1
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Pramod T, Khazeber R, Athiyarath V, Sureshan KM. Topochemistry for Difficult Peptide-Polymer Synthesis: Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Synthesis of an Isoleucine-Based Polymer, a Hydrophobic Coating Material. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7257-7265. [PMID: 38253536 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Polymers of hydrophobic amino acids are predicted to be potential coating materials for the creation of hydrophobic surfaces. The oligopeptides of hydrophobic amino acids are called "difficult peptides"; as the name suggests, it is difficult to synthesize them by conventional methods. We circumvented this synthetic challenge by adopting topochemical azide-alkyne cycloaddition (TAAC) polymerization of a hydrophobic dipeptide monomer. We designed an Ile-based dipeptide, decorated with azide and alkyne, which arrange in the crystal in a head-to-tail fashion with the azide and alkyne of the adjacent molecules in a ready-to-react orientation. The monomer, on mild heating of its crystals, undergoes regiospecific TAAC polymerization to yield a 1,4-disubstituted-triazole-linked polymer in a single-crystal-to-single-crystal fashion. The solid obtained after evaporation of the monomer solution also maintained crystallinity and underwent regiospecific topochemical polymerization as in the case of crystals. This topochemical polymerization could be studied using different techniques such as FTIR, NMR, DSC, GPC, MALDI, PXRD, and SCXRD. Since the polymer is insoluble in common solvents and hence difficult to coat surfaces, the monomer was first sprayed and evaporated on various surfaces and polymerized on the surface. Such polymer-coated surfaces exhibited water contact angles of up to 134°, showing that this Ile-derived polymer is very hydrophobic and can potentially be used as a coating material for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thejus Pramod
- School of Chemistry, IISER Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Ravichandran Khazeber
- School of Chemistry, IISER Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Vignesh Athiyarath
- School of Chemistry, IISER Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Kana M Sureshan
- School of Chemistry, IISER Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
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2
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Sultana S, Mandal R, Biradha K. Photo-responsive metal-organic gels of rigid phenylene-1,3-di-substituted angular dienes with metal halides: gel-to-gel transformations triggered by [2 + 2] polymerization. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:4797-4804. [PMID: 38372160 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00010b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Herein, the first report on gel-to-gel transformations via [2 + 2] photopolymerization in MOGs of metal halides and rigid dienes is presented. The MOGs and their xerogels show exceptional ability to undergo [2 + 2] polymerisation upon UV irradiation. Gel-to-gel transformations are very rare as the post-modification of gelators weakens the gel and transforms it to a sol. Such transformations change the molecular assemblies into gels with altered mechanical and chemical properties. These phenomena pave the way to synthesize new MOGs with improved rigidity that cannot be synthesized otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302, India.
| | - Rajorshi Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302, India.
| | - Kumar Biradha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302, India.
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3
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Bietsch J, Chen A, Wang D, Wang G. Synthesis of a Series of Trimeric Branched Glycoconjugates and Their Applications for Supramolecular Gels and Catalysis. Molecules 2023; 28:6056. [PMID: 37630308 PMCID: PMC10459207 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate-derived molecular gelators have found many practical applications as soft materials. To better understand the structure and molecular gelation relationship and further explore the applications of sugar-based gelators, we designed and synthesized eight trimeric branched sugar triazole derivatives and studied their self-assembling properties. These included glucose, glucosamine, galactose, and maltose derivatives. Interestingly, the gelation properties of these compounds exhibited correlations with the peripheral sugar structures. The maltose derivative did not form gels in the tested solvents, but all other compounds exhibited gelation properties in at least one of the solvents. Glucose derivatives showed superior performance, followed by glucosamine derivatives. They typically formed gels in toluene and alcohols; some formed gels in ethanol-water mixtures or DMSO water mixtures. The glycoclusters 9 and 10 demonstrated rate acceleration for the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions. These were further studied for their metallogels formation properties, and the copper metallogels from compound 9 were successfully utilized to catalyze click reactions. These metallogels were able to form a gel column, which was effective in converting the reactants into the triazole products in multiple cycles. Moreover, the same gel column was used to transform a second click reaction using different reactants. The synthesis and characterization of these compounds and their applications for catalytic reactions were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guijun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA; (J.B.); (A.C.); (D.W.)
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4
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Jiang Q, Zhan W, Liu X, Bai L, Wang M, Xu Y, Liang G. Assembly drives regioselective azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3935. [PMID: 37402737 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39658-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction is a very common organic reaction to synthesize nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Once catalyzed by Cu(I) or Ru(II), it turns out to be a click reaction and thus is widely applied in chemical biology for labeling. However, besides their poor regioselectivity towards this reaction, these metal ions are not biologically friendly. Hence, it is an urgent need to develop a metal-free azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction for biomedical applications. In this work, we found that, in the absence of metal ions, supramolecular self-assembly in an aqueous solution could realize this reaction with excellent regioselectivity. Nap-Phe-Phe-Lys(azido)-OH firstly self-assembled into nanofibers. Then, Nap-Phe-Phe-Gly(alkynyl)-OH at equivalent concentration approached to react with the assembly to yield the cycloaddition product Nap-Phe-Phe-Lys(triazole)-Gly-Phe-Phe-Nap to form nanoribbons. Due to space confinement effect, the product was obtained with excellent regioselectivity. Employing the excellent properties of supramolecular self-assembly, we are applying this strategy to realize more reactions without metal ion catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaochu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Wenjun Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Lin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Manli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Gaolin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing, 210096, China.
