1
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Kim C, Kim Y, Hong S. 1,3-Difunctionalization of [1.1.1]propellane through iron-hydride catalyzed hydropyridylation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5993. [PMID: 39013909 PMCID: PMC11252317 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Current methodologies for the functionalization of [1.1.1]propellane primarily focus on achieving 1, 3-difunctionalized bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane or ring-opened cyclobutane moiety. Herein, we report an innovative approach for the 1, 3-difunctionalization of [1.1.1]propellane, enabling access to a diverse range of highly functionalized cyclobutanes via nucleophilic attack followed by ring opening and iron-hydride hydrogen atom transfer. To enable this method, we developed an efficient iron-catalyzed hydropyridylation of various alkenes for C - H alkylation of pyridines at the C4 position, eliminating the need for stoichiometric quantities of oxidants or reductants. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the resulting N-centered radical serves as an effective oxidizing agent, facilitating single-electron transfer oxidation of the reduced iron catalyst. This process efficiently sustains the catalytic cycle, offering significant advantages for substrates with oxidatively sensitive functionalities that are generally incompatible with alternative approaches. The strategy presented herein is not only mechanistically compelling but also demonstrates broad versatility, highlighting its potential for late-stage functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changha Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yuhyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea.
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Korea.
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2
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Wang H, He YY, Han J, Zhou ZQ, Hu XQ. Metal-Free Cyanation of gem-Difluoroalkenes via Azide-Mediated C-C Double Bond Fragmentation. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38787532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Activation and cleavage of C-C double bonds are long-standing challenges in synthetic chemistry. Herein, we report an unprecedented azide-mediated C-C double bond fragmentation of gem-difluoroalkenes under mild and metal-free conditions, enabling the efficient synthesis of structurally diverse aromatic nitriles in moderate to good yields. This protocol is also amenable to the cyanation of gem-dichloro and dibromo alkenes. This reaction features simple operation and good functional group compatibility and can be implemented at a gram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan He
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jianwei Han
- Jiangsu Tetra New Material Technology Co., Ltd, Taixing 225400, China
| | - Zhong-Qiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
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3
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Li M, Deng YH, Chang Q, Li J, Wang C, Wang L, Sun TY. Photoinduced Site-Selective Aryl C-H Borylation with Electron-Donor-Acceptor Complex Derived from B 2Pin 2 and Isoquinoline. Molecules 2024; 29:1783. [PMID: 38675603 PMCID: PMC11052414 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to boron's metalloid properties, aromatic boron reagents are prevalent synthetic intermediates. The direct borylation of aryl C-H bonds for producing aromatic boron compounds offers an appealing, one-step solution. Despite significant advances in this field, achieving regioselective aryl C-H bond borylation using simple and readily available starting materials still remains a challenge. In this work, we attempted to enhance the reactivity of the electron-donor-acceptor (EDA) complex by selecting different bases to replace the organic base (NEt3) used in our previous research. To our delight, when using NH4HCO3 as the base, we have achieved a mild visible-light-mediated aromatic C-H bond borylation reaction with exceptional regioselectivity (rr > 40:1 to single isomers). Compared with our previous borylation methodologies, this protocol provides a more efficient and broader scope for aryl C-H bond borylation through the use of N-Bromosuccinimide. The protocol's good functional-group tolerance and excellent regioselectivity enable the functionalization of a variety of biologically relevant compounds and novel cascade transformations. Mechanistic experiments and theoretical calculations conducted in this study have indicated that, for certain arenes, the aryl C-H bond borylation might proceed through a new reaction mechanism, which involves the formation of a novel transient EDA complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manhong Li
- Key Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (M.L.); (Y.-H.D.); (C.W.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Shenzhen 518107, China;
- Institute of Molecular Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Block S4A, Level 3, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yi-Hui Deng
- Key Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (M.L.); (Y.-H.D.); (C.W.)
| | - Qianqian Chang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Shenzhen 518107, China;
| | - Jinyuan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (M.L.); (Y.-H.D.); (C.W.)
| | - Leifeng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Shenzhen 518107, China;
| | - Tian-Yu Sun
- Key Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (M.L.); (Y.-H.D.); (C.W.)
