1
|
Gong X, Dong R, Wang J, Ma L. Towards the selective growth of two-dimensional ordered C xN y compounds via epitaxial substrate mediation. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024:S2095-9273(24)00306-2. [PMID: 38729801 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) ordered carbon-nitrogen binary compounds (CxNy) show great potential in many fields owing to their diverse structures and outstanding properties. However, the scalable and selective synthesis of 2D CxNy compounds remain a challenge due to the variable C/N stoichiometry induced coexistence of graphitic, pyridinic, and pyrrolic N species and the competitive growth of graphene. Here, this work systematically explored the mechanism of selective growth of a series of 2D ordered CxNy compounds, namely, the g-C3N4, C2N, C3N, and C5N, on various epitaxial substrates via first-principles calculations. By establishing the thermodynamic phase diagram, it is revealed that the individualized surface interaction and symmetry match between 2D CxNy compounds and substrates together enable the selective epitaxial growth of single crystal 2D CxNy compounds within distinct chemical potential windows of feedstock. The kinetics behaviors of the diffusion and attachment of the decomposed feedstock C/N atoms to the growing CxNy clusters further confirmed the feasibility of the substrate mediated selective growth of 2D CxNy compounds. Moreover, the optimal experimental conditions, including the temperature and partial pressure of feedstock, are suggested for the selective growth of targeted 2D CxNy compound on individual epitaxial substrates by carefully considering the chemical potential of carbon/nitrogen as the functional of experimental parameters based on the standard thermochemical tables. This work provides an insightful understanding on the mechanism of selective epitaxial growth of 2D ordered CxNy compounds for guiding the future experimental design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshu Gong
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Ruikang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jinlan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou 215004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fast and sensitive recognition of enantiomers by electrochemical chiral analysis: Recent advances and future perspectives. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
3
|
Niu X, Yang X, Mo Z, Wang J, Pan Z, Liu Z, Shuai C, Liu G, Liu N, Guo R. Fabrication of an electrochemical chiral sensor via an integrated polysaccharides/3D nitrogen-doped graphene-CNT frame. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 131:107396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
4
|
Li XF, Yan WW, Rao JR, Liu DX, Zhang XH, Cao X, Luo Y. Ultrahigh conductivity of graphene nanoribbons doped with ordered nitrogen. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:4359-4364. [PMID: 36134412 PMCID: PMC9417508 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00458k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is an attractive candidate for developing high conductivity materials (HCMs) owing to an extraordinary charge mobility. While graphene itself is a semi-metal with an inherently low carrier density, and methods used for increasing carrier density normally also cause a marked decrease in charge mobility. Here, we report that ordered nitrogen doping can induce a pronounced increase in carrier density but does not harm the high charge mobility of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), giving rise to an unprecedented ultrahigh conductivity in the system. Our first-principles calculations for orderly N-doped GNRs (referred to as C5N-GNRs) show that N-doping causes a significant shift-up of the Fermi level (ΔE F), resulting in the presence of multiple partially-filled energy bands (PFEDs) that primarily increase the carrier density of system. Notably, the PFEDs are delocalized well with integral and quantized transmissions, suggesting a negligible effect from N-doping on the charge mobility. Moreover, the PFEDs can cross the E F multiple times as the ribbon widens, causing the conductivity to increase monotonically and reach ultrahigh values (>15G 0) in sub-5 nm wide ribbons with either armchair or zigzag edges. Furthermore, a simple linear relationship between the doing concentration and the ΔE F was obtained, which provides a robust means for controlling the conductivity of C5N-GNRs. Our findings should be useful for understanding the effect of ordered atomic doping on the conductivity of graphene and may open new avenues for realizing graphene-based HCMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Li
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu Sichuan 610054 China
| | - Wei-Wei Yan
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu Sichuan 610054 China
| | - Jia-Rui Rao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu Sichuan 610054 China
| | - Dong-Xue Liu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu Sichuan 610054 China
| | - Xiang-Hua Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu Sichuan 610054 China
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan Institute of Engineering Xiangtan Hunan 411101 China
| | - Xinrui Cao
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yi Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao S, Wang L, Fu L. Precise Vapor-Phase Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Atomic Single Crystals. iScience 2019; 20:527-545. [PMID: 31655063 PMCID: PMC6818371 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional atomic single crystals (2DASCs) have drawn immense attention because of their potential for fundamental research and new technologies. Novel properties of 2DASCs are closely related to their atomic structures, and effective modulation of the structures allows for exploring various practical applications. Precise vapor-phase synthesis of 2DASCs with tunable thickness, selectable phase, and controllable chemical composition can be realized to adjust their band structures and electronic properties. This review highlights the latest advances in the precise vapor-phase synthesis of 2DASCs. We thoroughly elaborate on strategies toward the accurate control of layer number, phase, chemical composition of layered 2DASCs, and thickness of non-layered 2DASCs. Finally, we suggest