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5
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Athiyarath V, Mathew LA, Zhao Y, Khazeber R, Ramamurty U, Sureshan KM. Rational design and topochemical synthesis of polymorphs of a polymer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5132-5140. [PMID: 37206383 PMCID: PMC10189859 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00053b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Packing a polymer in different ways can give polymorphs of the polymer having different properties. β-Turn forming peptides such as 2-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib)-rich peptides adopt several conformations by varying the dihedral angles. Aiming at this, a β-turn-forming peptide monomer would give different polymorphs and these polymorphs upon topochemical polymerization would yield polymorphs of the polymer, we designed an Aib-rich monomer N3-(Aib)3-NHCH2-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CH. This monomer crystallizes as two polymorphs and one hydrate. In all forms, the peptide adopts β-turn conformations and arranges in a head-to-tail manner with their azide and alkyne units proximally placed in a ready-to-react alignment. On heating, both the polymorphs undergo topochemical azide-alkyne cycloaddition polymerization. Polymorph I polymerized in a single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) fashion and the single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the polymer revealed its screw-sense reversing helical structure. Polymorph II maintains its crystallinity during polymerization but gradually becomes amorphous upon storage. The hydrate III undergoes a dehydrative transition to polymorph II. Nanoindentation studies revealed that different polymorphs of the monomer and the corresponding polymers exhibited different mechanical properties, in accordance with their crystal packing. This work demonstrates the promising future of the marriage of polymorphism and topochemistry for obtaining polymorphs of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Athiyarath
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Liby Ann Mathew
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Yakai Zhao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 639798 Singapore
| | - Ravichandran Khazeber
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Upadrasta Ramamurty
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 639798 Singapore
| | - Kana M Sureshan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
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6
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Wei Z, Wang X, Seo B, Luo X, Hu Q, Jones J, Zeller M, Wang K, Savoie BM, Zhao K, Dou L. Side‐Chain Control of Topochemical Polymer Single Crystals with Tunable Elastic Modulus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202213840. [PMID: 36219546 PMCID: PMC10092176 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Topochemical polymerizations hold the promise of producing high molecular weight and stereoregular single crystalline polymers by first aligning monomers before polymerization. However, monomer modifications often alter the crystal packing and result in non-reactive polymorphs. Here, we report a systematic study on the side chain functionalization of the bis(indandione) derivative system that can be polymerized under visible light. Precisely engineered side chains help organize the monomer crystals in a one-dimensional fashion to maintain the topochemical reactivity. By optimizing the side chain length and end group of monomers, the elastic modulus of the resulting polymer single crystals can also be greatly enhanced. Lastly, using ultrasonication, insoluble polymer single crystals can be processed into free-standing and robust polymer thin films. This work provides new insights on the molecular design of topochemical reactions and paves the way for future applications of this fascinating family of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitang Wei
- Davidson School of Chemical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Xiaokang Wang
- School of Mechanical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Bumjoon Seo
- Davidson School of Chemical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Xuyi Luo
- Davidson School of Chemical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Qixuan Hu
- Davidson School of Chemical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Jack Jones
- Davidson School of Chemical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of ChemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Kang Wang
- Davidson School of Chemical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Brett M. Savoie
- Davidson School of Chemical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Kejie Zhao
- School of Mechanical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - Letian Dou
- Davidson School of Chemical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA
- Birck Nanotechnology CenterPurdue UniversityPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, INUSA
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7
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Bhandary S, Pathigoolla A, Madhusudhanan MC, Sureshan KM. Azide–Alkyne Interactions: A Crucial Attractive Force for Their Preorganization for Topochemical Cycloaddition Reaction. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200820. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhrajyoti Bhandary
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Atchutarao Pathigoolla
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Mithun C. Madhusudhanan
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
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8
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Rai R, Sureshan KM. Topochemical Synthesis of a Heterochiral Peptide Polymer in Different Polymorphic Forms from Crystals and Aerogels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202111623. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rishika Rai
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
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9
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Sureshan KM, Rai R. Topochemical Synthesis of a Heterochiral Peptide Polymer in Different Polymorphic Forms from Crystals and Aerogels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kana M Sureshan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram School of Chemistry ThiruvananthapuramMaruthamalaVithura 695551 Thiruvananthapuram INDIA
| | - Rishika Rai
- IISER-TVM: Indian Institute of Science Education Research Thiruvananthapuram Chemistry 695551 Thiruvananthapuram INDIA
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10
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Athiyarath V, Madhusudhanan MC, Kunnikuruvan S, Sureshan KM. Secondary Structure Tuning of a Pseudoprotein Between β‐Meander and α‐Helical Forms in the Solid‐State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Athiyarath