- Institute of Molecular Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
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4
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Lin D, Lechermann LM, Huestis MP, Marik J, Sap JBI. Light-Driven Radiochemistry with Fluorine-18, Carbon-11 and Zirconium-89. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317136. [PMID: 38135665 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses recent advances in light-driven radiochemistry for three key isotopes: fluorine-18, carbon-11, and zirconium-89, and their applications in positron emission tomography (PET). In the case of fluorine-18, the predominant approach involves the use of cyclotron-produced [18F]fluoride or reagents derived thereof. Light serves to activate either the substrate or the fluorine-18 labeled reagent. Advancements in carbon-11 photo-mediated radiochemistry have been leveraged for the radiolabeling of small molecules, achieving various transformations, including 11C-methylation, 11C-carboxylation, 11C-carbonylation, and 11C-cyanation. Contrastingly, zirconium-89 photo-mediated radiochemistry differs from fluorine-18 and carbon-11 approaches. In these cases, light facilitates a postlabeling click reaction, which has proven valuable for the labeling of large biomolecules such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). New technological developments, such as the incorporation of photoreactors in commercial radiosynthesizers, illustrate the commitment the field is making in embracing photochemistry. Taken together, these advances in photo-mediated radiochemistry enable radiochemists to apply new retrosynthetic strategies in accessing novel PET radiotracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lin
- Department of Translational Imaging, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Current address: University of Southern California Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Laura M Lechermann
- Department of Translational Imaging, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Malcolm P Huestis
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jan Marik
- Department of Translational Imaging, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jeroen B I Sap
- Department of Translational Imaging, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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5
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Tian X, Liu Y, Yakubov S, Schütte J, Chiba S, Barham JP. Photo- and electro-chemical strategies for the activations of strong chemical bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:263-316. [PMID: 38059728 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The employment of light and/or electricity - alternatively to conventional thermal energy - unlocks new reactivity paradigms as tools for chemical substrate activations. This leads to the development of new synthetic reactions and a vast expansion of chemical spaces. This review summarizes recent developments in photo- and/or electrochemical activation strategies for the functionalization of strong bonds - particularly carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bonds - via: (1) direct photoexcitation by high energy UV light; (2) activation via photoredox catalysis under irradiation with relatively lower energy UVA or blue light; (3) electrochemical reduction; (4) combination of photocatalysis and electrochemistry. Based on the types of the targeted C-X bonds, various transformations ranging from hydrodefunctionalization to cross-coupling are covered with detailed discussions of their reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Yuliang Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Schütte
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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6
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Chang R, Pang Y, Ye J. Divergent Photosensitizer Controlled Reactions of 4-Hydroxycoumarins and Unactivated Olefins: Hydroarylation and Subsequent [2+2] Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309897. [PMID: 37749064 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a photoinduced approach for hydroarylation of unactivated olefins using 4-hydroxycoumarins as the arylating reagent. Key to the success of this reaction is the conversion of nucleophilic 4-hydroxycoumarins into electrophilic carbon radicals via photocatalytic arene oxidation, which not only circumvents the polarity-mismatch issue encountered under ionic conditions but also accommodates a broad substrate scope and inhibits side reactions that were previously observed. Moreover, divergent reactivity was achieved by changing the photocatalyst, enabling a subsequent [2+2] cycloaddition to deliver cyclobutane-fused pentacyclic products that are otherwise challenging to access in high yields and with high diastereoselectivity. Mechanistic studies have elucidated the mechanism of the reactions and the origin of the divergent reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yubing Pang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Juntao Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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7
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Li M, Zhang T, Shi Y, Duan C. Harnessing Radicals in Confined Supramolecular Environments Made Possible by MOFs. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300158. [PMID: 37310416 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Researching and utilizing radical intermediates in organic synthetic chemistry have innovated discoveries in methodology and theory. Reactions concerning free radical species opened new pathways beyond the frame of the two-electron mechanism while commonly characterized as rampant processes lacking selectivity. As a result, research in this field has always focused on the controllable generation of radical species and determining factors of selectivity. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as compelling candidates as catalysts in radical chemistry. From a catalytic point of view, the porous nature of MOFs entails an inner phase for the reaction that could offer possibilities for the regulation of reactivity and selectivity. From a material science perspecti ve, MOFs are organic-inorganic hybrid materials that integrate functional units in organic compounds and complex forms in the tunable long-ranged periodic structure. In this account, we summarized our progress in the application of MOFs in radical chemistry in three parts: (1) The generation of radical species; (2) The weak interactions and site selectivity; (3) Regio- and stereo-selectivity. The unique role of MOFs play in these paradigms is demonstrated in a supramolecular narrative through the analyses of the multi-constituent collaboration within the MOF and the interactions between MOFs and the intermediates during the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mochen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Tiexin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yusheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
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8
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Wen J, Zeng T, Yan K, Zhao L, Zhu S, Yang J. Base-promoted one-pot three-component desulphurization cross-coupling access to 4-cyanoimidazole. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11077-11080. [PMID: 37641562 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03058j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel, straightforward, and scalable base-mediated one-pot three-component desulphurization cross-coupling strategy is reported for the synthesis of 4-cyanoimidazole derivatives. Over 35 examples are provided and achieved yields exceeding 85%. Notably, the majority of these readily available compounds can be isolated through simple filtration, thereby circumventing the need for laborious column chromatography. Besides, the present protocol can be scaled up to 10 mmol with a yield of 87%, demonstrating promising potential for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Ting Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Kelu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Lulu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Shuyun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Jianjing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, P. R. China.
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9
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van der Zee LJ, Pahar S, Richards E, Melen RL, Slootweg JC. Insights into Single-Electron-Transfer Processes in Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry and Related Donor-Acceptor Systems in Main Group Chemistry. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9653-9675. [PMID: 37431868 PMCID: PMC10416219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The activation and utilization of substrates mediated by Frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLPs) was initially believed to occur solely via a two-electron, cooperative mechanism. More recently, the occurrence of a single-electron transfer (SET) from the Lewis base to the Lewis acid was observed, indicating that mechanisms that proceed via one-electron-transfer processes are also feasible. As such, SET in FLP systems leads to the formation of radical ion pairs, which have recently been more frequently observed. In this review, we aim to discuss the seminal findings regarding the recently established insights into the SET processes in FLP chemistry as well as highlight examples of this radical formation process. In addition, applications of reported main group radicals will also be reviewed and discussed in the context of the understanding of SET processes in FLP systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars J.
