical pathway for iron-catalysed C–H activation/functionalisation with allyl electrophiles.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C DeMuth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester Rochester New York 14627 USA
| | - Zhihui Song
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA
| | | | - Theresa E Boddie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester Rochester New York 14627 USA
| | - Aleksa Radović
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester Rochester New York 14627 USA
| | - Tessa M Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester Rochester New York 14627 USA
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Michael L Neidig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester Rochester New York 14627 USA
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46
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Britton R, Gouverneur V, Lin JH, Meanwell M, Ni C, Pupo G, Xiao JC, Hu J. Contemporary synthetic strategies in organofluorine chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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47
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Zhang H, Yu F, Li C, Tian P, Zhou Y, Cao ZY. Iron-Catalyzed, Site-Selective Difluoromethylthiolation (-SCF 2H) and Difluoromethylselenation (-SeCF 2H) of Unactivated C(sp 3)-H Bonds in N-Fluoroamides. Org Lett 2021; 23:4721-4725. [PMID: 34080880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The iron-catalyzed δ-C(sp3)-H bond difluoromethylthiolation and difluoromethylselenation of aliphatic amides with high site selectivity are reported. Essential to the success is the employment of an amide radical formed in situ to activate the inert C(sp3)-H bond and the utilization of the easily handled PhSO2SCF2H and PhSO2SeCF2H as coupling reagents under mild conditions. This scalable protocol exhibits a broad substrate scope bearing versatile functional groups. Mechanistic studies indicate that the reaction proceeds through -SCF2H and -SeCF2H radical transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Chuang Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Peiyuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Yulu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Zhong-Yan Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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48
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Hu QP, Cheng J, Wang Y, Shi J, Wang BQ, Hu P, Zhao KQ, Pan F. Remote Regioselective Radical C-H Functionalization of Unactivated C-H Bonds in Amides: The Synthesis of gem-Difluoroalkenes. Org Lett 2021; 23:4457-4462. [PMID: 33983034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The site-selective functionalization of unactivated aliphatic amines is an attractive and challenging synthetic approach. We herein report a general strategy for the remote site-selective functionalization of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds in amides by photogenerated amidyl radicals to form gem-difluoroalkenes with trifluoromethyl-substituted alkenes. The site selectivity is controlled by a 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process of the amide. This photocatalyzed transformation shows both chemo- and site-selectivity, facilitating the formation of a secondary, tertiary, or quaternary carbon center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qu-Ping Hu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Jie Shi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Bi-Qin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Ping Hu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Ke-Qing Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Fei Pan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
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49
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Nobile E, Castanheiro T, Besset T. Radical-Promoted Distal C-H Functionalization of C(sp 3 ) Centers with Fluorinated Moieties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12170-12191. [PMID: 32897632 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to their unique properties, fluorinated scaffolds are pivotal compounds in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science. Over the last years, the development of versatile strategies for the selective synthesis of fluorinated molecules by direct C-H bond functionalization has attracted a lot of attention. In particular, the design of novel transformations based on a radical process was a bottleneck for distal C-H functionalization reactions, offering synthetic solutions for the selective introduction of fluorinated groups. This Minireview highlights the major contributions in this blossoming field. The development of new methodologies for the remote functionalization of aliphatic derivatives with various fluorinated groups based on a 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer process and a β-fragmentation reaction will be showcased and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Nobile
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Thomas Castanheiro
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Tatiana Besset
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
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50
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Guo P, Han JF, Yuan GC, Chen L, Liao JB, Ye KY. Cobalt-Catalyzed Divergent Aminofluorination and Diamination of Styrenes with N-Fluorosulfonamides. Org Lett 2021; 23:4067-4071. [PMID: 33970648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A cobalt-catalyzed aminofluorination reaction of styrenes with N-fluorosulfonamides serving as both the amination and fluorination agents has been developed. The switch of selectivity in this catalytic reaction from aminofluorination to diamination could be easily achieved by the addition of 1.0 equiv of PPh3. Both transformations tolerated a wide array of substrates under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Fa Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Cai Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Bin Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
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