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Mithun C. Madhusudhanan
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Sooraj Kunnikuruvan
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
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11
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Evans AM, Strauss MJ, Corcos AR, Hirani Z, Ji W, Hamachi LS, Aguilar-Enriquez X, Chavez AD, Smith BJ, Dichtel WR. Two-Dimensional Polymers and Polymerizations. Chem Rev 2021; 122:442-564. [PMID: 34852192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chemists have developed robust methods to synthesize discrete molecules, linear and branched polymers, and disordered cross-linked networks. However, two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) prepared from designed monomers have been long missing from these capabilities, both as objects of chemical synthesis and in nature. Recently, new polymerization strategies and characterization methods have enabled the unambiguous realization of covalently linked macromolecular sheets. Here we review 2DPs and 2D polymerization methods. Three predominant 2D polymerization strategies have emerged to date, which produce 2DPs either as monolayers or multilayer assemblies. We discuss the fundamental understanding and scope of each of these approaches, including: the bond-forming reactions used, the synthetic diversity of 2DPs prepared, their multilayer stacking behaviors, nanoscale and mesoscale structures, and macroscale morphologies. Additionally, we describe the analytical tools currently available to characterize 2DPs in their various isolated forms. Finally, we review emergent 2DP properties and the potential applications of planar macromolecules. Throughout, we highlight achievements in 2D polymerization and identify opportunities for continued study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amanda R Corcos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoheb Hirani
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Xavier Aguilar-Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anton D Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brian J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University,1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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12
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Athiyarath V, Madhusudhanan MC, Kunnikuruvan S, Sureshan KM. Secondary Structure Tuning of a Pseudoprotein Between β-Meander and α-Helical Forms in the Solid-State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113129. [PMID: 34699112 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuning the secondary structure of a protein or polymer in the solid-state is challenging. Here we report the topochemical synthesis of a pseudoprotein and its secondary structure tuning in the solid-state. We designed the dipeptide monomer N3 -Leu-Ala-NH-CH2 -C≡CH (1) for topochemical azide-alkyne cycloaddition (TAAC) polymerization. Dipeptide 1 adopts an anti-parallel β-sheet-like stacked arrangement in its crystals. Upon heating, the dipeptide undergoes quantitative TAAC polymerization in a crystal-to-crystal fashion yielding large polymers. The reaction occurs between the adjacent monomers in the H-bonded anti-parallel stack, yielding pseudoprotein having a β-meander structure. When dissolved in methanol, this pseudoprotein changes its secondary structure from β-meander to α-helical form and it retains the new secondary structure upon desolvation. This work demonstrates a novel paradigm for tuning the secondary structure of a polymer in the solid-state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Athiyarath
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Mithun C Madhusudhanan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Sooraj Kunnikuruvan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Kana M Sureshan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
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13
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Azide⋅⋅⋅Oxygen Interaction: A Crystal Engineering Tool for Conformational Locking. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Sureshan KM, Madhusudhanan MC, Balan H, Werz DB. Azide···Oxygen Interaction: A Crystal Engineering Tool for Conformational Locking. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22797-22803. [PMID: 34399025 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have designed, synthesized and crystallized 36 compounds, each containing an azide group and an oxygen atom separated by three bonds. Crystal structure analysis revealed that each of these molecules adopts a conformation in which the azide and oxygen groups orient syn to each other with a short O ··· N b contact. Geometry-optimized structures [using M06-2X/6-311G(d,p) level of theory ] also showed the syn conformation in all 36 of these cases, suggesting that this not merely a crystal packing effect. Quantum topological analysis using Bader's Atoms in Molecules (AIM) theory revealed bond paths and bond critical points (BCP) in these structures suggesting its nature and energetics to be similar to weak hydrogen bonding. The NCI-RDG plot clearly revealed the attractive interaction consisting of electrostatic or dispersive components in all the 36 systems. NBO analysis suggested a weak orbital-relaxation (charge-transfer) contribution of energy for a few (sp2) O-donor systems. Natural population analysis (NPA) and molecular electrostatic potential mapping (MESP) of these crystal structures further revealed the existence of favorable azide-oxygen interaction. A CSD search indicated the frequent and consistent occurrence of this interaction and its role dictating the syn conformation of azide and oxygen in molecules where these groups are separated by 2-4 bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana M Sureshan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, School of Chemistry, Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala, 695551, Thiruvananthapuram, INDIA
| | - Mithun C Madhusudhanan
- IISER-TVM: Indian Institute of Science Education Research Thiruvananthapuram, School of Chemistry, Maruthamala, Vithura, 795551, Thiruvananthapuram, INDIA
| | - Haripriya Balan
- IISER-TVM: Indian Institute of Science Education Research Thiruvananthapuram, School of Chemistry, Maruthamala, Vithura, 695551, Thiruvananthapuram, INDIA
| | - Daniel B Werz
- TU Braunschweig: Technische Universitat Braunschweig, Institute fur Organic Chemie, Hagenring 30, Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, GERMANY
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15