C. van der Zee
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanjukta Pahar
- Cardiff
Catalysis Institute, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub, Maindy
Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Richards
- Cardiff
Catalysis Institute, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub, Maindy
Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L. Melen
- Cardiff
Catalysis Institute, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub, Maindy
Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ Wales, United Kingdom
| | - J. Chris Slootweg
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Ali HA, Ismail MA, Fouda AEAS, Ghaith EA. A fruitful century for the scalable synthesis and reactions of biphenyl derivatives: applications and biological aspects. RSC Adv 2023; 13:18262-18305. [PMID: 37333795 PMCID: PMC10274569 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03531j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides recent developments in the current status and latest synthetic methodologies of biphenyl derivatives. Furthermore, this review investigates detailed discussions of several metalated chemical reactions related to biphenyl scaffolds such as Wurtz-Fittig, Ullmann, Bennett-Turner, Negishi, Kumada, Stille, Suzuki-Miyaura, Friedel-Crafts, cyanation, amination, and various electrophilic substitution reactions supported by their mechanistic pathways. Furthermore, the preconditions required for the existence of axial chirality in biaryl compounds are discussed. Furthermore, atropisomerism as a type of axial chirality in biphenyl molecules is discussed. Additionally, this review covers a wide range of biological and medicinal applications of the synthesized compounds involving patented approaches in the last decade corresponding to investigating the crucial role of the biphenyl structures in APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar A Ali
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University 35516 Mansoura Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Ismail
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University 35516 Mansoura Egypt
| | - Abd El-Aziz S Fouda
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University 35516 Mansoura Egypt
| | - Eslam A Ghaith
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University 35516 Mansoura Egypt
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11
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Li C, Qin Q, Guan A, Yang W, Zhao W. Transition-Metal Free C-C Bond Cross-Coupling of Aryl Ethers with Diarylmethanes. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37196236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We describe a general and efficient transition-metal free C-C bond cross-coupling of (hetero)aryl ethers and diarylmethanes via C(sp2)-O bond cleavage. The coupling reactions mediated by KHMDS proceeded well with high efficiency, broad substrate scope, and good functional group tolerance. The robustness and practicability of this protocol also have been demonstrated by easy gram-scale preparation and diversified product derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Qi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Aocong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Wen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Wanxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
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12
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Roy S, Panja S, Sahoo SR, Chatterjee S, Maiti D. Enroute sustainability: metal free C-H bond functionalisation. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:2391-2479. [PMID: 36924227 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01466d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The term "C-H functionalisation" incorporates C-H activation followed by its transformation. In a single line, this can be defined as the conversion of carbon-hydrogen bonds into carbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom bonds. The catalytic functionalisation of C-H bonds using transition metals has emerged as an atom-economical technique to engender new bonds without activated precursors which can be considered as a major drawback while attempting large-scale synthesis. Replacing the transition-metal-catalysed approach with a metal-free strategy significantly offers an alternative route that is not only inexpensive but also environmentally benign to functionalize C-H bonds. Recently metal free synthetic approaches have been flourishing to functionalize C-H bonds, motivated by the search for greener, cost-effective, and non-toxic catalysts. In this review, we will highlight the comprehensive and up-to-date discussion on recent examples of ground-breaking research on green and sustainable metal-free C-H bond functionalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Subir Panja
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Sumeet Ranjan Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Sagnik Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India. .,Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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13
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Zhang G, Zhang C, Tian Y, Chen F. Fe-Catalyzed Direct Synthesis of Nitriles from Carboxylic Acids with Electron-Deficient N-Cyano- N-aryl-arylsulfonamide. Org Lett 2023; 25:917-922. [PMID: 36730786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Established carboxylic acids to nitriles conversion methods suffer from expensive catalysts, tedious steps, high temperatures (>200 °C), high pressure, or a narrow substrate range. Herein, we demonstrate a concise and efficient access to diverse nitrile compounds from ubiquitous carboxylic acids with electron-deficient N-cyano-N-aryl-arylsulfonamide (NCAS) in moderate to excellent yields. This strategy is promoted by an inexpensive iron catalyst and is generally compatible with primary, secondary, tertiary, and aryl carboxylic acids, as well as a variety of functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002 Yangzhou, China
| | - Chengyu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002 Yangzhou, China
| | - Ye Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002 Yangzhou, China
| | - Feng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002 Yangzhou, China
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14
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Oxygen transfer reaction of haloalkyl amides catalyzed by phenylboronic acid. Commun Chem 2023; 6:29. [PMID: 36765132 PMCID: PMC9918490 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrile derivatives are important building blocks in organic synthesis. Herein, we report the serendipitous discovery of an oxygen transfer reaction that produces hydroxyalkyl nitriles from the sequential dehydration and hydrolysis of haloalkyl amides. Product yields of up to 91% were achieved, and the phenylboronic acid was recovered as triphenylboroxine. The triphenylboroxine was reused as a catalyst without any loss of catalytic activity. A probable catalytic pathway was proposed based on control experiments and DFT calculations.