forward-looking solutions to the challenges and directions of future developments in this emerging field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Luyang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hou M, Zhang X, Yuan S, Cen W. Double graphitic-N doping for enhanced catalytic oxidation activity of carbocatalysts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:5481-5488. [PMID: 30783640 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07317a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphitic N (GrN) doping is an effective way to promote the catalytic oxidation activities of pristine graphene, but a low doping density still limits its practical use. Based on DFT calculations, a double graphitic N (GrN) doping method is proposed. When the two GrN atoms are located at two different but nearby hexatomic rings, the dissociation of O2 molecules is significantly facilitated and the subsequently formed oxygen groups remain active for SO2 oxidation. In contrast, if the two GrN atoms are located at the same hexatomic rings of graphene, sluggish carbonyl groups will be formed in spite of the dissociation of O2 molecules being extraordinarily preferred.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Hou
- College of Zhong Ran, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, P. R. China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Volland M, Zhou P, Wibmer L, Häner R, Decurtins S, Liu SX, Guldi DM. Nanographene favors electronic interactions with an electron acceptor rather than an electron donor in a planar fused push-pull conjugate. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:1437-1441. [PMID: 30608494 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06961a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A combination of a preexfoliated nanographene (NG) dispersion and fused electron donor-acceptor tetrathiafulvalene-perylenediimide (TTF-PDI) results in a noncovalent functionalization of NG. Such novel types of nanohybrids were characterized by complementary spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The design strategy of the chromophoric and electroactive molecular conjugate renders a large and planar π-extended system with a distinct localization of electron-rich and electron-poor parts at either end of the molecular conjugate. Within the in situ formed nanohybrid, the conjugate was found to couple electronically with NG preferentially through the electron accepting PDI rather than the electron donating TTF and to form the one-electron reduced form of PDI, which corresponds to p-doping of graphene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Volland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Qiu Z, Li P, Li Z, Yang J. Atomistic Simulations of Graphene Growth: From Kinetics to Mechanism. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:728-735. [PMID: 29493220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Epitaxial growth is a promising strategy to produce high-quality graphene samples. At the same time, this method has great flexibility for industrial scale-up. To optimize growth protocols, it is essential to understand the underlying growth mechanisms. This is, however, very challenging, as the growth process is complicated and involves many elementary steps. Experimentally, atomic-scale in situ characterization methods are generally not feasible at the high temperature of graphene growth. Therefore, kinetics is the main experimental information to study growth mechanisms. Theoretically, first-principles calculations routinely provide atomic structures and energetics but have a stringent limit on the accessible spatial and time scales. Such gap between experiment and theory can be bridged by atomistic simulations using first-principles atomic details as input and providing the overall growth kinetics, which can be directly compared with experiment, as output. Typically, system-specific approximations should be applied to make such simulations computationally feasible. By feeding kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations with first-principles parameters, we can directly simulate the graphene growth process and thus understand the growth mechanisms. Our simulations suggest that the carbon dimer is the dominant feeding species in the epitaxial growth of graphene on both Cu(111) and Cu(100) surfaces, which enables us to understand why the reaction is diffusion limited on Cu(111) but attachment limited on Cu(100). When hydrogen is explicitly considered in the simulation, the central role hydrogen plays in graphene growth is revealed, which solves the long-standing puzzle into why H2 should be fed in the chemical vapor deposition of graphene. The simulation results can be directly compared with the experimental kinetic data, if available. Our kMC simulations reproduce the experimentally observed quintic-like behavior of graphene growth on Ir(111). By checking the simulation results, we find that such nonlinearity is caused by lattice mismatch, and the induced growth front inhomogeneity can be universally used to predict growth behaviors in other heteroepitaxial systems. Notably, although experimental kinetics usually gives useful insight into atomic mechanisms, it can sometimes be misleading. Such pitfalls can be avoided via atomistic simulations, as demonstrated in our study of the graphene etching process. Growth protocols can be designed theoretically with computational kinetic and mechanistic information. By contrasting the different activation energies involved in an atom-exchange-based carbon penetration process for monolayer and bilayer graphene, we propose a three-step strategy to grow high-quality bilayer graphene. Based on first-principles parameters, a kinetic pathway toward the high-density, ordered N doping of epitaxial graphene on Cu(111) using a C5NCl5 precursor is also identified. These studies demonstrate that atomistic simulations can unambiguously produce or reproduce the kinetic information on graphene growth, which is pivotal to understanding the growth mechanism and designing better growth protocols. A similar strategy can be used in growth mechanism studies of other two-dimensional atomic crystals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongyang Qiu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Pai Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|