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Zhu M, Zhu L. Rational Design of Diphenyldiacetylene-Based Fluorescent Materials Enabling a 365-nm Light-Initiated Topochemical Polymerization. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2048-2054. [PMID: 34075705 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Photopolymerization of diacetylenes usually requires stringent reaction conditions like high energy irradiation of 254-nm light or even γ-rays, which are generally harmful to the human body and thus mild conditions with lower energy irradiation are required. In this study, different diphenyldiacetylene (DPDA) derivatives were rationally designed followed by the investigation of their photopolymerization behavior. It was found that the para-substituted amino groups could render the absorption band of DPDA bathochromically shifted, ensuring a 365-nm light wavelength coverage. On this basis, an organogel system was constructed by chemically modifying cholesteryl and lipoic acid onto the DPDA moiety in aromatic solvents. Such uniform self-assemblies further facilitated to a rather high degree of polymerization by 365-nm irradiation. As a kind of fluorescent materials, the whole polymerization process of this system can be visualized by a photoluminescent signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
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16
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Agouram N, El Hadrami EM, Bentama A. 1,2,3-Triazoles as Biomimetics in Peptide Science. Molecules 2021; 26:2937. [PMID: 34069302 PMCID: PMC8156386 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural peptides are an important class of chemical mediators, essential for most vital processes. What limits the potential of the use of peptides as drugs is their low bioavailability and enzymatic degradation in vivo. To overcome this limitation, the development of new molecules mimicking peptides is of great importance for the development of new biologically active molecules. Therefore, replacing the amide bond in a peptide with a heterocyclic bioisostere, such as the 1,2,3-triazole ring, can be considered an effective solution for the synthesis of biologically relevant peptidomimetics. These 1,2,3-triazoles may have an interesting biological activity, because they behave as rigid link units, which can mimic the electronic properties of amide bonds and show bioisosteric effects. Additionally, triazole can be used as a linker moiety to link peptides to other functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima Agouram
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Immouzer Road, Fez 30050, Morocco; (E.M.E.H.); (A.B.)
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17
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Hu F, Bi X, Chen X, Pan Q, Zhao Y. Single-crystal-to-single-crystal Transformations for the Preparation of Small Molecules, 1D and 2D Polymers Single Crystals. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Hu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Xinwen Bi
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Xinsheng Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Qingyan Pan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
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18
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Click chemistry strategies for the accelerated synthesis of functional macromolecules. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Hema K, Ravi A, Raju C, Pathan JR, Rai R, Sureshan KM. Topochemical polymerizations for the solid-state synthesis of organic polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4062-4099. [PMID: 33543741 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00840k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Topochemical polymerizations are solid-state reactions driven by the alignment of monomers in the crystalline state. The molecular confinement in the monomer crystal lattice offers precise control over the tacticity, packing and crystallinity of the polymer formed in the topochemical reaction. As topochemical reactions occur under solvent- and catalyst-free conditions, giving products in high yield and selectivity/specificity that do not require tedious chromatographic purification, topochemical polymerizations are highly attractive over traditional solution-phase polymer synthesis. By this method, polymers having sophisticated structures and desired topologies can be availed. Often, such ordered packing confers attractive properties to the topochemically-synthesized polymers. Diverse categories of topochemical polymerizations are known, such as polymerizations via [2+2], [4+4], [4+2], and [3+2] cycloadditions, and polymerization of diynes, triynes, dienes, trienes, and quinodimethanes, each of which proceed under suitable stimuli like heat, light or pressure. Each class of these reactions requires a unique packing arrangement of the corresponding monomers for the smooth reaction and produces polymers with distinct properties. This review is penned with the intent of bringing all the types of topochemical polymerizations into a single platform and communicating the versatility of these lattice-controlled polymerizations. We present a brief history of the development of each category and comprehensively review the topochemical synthesis of fully-organic polymers reported in the last twenty years, particularly in crystals. We mainly focus on the various molecular designs and crystal engineering strategies adopted to align monomers in a suitable orientation for polymerization. Finally, we analyze the current challenges and future perspectives in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntrapakam Hema
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India.
| | - Arthi Ravi
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India.
| | - Cijil Raju
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India.
| | - Javed R Pathan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India.
| | - Rishika Rai
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India.
| | - Kana M Sureshan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India.
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20
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Abstract
Novel polymerizations based on alkyne monomers are becoming a powerful tool to construct polymers with unique structures and advanced functions in the areas of polymer and material sciences, and scientists have been attracted to develop a variety of novel polymerizations in recent decades. Therein, catalytic systems play an indispensable role in the influence of polymerization efficiencies and the performances of the resultant polymers. Concerning the shortcomings of metallic catalysts, much of the recent research focus has been on metal-free polymerization systems. In this paper, metal-free catalysts are classified and the corresponding polymerizations are reviewed, including organobase-catalyzed polymerizations, Lewis-acid-catalyzed polymerizations, as well as catalyst-free polymerizations. Moreover, the challenges and perspectives in this area are also briefly discussed.