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15
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Wu X, Chen W, Holmberg-Douglas N, Bida GT, Tu X, Ma X, Wu Z, Nicewicz DA, Li Z. 11C, 12C and 13C-Cyanation of Electron-Rich Arenes via Organic Photoredox Catalysis. Chem 2023; 9:343-362. [PMID: 36777049 PMCID: PMC9913897 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
As a non-invasive imaging technology, positron emission tomography (PET) plays a crucial role in personalized medicine, including early diagnosis, patient screening, and treatment monitoring. The advancement of PET research depends on the discovery of new PET agents, which requires the development of simple and efficient radiolabeling methods in many cases. As bioisosteres for halogen and carbonyl moieties, nitriles are important functional groups in pharmaceutical and agrochemical compounds. Here, we disclose a mild organophotoredox-catalyzed method for efficient cyanation of a broad spectrum of electron-rich arenes, including abundant and readily available veratroles and pyrogallol trimethyl ethers. Notably, the transformations not only are compatible with various affordable 12C and 13C-cyanide sources, but also could be applied to carbon-11 synthons to incorporate [11C]nitriles into arenes. The aryl [11C]nitriles can be further derivatized to [11C]carboxylic acids, [11C]amides, and [11C]alkyl amines. The newly developed reaction can serve as a powerful tool for generating new PET agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedan Wu
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Natalie Holmberg-Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3290, United States
| | - Gerald Thomas Bida
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Xianshuang Tu
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Xinrui Ma
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Zhanhong Wu
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - David A. Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3290, United States
| | - Zibo Li
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
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16
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Abstract
The emergence of modern photocatalysis, characterized by mildness and selectivity, has significantly spurred innovative late-stage C-H functionalization approaches that make use of low energy photons as a controllable energy source. Compared to traditional late-stage functionalization strategies, photocatalysis paves the way toward complementary and/or previously unattainable regio- and chemoselectivities. Merging the compelling benefits of photocatalysis with the late-stage functionalization workflow offers a potentially unmatched arsenal to tackle drug development campaigns and beyond. This Review highlights the photocatalytic late-stage C-H functionalization strategies of small-molecule drugs, agrochemicals, and natural products, classified according to the targeted C-H bond and the newly formed one. Emphasis is devoted to identifying, describing, and comparing the main mechanistic scenarios. The Review draws a critical comparison between established ionic chemistry and photocatalyzed radical-based manifolds. The Review aims to establish the current state-of-the-art and illustrate the key unsolved challenges to be addressed in the future. The authors aim to introduce the general readership to the main approaches toward photocatalytic late-stage C-H functionalization, and specialist practitioners to the critical evaluation of the current methodologies, potential for improvement, and future uncharted directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bellotti
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Huan-Ming Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210Shanghai, China
| | - Teresa Faber
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
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17
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Lu YC, West JG. Chemoselective Decarboxylative Protonation Enabled by Cooperative Earth-Abundant Element Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213055. [PMID: 36350328 PMCID: PMC9839625 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Decarboxylative protonation is a general deletion tactic to replace polar carboxylic acid groups with hydrogen or its isotope. Current methods rely on the pre-activation of acids, non-sustainable hydrogen sources, and/or expensive/highly oxidizing photocatalysts, presenting challenges to their wide adoption. Here we show that a cooperative iron/thiol catalyst system can readily achieve this transformation, hydrodecarboxylating a wide range of activated and unactivated carboxylic acids and overcoming scope limitations in previous direct methods. The reaction is readily scaled in batch configuration and can be directly performed in deuterated solvent to afford high yields of d-incorporated products with excellent isotope incorporation efficiency; characteristics not attainable in previous photocatalyzed approaches. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate a radical mechanism and kinetic results of unactivated acids (KIE=1) are consistent with a light-limited reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chu Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Julian G West
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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18
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Diversification of pharmaceutical molecules via late-stage C(sp2)–H functionalization. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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19
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A general arene C-H functionalization strategy via electron donor-acceptor complex photoactivation. Nat Chem 2023; 15:43-52. [PMID: 36471045 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01092-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The photoactivation of electron donor-acceptor complexes has emerged as a sustainable, selective and versatile strategy for the generation of radical species. However, when it comes to aryl radical formation, this strategy remains hamstrung by the electronic properties of the aromatic radical precursors, and electron-deficient aryl halide acceptors are required. This has prevented the implementation of a general synthetic platform for aryl radical formation. Our study introduces triarylsulfonium salts as acceptors in photoactive electron donor-acceptor complexes, used in combination with catalytic amounts of newly designed amine donors. The sulfonium salt label renders inconsequential the electronic features of the aryl radical precursor and, more importantly, it is installed regioselectively in native aromatic compounds by C-H sulfenylation. Using this general, site-selective aromatic C-H functionalization approach, we developed metal-free protocols for the alkylation and cyanation of arenes, and showcased their application in both the synthesis and the late-stage modification of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
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20
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Chen W, Wu X, McManus JB, Bida GT, Li KP, Wu Z, Nicewicz DA, Li Z. Direct C-H Radiocyanation of Arenes via Organic Photoredox Catalysis. Org Lett 2022; 24:9316-9321. [PMID: 36507797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Innovative labeling methods to incorporate the short-lived positron emitter carbon-11(11C) into bioactive molecules are attractive for positron emission tomography (PET) tracer discovery. Herein, we report a direct C-H radiocyanation method that incorporates [11C]cyanide (11CN-) to a series of functional electron-rich arenes via photoredox catalysis. This photoredox-mediated radiocyanation can proceed in an aerobic environment and is not moisture sensitive, which allows for ease of reaction setup and for scalable synthesis of 11C-aryl nitriles from readily available precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Xuedan Wu
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Joshua B McManus
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gerald T Bida
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kang-Po Li
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Zhanhong Wu
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - David A Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Zibo Li
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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21
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Cui Y, Zhao Y, Shen J, Zhang G, Ding C. The stable "F-SO 2 +" donor provides a mild and efficient approach to nitriles and amides. RSC Adv 2022; 12:33064-33068. [PMID: 36425170 PMCID: PMC9672908 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05890a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this update, we developed a mild, efficient and practical method using fluorosulfuryl imidazolium salt A as an environment friendly promoter for conversion of oximes to nitriles or amides via β-elimination or Beckmann rearrangement in almost quantitative yield in 10 minutes. The target products were generated in gram-scale and could be collected through crystallization without silica gel column purification in excellent yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Cui