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21
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Wang G, Wang D, Bietsch J, Chen A, Sharma P. Synthesis of Dendritic Glycoclusters and Their Applications for Supramolecular Gelation and Catalysis. J Org Chem 2020; 85:16136-16156. [PMID: 33301322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glycoclusters with three, four, and six arms of glycosyl triazoles were designed, synthesized, and characterized. The self-assembling properties of these molecules and their catalytic activity as ligands in copper-catalyzed azide and alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions were studied. The compounds with a lower number of branches exhibit excellent gelation properties and can function as supramolecular gelators. The resulting gels were characterized using optical microcopy and atomic force microscopy. The glycoconjugates containing six branches showed significant catalytic activity for copper sulfate mediated cycloaddition reactions. In aqueous solutions, 1 mol % of glycoclusters to substrates was efficient at accelerating these reactions. Several trimeric compounds were found to be capable of forming co-gels with the catalytically active hexameric compounds. Using the organogels formed by the glycoconjugates as supramolecular catalysts, efficient catalysis was demonstrated for several CuAAC reactions. The metallogels with CuSO4 were also prepared as gel columns, which can be reused for the cycloaddition reactions several times. These include the preparation of a few glycosyl triazoles and aryl triazoles and isoxazoles. We expect that these sugar-based soft biomaterials will have applications beyond supramolecular catalysis for copper-catalyzed cycloaddition reactions. They may also be useful as ligands or gel matrixes for other metal-ion catalyzed organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Jonathan Bietsch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Anji Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
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22
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Mandal R, Biradha K. Photochemical [2 + 2] polymerization of metal-organic gels of a rigid and angular diene with silver-salts of diverse anions: selective dye-sorption and luminescence by xerogels. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:13744-13752. [PMID: 32996983 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02919j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Two similar types of dienes, one rigid and the other flexible, were explored for their gel formation abilities with Ag(i) salts. The rigid and angular dienes have shown an exceptional ability for gel formation with silver salts of nitrate, triflate, tetrafluoro borate and hexafluorophosphate. These metal-organic gels (MOGs) and their xerogels are found to have an excellent ability to undergo the photochemical [2 + 2] polymerization reaction upon irradiation. The reactions were monitored, and the products were characterized via1H NMR and MALDI-TOF analyses. Further, the solid-state luminescence behaviour and the selective dye-sorption of the gels have been explored before and after the photo-polymerization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajorshi Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302, India.
| | - Kumar Biradha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302, India.
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23
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Athiyarath V, Sureshan KM. Designed Synthesis of a 1D Polymer in Twist-Stacked Topology via Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15580-15585. [PMID: 32779302 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To synthesize a fully organic 1D polymer in a novel twist-stacked topology, we designed a peptide monomer HC≡CCH2 -NH-Ile-Leu-N3 , which crystallizes with its molecules H-bonded along a six-fold screw axis. These H-bonded columns pack parallelly such that molecules arrange head-to-tail, forming linear non-covalent chains in planes perpendicular to the screw axis. The chains arrange parallelly to form molecular layers which twist-stack along the screw axis. Crystals of this monomer, on heating, undergo single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) topochemical azide-alkyne cycloaddition (TAAC) polymerization to yield an exclusively 1,4-triazole-linked polymer in a twist-stacked layered topology. This topologically defined polymer shows better mechanical strength and thermal stability than its unordered form, as evidenced by nanoindentation studies and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. This work illustrates the scope of topochemical polymerizations for synthesizing polymers in pre-decided topologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Athiyarath
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Kana M Sureshan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
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24
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Athiyarath V, Sureshan KM. Designed Synthesis of a 1D Polymer in Twist‐Stacked Topology via Single‐Crystal‐to‐Single‐Crystal Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Athiyarath
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
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25
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Hema K, Sureshan KM. β-Sheet to Helical-Sheet Evolution Induced by Topochemical Polymerization: Cross-α-Amyloid-like Packing in a Pseudoprotein with Gly-Phe-Gly Repeats. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8854-8859. [PMID: 32149438 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein-mimics are of great interest for their structure, stability, and properties. We are interested in the synthesis of protein-mimics containing triazole linkages as peptide-bond surrogate by topochemical azide-alkyne cycloaddition (TAAC) polymerization of azide- and alkyne-modified peptides. The rationally designed dipeptide N3 -CH2 CO-Phe-NHCH2 CCH (1) crystallized in a parallel β-sheet arrangement and are head-to-tail aligned in a direction perpendicular to the β-sheet-direction. Upon heating, crystals of 1 underwent single-crystal-to-single-crystal polymerization forming a triazole-linked pseudoprotein with Gly-Phe-Gly repeats. During TAAC polymerization, the pseudoprotein evolved as helical chains. These helical chains are laterally assembled by backbone hydrogen bonding in a direction perpendicular to the helical axis to form helical sheets. This interesting helical-sheet orientation in the crystal resembles the cross-α-amyloids, where α-helices are arranged laterally as sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntrapakam Hema
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Kana M Sureshan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
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26
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Hema K, Sureshan KM. β‐Sheet to Helical‐Sheet Evolution Induced by Topochemical Polymerization: Cross‐α‐Amyloid‐like Packing in a Pseudoprotein with Gly‐Phe‐Gly Repeats. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuntrapakam Hema
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
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27
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Hema K, Gonnade RG, Sureshan KM. Crystal‐to‐Crystal Synthesis of Helically Ordered Polymers of Trehalose by Topochemical Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:2897-2903. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuntrapakam Hema
- School of ChemistryIndian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Rajesh G. Gonnade
- Physics and Materials Chemistry DivisionNational Chemical Laboratory Pune 411008 India
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of ChemistryIndian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
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28
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Hema K, Gonnade RG, Sureshan KM. Crystal‐to‐Crystal Synthesis of Helically Ordered Polymers of Trehalose by Topochemical Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuntrapakam Hema
- School of ChemistryIndian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Rajesh G. Gonnade
- Physics and Materials Chemistry DivisionNational Chemical Laboratory Pune 411008 India
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of ChemistryIndian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
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29
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Han C, Zhou J, Liang C, Liu B, Pan X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Yan B, Xie W, Liu F, Yu XY, Li Y. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomes encapsulated in functional peptide hydrogels promote cardiac repair. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:2920-2933. [PMID: 31090763 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00101h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-derived exosomes have been recognized as a potential therapy for cardiovascular disease. However, the low retention rate of exosomes after transplantation in vivo remains a major challenge in clinical applications. The aim of this study is to investigate whether human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomes (UMSC-Exo) encapsulated in functional peptide hydrogels could increase the retention and stability of exosomes and improve heart function in a rat myocardial infarction model. Our results demonstrated that the PA-GHRPS peptide protected H9C2 cells from H2O2-induced oxidative stress. The gelatinization ability of PA-GHRPS can be enhanced by peptide NapFF. Therefore, these two peptides were mixed to form the PGN hydrogel, which was used to encapsulate exosomes. Our data showed that the PGN hydrogel was able to encapsulate exosomes effectively and ensured a stable and sustained release of exosomes. The exosome/PGN hydrogel mixture was injected into the infarcted border zone of rat hearts. Compared to the exosome treatment alone, the mixture improved the myocardial function by reducing inflammation, fibrosis and apoptosis, and by promoting angiogenesis. The strategy used in this study provided a practical and effective method to harness exosomes for myocardial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoshan Han
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
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30
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Abstract
Topochemical reactions are solid-state reactions that transpire under the strict control of molecular packing in the crystal lattice. Due to this lattice control, these reactions generate products in a regio-/stereospecific manner and in very high yields. In a broader sense, topochemical reactions mimic nature's way of carrying out reactions in a confined environment of enzymes giving specific products. Apart from their remarkable specificity, topochemical reactions have many other interesting features that make these reactions more attractive than solution-phase reactions. Solution-phase reactions necessitate the use of reactants, reagents, catalysts, and solvents and often give products along with varying amounts of byproducts, necessitating complex workup and chromatographic purification using various chemicals. These inevitable chemical wastes from solution-state reactions could be avoided by topochemical reactions, as they are solvent-free and catalyst-free and often do not require any chromatographic purification in view of their specificity and high yielding nature. Also the confinement offered by the crystal lattice gives products that are not possible by solution-phase reactions. Another interesting feature of topochemical reactions is the possibility of formation of products in an ordered (crystalline) form, which imparts interesting properties. Thus, topochemical reactions have control not only at the molecular level (regio-/stereospecificity) but also at the supramolecular level (packing). Many topochemical reactions happen in single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) fashion, and crystal structure analysis of such reactions often gives mechanistic insights and knowledge about the geometrical criteria required for the reaction. Despite all these attractive features, reactions that can be done topochemically are limited. There is tremendous interest in the development of new categories of topochemical reactions and strategies to achieve reactivity in crystals. In this Account, we will summarize our attempts to develop topochemical azide-alkyne cycloaddition (TAAC) reactions. We have used hydrogen-bonding as the main noncovalent interaction for aligning azide-and-alkyne-substituted derivatives of various biomolecules in orientations suitable for their proximity-driven cycloaddition reaction in crystals. Overall, three major classes of biomolecules; carbohydrates, nucleosides, and peptides were successfully exploited for their TAAC reactions using conventional O-H···O, N-H···O, and N-H···N hydrogen bonds as supramolecular glues for controlling their assembly in crystals. The crystals of these monomers underwent TAAC reaction either spontaneously at room temperature or under heating yielding triazole-linked biopolymer mimics. The ordered packing of product molecules imparted special properties to the products formed. The legendary "cream of the crop" azide-alkyne click reaction has diverse applications in the areas of bioconjugation, material science, polymer synthesis, and so forth. Belonging to the same genre, TAAC is a novel metal-free approach for making the triazole-linked products employing the ordered crystal/gel as a reaction medium. In brief, our studies suggest that TAAC reaction can be implemented in diverse molecular categories and has high potential to develop into a field with practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntrapakam Hema
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala-695551, India
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala-695551, India
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31
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Facile Synthesis of Functional Poly(methyltriazolylcarboxylate)s by Solvent- and Catalyst-free Butynoate-Azide Polycycloaddition. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-019-2316-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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32
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Soundarajan K, Mohan Das T. Sugar-benzohydrazide based phase selective gelators for marine oil spill recovery and removal of dye from polluted water. Carbohydr Res 2019; 481:60-66. [PMID: 31252336 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 3,4,5-tri-O-benzohydrazide based N-glycosylamines were characterized using NMR (1H and 13C) and mass spectral analysis. Gelation properties of the synthesized molecules in different solvents and oils were studied and gelation was observed with minimum Critical Gelator Concentration (CGC) of 0.8% (w/v) in benzene. The free hydroxyl group of the sugar moiety, benzohydrazide and three alkyl chains present in all these compounds afford the collective driving forces for gelation. Phase-Selective Organo-Gelators (PSOGs) are molecules that can gel the oil selectively from the biphasic combination of oil and water and it is one of the good candidates for recovering oil in case of oil spill. It is observed that these gelators can be used as solid particles on a biphasic system consist of oil and water. It solidifies the oil selectively which can be taken out by means of the physical process. FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy suggest that the driving forces for the gelation are hydrogen-bonding, π-π stacking and van der Waals interaction. The gels were studied using FE-SEM, DSC and rheological techniques. FE-SEM analysis shows that the formation of thin fibers and large wrinkle like aggregate structure in the gel state is due to the presence of different weak molecular interactions. The phase selection and gel-sol transition properties of these molecules confer their ability to absorb and release dyes with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalakannan Soundarajan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu (CUTN), Thiruvarur, 610 005, India
| | - Thangamuthu Mohan Das
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu (CUTN), Thiruvarur, 610 005, India.