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Yiyong Zhao
- Zhejiang Ecological Environment Low Carbon Development Center Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Junjie Shen
- Zhejiang Kefeng New Material Co. LTD Huzhou 313200 P. R. China
| | - Guofu Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Chengrong Ding
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
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22
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Lasky MR, Salvador TK, Mukhopadhyay S, Remy MS, Vaid TP, Sanford MS. Photochemical C(sp 2 )-H Pyridination via Arene-Pyridinium Electron Donor-Acceptor Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208741. [PMID: 36100577 PMCID: PMC9828204 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the development of a photochemical method for C(sp2 )-H pyridination that leverages the photoexcitation of electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes. Experimental and DFT studies show that black light (λmax ≈350 nm) irradiation of solutions of protonated pyridines (acceptors) and aromatic C-H substrates (donors) results in single electron transfer to form aryl radical cation intermediates that can be trapped with pyridine nucleophiles under aerobic conditions. With some modification of the reaction conditions, this EDA activation mode is also effective for promoting the oxidatively triggered SN Ar pyridination of aryl halides. Overall, this report represents an inexpensive and atom-economical approach to photochemical pyridination reactions that eliminates the requirement of an exogenous photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Lasky
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Michigan930 North University AvenueAnn ArborMichigan48109USA
| | - Tolani K. Salvador
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Michigan930 North University AvenueAnn ArborMichigan48109USA
| | | | | | - Thomas P. Vaid
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Michigan930 North University AvenueAnn ArborMichigan48109USA
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Michigan930 North University AvenueAnn ArborMichigan48109USA
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23
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Ji P, Davies CC, Gao F, Chen J, Meng X, Houk KN, Chen S, Wang W. Selective skeletal editing of polycyclic arenes using organophotoredox dearomative functionalization. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4565. [PMID: 35931700 PMCID: PMC9355940 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactions that lead to destruction of aromatic ring systems often require harsh conditions and, thus, take place with poor selectivities. Selective partial dearomatization of fused arenes is even more challenging but can be a strategic approach to creating versatile, complex polycyclic frameworks. Herein we describe a general organophotoredox approach for the chemo- and regioselective dearomatization of structurally diverse polycyclic aromatics, including quinolines, isoquinolines, quinoxalines, naphthalenes, anthracenes and phenanthrenes. The success of the method for chemoselective oxidative rupture of aromatic moieties relies on precise manipulation of the electronic nature of the fused polycyclic arenes. Mechanistic studies show that the addition of a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) agent helps favor the dearomatization pathway over the more thermodynamically downhill aromatization pathway. We show that this strategy can be applied to rapid synthesis of biologically valued targets and late-stage skeletal remodeling en route to complex structures. The synthesis of polycyclic structures bearing partially saturated (hetero)arenes is important as many of these structures have biological relevance. Here the authors develop a one-step method for selective dearomative functionalization of feedstock (hetero)arenes via organophotocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ji
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Cassondra C Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, 44074, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Xiang Meng
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA.
| | - Shuming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, 44074, USA.
| | - Wei Wang
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA.
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24
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Wang K, Wang J, Yuan W, Tang XY, Wang L. Divergent Synthesis of 2-Cyanoaryl Carbamate and 2-Cyanoaryl Urea Derivatives via Hypervalent Iodine-Induced C-C Bond Cleavage. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10208-10215. [PMID: 35861605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Divergent synthetic methods for transforming isatins to 2-cyanoaryl carbamate and 2-cyanoaryl urea derivatives were developed using ammonium carbamate as the nitrogen source and iodobenzene diacetate as the oxidant. This reaction features mild conditions, broad substrate scope, and moreover, the use of toxic cyano-containing compounds is avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Jiahua Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Wenkai Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Ying Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Long Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
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25
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Chen BH, Du YD, Shu W. Organophotocatalytic Regioselective C-H Alkylation of Electron-Rich Arenes Using Activated and Unactivated Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200773. [PMID: 35286774 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Direct alkylation of the C-H bond arenes in a selective manner is a long-standing challenge. Herein, a metal-free photocatalytic regioselective C-H alkylation method for electron-rich arenes with both activated and unactivated alkenes was developed. The reaction tolerates a wide range of aromatic rings with diverse substitution patterns, as well as terminal and internal alkenes, providing a general and straightforward metal-free method for C-C bond formation from inert C-H bonds. Moreover, alkynes are also compatible to give the C-H vinylation of electron-rich arenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Hong Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Dan Du
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wei Shu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
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26
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Chen B, Du Y, Shu W. Organophotocatalytic Regioselective C−H Alkylation of Electron‐Rich Arenes Using Activated and Unactivated Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bi‐Hong Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Dan Du
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Wei Shu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 Guangdong P. R. China
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27
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Cao YX, Zhu G, Li Y, Le Breton N, Gourlaouen C, Choua S, Boixel J, Jacquot de Rouville HP, Soulé JF. Photoinduced Arylation of Acridinium Salts: Tunable Photoredox Catalysts for C-O Bond Cleavage. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5902-5909. [PMID: 35316065 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A photoinduced arylation of N-substituted acridinium salts has been developed and has exhibited a high functional group tolerance (e.g., halogen, nitrile, ketone, ester, and nitro). A broad range of well-decorated C9-arylated acridinium-based catalysts with fine-tuned photophysical and photochemical properties, namely, excited-state lifetimes and redox potentials have been synthetized in a one-step procedure. These functionalized acridinium salts were later evaluated in the photoredox-catalyzed fragmentation of 1,2-diol derivatives (lignin models). Among them, 2-bromophenyl substituted N-methyl acridinium has outperformed all photoredox catalysts, including commercial Fukuzumi's catalyst, for the selective CβO-Ar bond cleavage of diol monoarylethers to afford 1,2-diols in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xuan Cao
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, F-3500 Rennes, France
| | - Gan Zhu
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, F-3500 Rennes, France.,Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, 511443 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, 511443 Guangzhou, China
| | - Nolwenn Le Breton
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvie Choua
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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28
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Yu X, Meng QY, Daniliuc CG, Studer A. Aroyl Fluorides as Bifunctional Reagents for Dearomatizing Fluoroaroylation of Benzofurans. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7072-7079. [PMID: 35315651 PMCID: PMC9052760 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran scaffold is widely found in natural products and biologically active compounds. Herein, dearomatizing 2,3-fluoroaroylation of benzofurans with aroyl fluorides as bifunctional reagents to access 2,3-difunctionalized dihydrobenzofurans is reported. The reaction that occurs by cooperative NHC/photoredox catalysis provides 3-aroyl-2-fluoro-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans with moderate to good yield and high diastereoselectivity. Cascades proceed via radical/radical cross-coupling of a benzofuran radical cation generated in the photoredox catalysis cycle with a neutral ketyl radical formed through the NHC catalysis cycle. The redox-neutral transformation exhibits broad substrate scope and high functional group compatibility. With anhydrides as bifunctional reagents, dearomatizing aroyloxyacylation of benzofurans is achieved and the strategy can also be applied to N-acylated indoles to afford 3-aroyl-2-fluoro-dihydroindoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Yu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Qing-Yuan Meng
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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29
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Okuda Y. Organic Synthesis with an Acridinium Photocatalyst. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2022. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.80.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Okuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science
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30
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Liang H, Ji DS, Xu GQ, Luo YC, Zheng H, Xu PF. Metal-free, visible-light induced enantioselective three-component dicarbofunctionalization and oxytrifluoromethylation of enamines via chiral phosphoric acid catalysis. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1088-1094. [PMID: 35211274 PMCID: PMC8790774 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06613g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Using diverse carbon-centered radical precursors and electron-rich (hetero)aromatics and alcohols as nucleophiles, a visible-light driven chiral phosphoric acid (CPA) catalyzed asymmetric intermolecular, three-component radical-initiated dicarbofunctionalization and oxytrifluoromethylation of enamines was developed, which provides a straightforward access to chiral arylmethylamines, aza-hemiacetals and γ-amino acid derivatives with excellent enantioselectivity. As far as we know, this is the first example of constructing a chiral C–O bond using simple alcohols via visible-light photocatalysis. Chiral phosphoric acid played multiple roles in the reaction, including controlling the reaction stereoselectivity and promoting the generation of radical intermediates by activating Togni's reagent. Mechanistic studies also suggested the importance of the N–H bond of the enamine and indole for the reactions. We have developed a metal-free, visible-light driven chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed asymmetric intermolecular, three-component radical-initiated dicarbofunctionalization and oxytrifluoromethylation of enamines.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Dong-Sheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Guo-Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Yong-Chun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China .,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
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31
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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32
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Sakakibara Y, Murakami K, Itami K. C-H Acyloxylation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Org Lett 2022; 24:602-607. [PMID: 34994201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The C-H acyloxylation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is described. This reaction constructs aryl acyloxylate scaffolds from PAHs with equimolar hypervalent iodine compounds under mild reaction conditions. Interestingly, the blue light irradiation accelerated this transformation. Additionally, the synthesis of structurally new symmetric and unsymmetric diaroyloxylated fluoranthenes was accomplished with a ruthenium photoredox catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yota Sakakibara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kei Murakami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuin, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan.,JST-PRESTO, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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33
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Bell JD, Robb I, Murphy JA. Highly selective α-aryloxyalkyl C–H functionalisation of aryl alkyl ethers. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12921-12926. [DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04463c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report highly selective photocatalytic functionalisations of alkyl groups in aryl alkyl ethers with a range of electron-poor alkenes using an acridinium catalyst with a phosphate base and irradiation with visible light (456 nm or 390 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Bell
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
| | - Iain Robb
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
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34
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Shchepochkin AV, Antipin FV, Charushin VN, Chupakhin ON. Oxidative C–H Functionalization of Arenes: Main Tool of 21st Century Green Chemistry. A Review. DOKLADY CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0012500821070016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Mao Q, Zhao Q, Li MZ, Qin R, Luo ML, Xue J, Chen BH, Leng HJ, Peng C, Zhan G, Han B. Construction of CF 3-Functionalized Fully Substituted Benzonitriles through Rauhut-Currier Reaction Initiated [3 + 3] Benzannulation. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14844-14854. [PMID: 34596408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Though numerous cyanation reactions have been developed for the synthesis of benzonitriles, the construction of valuable fully substituted benzonitriles is still a challenging task. Herein, we reported a tertiary amine-catalyzed [3 + 3]-benzannulation for the green synthesis of CF3-functionalized fully substituted benzonitriles. This strategy features exclusive chemoselectivity, high atom-economy, and good step-economy with environment-friendly reagents and mild conditions. Unique triphenyl-substituted dicyanobenzoate products could be rapidly constructed using this method. The practicality and reliability of this reaction were proved by the successful scale-up synthesis. A mechanistic study indicates that the [3 + 3]-benzannulation was initiated by an intermolecular Rauhut-Currier reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Mu-Ze Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vabcouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Rui Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Lan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Ben-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Jun Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Gu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
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36
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Wu W, Wang H, Chen J, Bao X, Tan C, Ye X. Dicyanopyrazine‐derived Chromophore as An Efficient Photocatalyst for α‐amino C‐H Bond Functionalization. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang University of Technology 18 Chaowang Road Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang University of Technology 18 Chaowang Road Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang University of Technology 18 Chaowang Road Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoze Bao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang University of Technology 18 Chaowang Road Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Choon‐Hong Tan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Xinyi Ye
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang University of Technology 18 Chaowang Road Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
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37