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33
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Kana M. Sureshan. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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34
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Kana M. Sureshan. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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35
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Hema K, Sureshan KM. Solid‐State Synthesis of Two Different Polymers in a Single Crystal: A Miscible Polymer Blend from a Topochemical Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2754-2759. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuntrapakam Hema
- School of ChemistryIndian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala- 695551 India
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of ChemistryIndian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala- 695551 India
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36
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Hema K, Sureshan KM. Solid‐State Synthesis of Two Different Polymers in a Single Crystal: A Miscible Polymer Blend from a Topochemical Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuntrapakam Hema
- School of ChemistryIndian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala- 695551 India
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of ChemistryIndian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala- 695551 India
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37
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Athiyarath V, Sureshan KM. Spontaneous Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Evolution of Two Cross-Laminated Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Athiyarath
- School of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research; Thiruvananthapuram Kerala- 695 551 India
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research; Thiruvananthapuram Kerala- 695 551 India
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38
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Athiyarath V, Sureshan KM. Spontaneous Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Evolution of Two Cross-Laminated Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:612-617. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Athiyarath
- School of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research; Thiruvananthapuram Kerala- 695 551 India
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research; Thiruvananthapuram Kerala- 695 551 India
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39
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Dey A, Biradha K. Photochemical Reactions in Supramolecular Assemblies of Gels: Dimerizations and Polymerizations via Pericyclic Reactions. Isr J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201800137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Dey
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur- 721302 India
| | - Kumar Biradha
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur- 721302 India
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40
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Wang W, Schlüter AD. Synthetic 2D Polymers: A Critical Perspective and a Look into the Future. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800719. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Institute of Polymers; Department of Materials; ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - A. Dieter Schlüter
- Institute of Polymers; Department of Materials; ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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41
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Mohanrao R, Sureshan KM. Synthesis and Reversible Hydration of a Pseudoprotein, a Fully Organic Polymeric Desiccant by Multiple Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Transformations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raja Mohanrao
- School of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram; Kerala- 695551 India
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram; Kerala- 695551 India
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42
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Mohanrao R, Sureshan KM. Synthesis and Reversible Hydration of a Pseudoprotein, a Fully Organic Polymeric Desiccant by Multiple Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Transformations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12435-12439. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raja Mohanrao
- School of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram; Kerala- 695551 India
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram; Kerala- 695551 India
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43
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Soundarajan K, Rajasekar M, Das TM. Self-assembly of sugar based glyco-lipids: Gelation studies of partially protected d-glucose derivatives. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 93:776-781. [PMID: 30274111 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of sugar-based glycolipid derivatives were prepared by N-glycosylamines, and their organogelation property has been analyzed. We have observed the efficient gelation for some of the anilines substituted glycolipids derivatives in different aromatic and aliphatic solvents. It was found that the gelation occurred predominantly in aliphatic solvents with CGC of 0.8% (w/v) attributed to the presence of long alkyl chain in the glycolipids. The structural and morphological properties of the xerogels were investigated by NMR, powder XRD, and FE-SEM respectively. Furthermore, the thermal stability was analyzed by DSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalakannan Soundarajan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu (CUTN), Thiruvarur 610 005, INDIA
| | - Mani Rajasekar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India
| | - Thangamuthu Mohan Das
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu (CUTN), Thiruvarur 610 005, INDIA; Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India.
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44
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Cheng H, Gao H, Xiao Y, Zhang B, Xing W, Cheng X. Self-assembly, conductivity and chemosensor behavior of biphenylsulfone based Janus polycatenar. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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45
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Prathap A, Raju C, Sureshan KM. Organogel-Derived Covalent-Noncovalent Hybrid Polymers as Alkali Metal-Ion Scavengers for Partial Deionization of Water. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:15183-15188. [PMID: 29648776 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We show that crown ethers (CEs) 1-5 congeal both polar and nonpolar solvents via their self-assembly through weak noncovalent interactions (NCIs) such as CH···O and CH···π interactions. Diisopropylidene-mannitol (6) is a known gelator that self-assembles through stronger OH···O H bonding. These two gelators together also congeal nonpolar solvents via their individual self-assembly. Gelator 6 self-assembles swiftly to fibers, which act as templates and attract CE to their surface through H bonding and thereby facilitate their self-assembly through weak NCI. Polymerization of styrene gels made from CE and 6, followed by the washing off of the sacrificial gelator 6, yields robust porous polystyrene-crown ether hybrid matrices (PCH), having pore-exposed CEs. These PCHs not only were efficient in sequestering alkali metal ions from aqueous solutions but also can be recycled. This novel use of organogels for making solid sorbents for metal-ion scavenging might be of great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamalai Prathap
- School of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Thiruvananthapuram , Kerala 695551 , India
| | - Cijil Raju
- School of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Thiruvananthapuram , Kerala 695551 , India
| | - Kana M Sureshan
- School of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Thiruvananthapuram , Kerala 695551 , India
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46
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Li B, Huang D, Qin A, Tang BZ. Progress on Catalytic Systems Used in Click Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800098. [PMID: 29682849 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Click polymerization, a powerful synthetic technique to construct polymers with unique structures and advanced functions, is of crucial importance in the areas of polymer and material sciences. A variety of click polymerizations such as azide-alkyne, thiol-yne, amino-yne, and hydroxyl-yne reactions have been established, wherein the catalytic systems play an indispensable role in realizing these highly practical reactions based on triple-bond building blocks, as they directly influence the efficiencies of the click polymerizations and the performances of the resultant polymers. The vital employment of catalysts is reviewed and their developments from innovative discoveries to the eminent position are outlined. Moreover, the challenges and perspectives in this area are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baixue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Die Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Anjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.,Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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47
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Chirality-controlled spontaneous twisting of crystals due to thermal topochemical reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:2896-2901. [PMID: 29507233 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718965115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystals that show mechanical response against various stimuli are of great interest. These stimuli induce polymorphic transitions, isomerizations, or chemical reactions in the crystal and the strain generated between the daughter and parent domains is transcribed into mechanical response. We observed that the crystals of modified dipeptide LL (N3-l-Ala-l-Val-NHCH2C≡CH) undergo spontaneous twisting to form right-handed twisted crystals not only at room temperature but also at 0 °C over time. Using various spectroscopic techniques, we have established that the twisting is due to the spontaneous topochemical azide-alkyne cycloaddition (TAAC) reaction at room temperature or lower temperatures. The rate of twisting can be increased by heating, exploiting the faster kinetics of the TAAC reaction at higher temperatures. To address the role of molecular chirality in the direction of twisting the enantiomer of dipeptide LL, N3-d-Ala-d-Val-NHCH2C≡CH (DD), was synthesized and topochemical reactivity and mechanoresponse of its crystals were studied. We have found that dipeptide DD not only underwent TAAC reaction, giving 1,4-triazole-linked pseudopolypeptides of d-amino acids, but also underwent twisting with opposite handedness (left-handed twisting), establishing the role of molecular chirality in controlling the direction of mechanoresponse. This paper reports (i) a mechanical response due to a thermal reaction and (ii) a spontaneous mechanical response in crystals and (iii) explains the role of molecular chirality in the handedness of the macroscopic mechanical response.
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48
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Zhang R, Gao H, Ren Y, Xiao Y, Hu J, Cheng X. Syntheses and Properties of meso-Substituted Porphyrin Mesogens with Triazole Linkages and Peripheral Alkyl Chains. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:536-544. [PMID: 29328555 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Discotic mesogens P/n-M (n=12, 16, 18, M=2 H, Zn and Cu) bearing a porphyrin core, triazole linkages and peripheral 3,4,5-trialkoxybenzyl units have been synthesized by a click-chemistry approach. The thermal behavior, photophysical properties and morphologies of these compounds were investigated by polarized optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), XRD, UV and PL, SEM and TEM. These compounds can self-assemble into hexagonal columnar phases in their pure states and form organogels in 1,4-dioxane with unusually flower-like sphere morphology. The supramolecular complexes of P/18-Zn with C70 or 4,7-di-4-pydriyl-2,1,3-benzothadiazole can display hexagonal columnar phases too. Additionally, zinc porphyrin compounds P/n-Zn show binding selectivity to Cu2+ among a series of cations in THF/H2 O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education, Chemistry School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P.R. China.,Forensic Medicine of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, P.R. China
| | - Hongfei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education, Chemistry School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P.R. China
| | - Yanming Ren
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education, Chemistry School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P.R. China
| | - Yulong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education, Chemistry School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P.R. China
| | - Jinliang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education, Chemistry School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education, Chemistry School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P.R. China
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Abstract
The recent progress in alkyne-based click polymerizations and their application in the preparation of new functional polymers are summarized. The challenges and opportunities in this area are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction
- The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology
- Kowloon
- China
| | - Anjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
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50
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Hema K, Sureshan KM. Three-way competition in a topochemical reaction: permutative azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions leading to a vast library of products in the crystal. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00131f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Crystals of 5-azido-3-O-propargyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-d-ribofuranose undergo topochemical azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction in three different pathways leading to a library of products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntrapakam Hema
- School of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram
- India
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram
- India
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