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Sinha SK, Guin S, Maiti S, Biswas JP, Porey S, Maiti D. Toolbox for Distal C-H Bond Functionalizations in Organic Molecules. Chem Rev 2021; 122:5682-5841. [PMID: 34662117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal catalyzed C-H activation has developed a contemporary approach to the omnipresent area of retrosynthetic disconnection. Scientific researchers have been tempted to take the help of this methodology to plan their synthetic discourses. This paradigm shift has helped in the development of industrial units as well, making the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceutical drugs step-economical. In the vast zone of C-H bond activation, the functionalization of proximal C-H bonds has gained utmost popularity. Unlike the activation of proximal C-H bonds, the distal C-H functionalization is more strenuous and requires distinctly specialized techniques. In this review, we have compiled various methods adopted to functionalize distal C-H bonds, mechanistic insights within each of these procedures, and the scope of the methodology. With this review, we give a complete overview of the expeditious progress the distal C-H activation has made in the field of synthetic organic chemistry while also highlighting its pitfalls, thus leaving the field open for further synthetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Kumar Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Srimanta Guin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sudip Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jyoti Prasad Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sandip Porey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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38
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Kajiwara R, Hirano K, Miura M. Copper-mediated Regioselective C–H Cyanation of Phenols with Assistance of Bipyridine-type Bidentate Auxiliary. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rikuo Kajiwara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Hirano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Miura
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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39
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Abstract
The fields of C-H functionalization and photoredox catalysis have garnered enormous interest and utility in the past several decades. Many different scientific disciplines have relied on C-H functionalization and photoredox strategies including natural product synthesis, drug discovery, radiolabeling, bioconjugation, materials, and fine chemical synthesis. In this Review, we highlight the use of photoredox catalysis in C-H functionalization reactions. We separate the review into inorganic/organometallic photoredox catalysts and organic-based photoredox catalytic systems. Further subdivision by reaction class-either sp2 or sp3 C-H functionalization-lends perspective and tactical strategies for use of these methods in synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Holmberg-Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - David A Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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40
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Tlili A, Lakhdar S. Acridinium Salts and Cyanoarenes as Powerful Photocatalysts: Opportunities in Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anis Tlili
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246) Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1 CNRS CPE-Lyon INSA 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Sami Lakhdar
- CNRS/Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée LHFA UMR 5069 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
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41
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Tlili A, Lakhdar S. Acridinium Salts and Cyanoarenes as Powerful Photocatalysts: Opportunities in Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19526-19549. [PMID: 33881207 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of organic photocatalysts has revolutionized the field of photoredox catalysis, as it allows access to reactivities that were traditionally restricted to transition-metal photocatalysts. This Minireview reports recent developments in the use of acridinium ions and cyanoarene derivatives in organic synthesis. The activation of inert chemical bonds as well as the late-stage functionalization of biorelevant molecules are discussed, with a special focus on their mechanistic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Tlili
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246), Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sami Lakhdar
- CNRS/Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, LHFA UMR 5069, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 09, France
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42
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Reiß B, Hu Q, Riedle E, Wagenknecht H. The Dependence of Chemical Quantum Yields of Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis on the Irradiation Power. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Reiß
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Qi Hu
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare Optik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Oettingenstraße 67 80538 München Germany
| | - Eberhard Riedle
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare Optik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Oettingenstraße 67 80538 München Germany
| | - Hans‐Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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43
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Lasso JD, Castillo-Pazos DJ, Li CJ. Green chemistry meets medicinal chemistry: a perspective on modern metal-free late-stage functionalization reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10955-10982. [PMID: 34382989 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00380a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The progress of drug discovery and development is paced by milestones reached in organic synthesis. In the last decade, the advent of late-stage functionalization (LSF) reactions has represented a valuable breakthrough. Recent literature has defined these reactions as the chemoselective modification of complex molecules by means of C-H functionalization or the manipulation of endogenous functional groups. Traditionally, these diversifications have been accomplished by organometallic means. However, the presence of metals carries disadvantages related to their cost, environmental hazard and health risks. Fundamentally, green chemistry directives can help minimize such hazards through the development of metal-free LSF methodologies. In this review, we expand the current discussion on metal-free LSF reactions by providing an overview of C(sp2)-H, and C(sp3)-H functionalizations, as well as the utilization of heteroatom-containing functional groups as chemical handles. Selected topics such as metal-free cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reactions, organocatalysis, electrochemistry and photochemistry are also discussed. By writing the first review on metal-free LSF methodologies, we aim to highlight current advances in the field with examples that reveal specific challenges and solutions, as well as future research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Lasso
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Durbis J Castillo-Pazos
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
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44
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Bell JD, Murphy JA. Recent advances in visible light-activated radical coupling reactions triggered by (i) ruthenium, (ii) iridium and (iii) organic photoredox agents. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9540-9685. [PMID: 34309610 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00311a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox chemistry with organic or transition metal agents has been reviewed in earlier years, but such is the pace of progress that we will overlap very little with earlier comprehensive reviews. This review first presents an overview of the area of research and then examines recent examples of C-C, C-N, C-O and C-S bond formations via radical intermediates with transition metal and organic radical promoters. Recent successes with Birch reductions are also included. The transition metal chemistry will be restricted to photocatalysts based on the most widely used metals, Ru and Ir, but includes coupling chemistries that take advantage of low-valent nickel, or occasionally copper, complexes to process the radicals that are formed. Our focus is on developments in the past 10 years (2011-2021). This period has also seen great advances in the chemistry of organic photoredox reagents and the review covers this area. The review is intended to present highlights and is not comprehensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Bell
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
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45
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Abstract
An electrochemical approach for the site-selective C-H cyanation of indoles employing readily available TMSCN as cyano source has been developed. The electrosynthesis relies on the tris(4-bromophenyl)amine as a redox catalyst, which achieves better yield and regioselectivity. A variety of C2- and C3-cyanated indoles were obtained in satisfactory yields. The reactions are conducted in a simple undivided cell at room temperature and obviate the need for transition-metal reagent and chemical oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiqiang Li
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, P.R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Wei Hou
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, P.R. China
| | - Pinhua Li
- Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, P.R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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46
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Sneha M, Bhattacherjee A, Lewis-Borrell L, Clark IP, Orr-Ewing AJ. Structure-Dependent Electron Transfer Rates for Dihydrophenazine, Phenoxazine, and Phenothiazine Photoredox Catalysts Employed in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7840-7854. [PMID: 34237215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Organic photocatalysts (PCs) are gaining popularity in applications of photoredox catalysis, but few studies have explored their modus operandi. We report a detailed mechanistic investigation of the electron transfer activation step of organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) involving electronically excited organic PCs and a radical initiator, methyl 2-bromopropionate (MBP). This study compares nine N-aryl modified PCs possessing dihydrophenazine, phenoxazine, or phenothiazine core chromophores. Transient electronic and vibrational absorption spectroscopies over subpicosecond to nanosecond and microsecond time intervals, respectively, track spectroscopic signatures of both the reactants and products of photoinduced electron transfer in N,N-dimethylformamide, dichloromethane, and toluene solutions. The rate coefficients for electron transfer exhibit a range of values up to ∼1010 M-1 s-1 influenced systematically by the PC structures. These rate coefficients are an order of magnitude smaller for catalysts with charge transfer character in their first excited singlet (S1) or triplet (T1) states than for photocatalysts with locally excited character. The latter species show nearly diffusion-limited rate coefficients for the electron transfer to MBP. The derived kinetic parameters are used to model the contributions to electron transfer from the S1 state of each PC for different concentrations of MBP. Comparisons of singlet and triplet reactivity for one of the phenoxazine PCs reveal that the rate coefficient kET(T1) = (2.7 ± 0.3) × 107 M-1 s-1 for electron transfer from the T1 state is 2 orders of magnitude lower than that from the S1 state, kET(S1) = (2.6 ± 0.4) × 109 M-1 s-1. The trends in bimolecular electron transfer rate coefficients are accounted for using a modified Marcus theory for dissociative electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Sneha
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Aditi Bhattacherjee
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Luke Lewis-Borrell
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Ian P Clark
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Andrew J Orr-Ewing
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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47
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Sun H, Yang M, Pu S, Gou L, Lv C, He J, Hou X, Xu K. A facile photochemical strategy for the synthesis of high-performance amorphous MoS 2 nanoparticles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:2830-2836. [PMID: 36134189 PMCID: PMC9419246 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00165e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to avoid the formation of polysulfides by traditional chemical methods, and the synthesis of high purity amorphous MoS2 nanomaterials under ambient conditions is still a challenging task. Here we present a new and facile photochemical strategy for the synthesis of amorphous MoS2 nanomaterials, which is achieved by irradiating a mixed solution containing ammonium molybdate, formic acid and sodium sulfide simply with a Xe lamp for 3 min. The mechanism study reveals that the key step in this synthesis is the photolysis of formic acid to produce free radicals which can rapidly reduce Mo6+ to Mo4+, which then combines with S2- to form MoS2 and inhibits the formation of S-S2- by preventing S2- from participating in the reduction reaction. In addition, the results of a series of experiments indicate that the as-prepared amorphous MoS2 features a small particle size, uniform morphology and relatively large specific surface area, and shows excellent performance in the removal of inorganic heavy metal ions (mercury, lead and cadmium ions) and organic pollutants (rhodamine B and tetracycline), catalase catalysis and a lithium battery anode, showing its great potential and broad application prospects in the fields of environmental remediation, clean energy and green catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Manlin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Shan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Lichen Gou
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Caizhi Lv
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Juan He
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Xiandeng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Kailai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
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48
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Zhan Y, Li Y, Tong J, Liu P, Sun P. Electrochemical Oxidative C−H Cyanation of Quinoxalin‐2(1
H
)‐ones with TMSCN. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Zhan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Jinwen Tong
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Sun
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 People's Republic of China
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49
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Zhang W, Yang W, Zhao W. Lewis acid-promoted site-selective cyanation of phenols. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 18:4604-4609. [PMID: 32515758 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00737d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An efficient Lewis acid-promoted site-selective electrophilic cyanation of 3-substituted and 3,4-disubstituted phenols has been developed. The cyanation reactions using MeSCN as the cyanating reagent proceeded efficiently to afford a wide range of 2-hydroxybenzonitriles with high efficiency and excellent regioselectivity. This protocol could provide a practical method for the synthesis and modification of biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Wen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Wanxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China.
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50
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Yuan T, Zheng M, Antonietti M, Wang X. Ceramic boron carbonitrides for unlocking organic halides with visible light. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6323-6332. [PMID: 34084430 PMCID: PMC8115245 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01028j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Photochemistry provides a sustainable pathway for organic transformations by inducing radical intermediates from substrates through electron transfer process. However, progress is limited by heterogeneous photocatalysts that are required to be efficient, stable, and inexpensive for long-term operation with easy recyclability and product separation. Here, we report that boron carbonitride (BCN) ceramics are such a system and can reduce organic halides, including (het)aryl and alkyl halides, with visible light irradiation. Cross-coupling of halides to afford new C-H, C-C, and C-S bonds can proceed at ambient reaction conditions. Hydrogen, (het)aryl, and sulfonyl groups were introduced into the arenes and heteroarenes at the designed positions by means of mesolytic C-X (carbon-halogen) bond cleavage in the absence of any metal-based catalysts or ligands. BCN can be used not only for half reactions, like reduction reactions with a sacrificial agent, but also redox reactions through oxidative and reductive interfacial electron transfer. The BCN photocatalyst shows tolerance to different substituents and conserved activity after five recycles. The apparent metal-free system opens new opportunities for a wide range of organic catalysts using light energy and sustainable materials, which are metal-free, inexpensive and stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Meifang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Colloid Chemistry, Research Campus Golm 14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 China
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