1
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Wang Y, Zhou Y, Sun W, Wang X, Yao J, Li H. Identifying Radical Pathways for Cu(I)/Cu(II) Relay Catalyzed Oxygenation via Online Coupled EPR/UV-Vis/Near-IR Monitoring. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2402890. [PMID: 38810102 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Copper-catalyzed C─H oxygenation has drawn considerable attention in mechanistic studies. However, a comprehensive investigation combining radical pathways with a metal-catalytic cycle is challenged by the intricate organic radicals and metallic intermediates. Herein, an online coupled EPR/UV-vis/near-IR detecting method is developed to simultaneously monitor both reactive radical species and copper complex intermediates during the reaction. Focusing on copper-catalyzed phenol oxygenation with cumene hydroperoxide, the short-lived alkylperoxyl radical (EPR signal at g = 2.0143) as well as the unexpected square planar Cu(II)-alkoxyl radical complex (near-IR signal at 833 nm) are unveiled during the reaction, in addition to the observable phenoxyl radical in EPR, quinone product in UV-vis, and Cu(II) center in EPR. With a comprehensive picture of diverse intermediates evolving over the same timeline, a novel Cu(I)/Cu(II) proposed relay-catalyzed sequential radical pathway. In this sequence, Cu(II) activates hydroperoxide through Cu(II)-OOR into the alkylperoxide radical, while the reaction between Cu(I) and hydroperoxide leads to Cu(II)(•OR)OH with high H-atom abstracting activity. These results provide a thorough understanding of the Cu(I)/Cu(II) relay catalysis for phenol oxygenation, setting the stage for mechanistic investigations into intricate radical reactions promoted by metallic complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yujia Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jia Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haoran Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, ZJU-NHU United R&D Center, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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2
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Guo G, Zhang Y, Li Y, Li Z. Photoredox-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Cross-Coupling Reaction to Synthesis Unsymmetrical Diarylmethanes. Molecules 2024; 29:2156. [PMID: 38731647 PMCID: PMC11085496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The photoredox-catalyzed decarboxylative cross-coupling reaction of aryl acetic acids and aryl nitriles has been achieved under an argon atmosphere in high yields. This method provides a fast way to obtain prevalent aryl acetic acids from an abundant natural source. A tentative radical mechanism has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhe Guo
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Oil and Gas Resources, College of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Longdong University, Qingyang 745000, China
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3
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Mandal M, Buss JA, Chen SJ, Cramer CJ, Stahl SS. Mechanistic insights into radical formation and functionalization in copper/ N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide radical-relay reactions. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1364-1373. [PMID: 38274066 PMCID: PMC10806759 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03597b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Copper-catalysed radical-relay reactions that employ N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) as the oxidant have emerged as highly effective methods for C(sp3)-H functionalization. Herein, computational studies are paired with experimental data to investigate a series of key mechanistic features of these reactions, with a focus on issues related to site-selectivity, enantioselectivity, and C-H substrate scope. (1) The full reaction energetics of enantioselective benzylic C-H cyanation are probed, and an adduct between Cu and the N-sulfonimidyl radical (˙NSI) is implicated as the species that promotes hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) from the C-H substrate. (2) Benzylic versus 3° C-H site-selectivity is compared with different HAT reagents: Cu/˙NSI, ˙OtBu, and Cl˙, and the data provide insights into the high selectivity for benzylic C-H bonds in Cu/NFSI-catalyzed C-H functionalization reactions. (3) The energetics of three radical functionalization pathways are compared, including radical-polar crossover (RPC) to generate a carbocation intermediate, reductive elimination from a formal CuIII organometallic complex, and radical addition to a Cu-bound ligand. The preferred mechanism is shown to depend on the ligands bound to copper. (4) Finally, the energetics of three different pathways that convert benzylic C-H bonds into benzylic cations are compared, including HAT/ET (ET = electron transfer), relevant to the RPC mechanism with Cu/NFSI; hydride transfer, involved in reactions with high-potential quinones; and sequential ET/PT/ET (PT = proton transfer), involved in catalytic photoredox reactions. Collectively, the results provide mechanistic insights that establish a foundation for further advances in radical-relay C-H functionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukunda Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street SE Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Joshua A Buss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Si-Jie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Christopher J Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street SE Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
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4
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Huang C, Xiao P, Ye ZM, Wang CL, Kang C, Tang S, Wei Z, Cai H. Direct C(sp 3)-H Arylation of Unprotected Benzyl Anilines and Alkylarenes by Organocatalysis under Visible Light. Org Lett 2024; 26:304-309. [PMID: 38165162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Reported herein is direct C(sp3)-H arylation of unprotected benzyl anilines and alkylarenes via consecutive photoinduced electron transfer by visible light irradiation. Reductive quenching cycles and radical-radical cross-coupling were involved, and electron paramagnetic resonance experiments provide evidence for the formation of radical intermediates formed in situ. The protocol highlights transition metal free, external oxidant free, broad substrate scope, and high efficiency (>60 examples, up to 96%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Ming Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Lu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Kang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhong Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
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5
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Chen SJ, Krska SW, Stahl SS. Copper-Catalyzed Benzylic C-H Cross-Coupling Enabled by Redox Buffers: Expanding Synthetic Access to Three-Dimensional Chemical Space. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3604-3615. [PMID: 38051914 PMCID: PMC10902864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusCross-coupling methods are the most widely used synthetic methods in medicinal chemistry. Existing reactions are dominated by methods such as amide coupling and arylation reactions that form bonds to sp2-hybridized carbon atoms and contribute to the formation of "flat" molecules. Evidence that three-dimensional structures often have improved physicochemical properties for pharmaceutical applications has contributed to growing demand for cross-coupling methods with sp3-hybridized reaction partners. Substituents attached to sp3 carbon atoms are intrinsically displayed in three dimensions. These considerations have led to efforts to establish reactions with sp3 cross-coupling partners, including alkyl halides, amines, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. As C(sp3)-H bonds are much more abundant that these more conventional coupling partners, we have been pursuing C(sp3)-H cross-coupling reactions that achieve site-selectivity, synthetic utility, and scope competitive with conventional coupling reactions.In this Account, we outline Cu-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling reactions of benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds with diverse nucleophilic partners. These reactions commonly use N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) as the oxidant. The scope of reactivity is greatly improved by using a "redox buffer" that ensures that the Cu catalyst is available in the proper redox state to promote the reaction. Early precedents of catalytic Cu/NFSI oxidative coupling reactions, including C-H cyanation and arylation, did not require a redox buffer, but reactions with other nucleophiles, such as alcohols and azoles, were much less effective under similar conditions. Mechanistic studies show that some nucleophiles, such as cyanide and arylboronic acids, promote in situ reduction of CuII to CuI, contributing to successful catalytic turnover. Poor reactivity was observed with nucleophiles, such as alcohols, that do not promote CuII reduction in the same manner. This insight led to the identification of sacrificial reductants, termed "redox buffers", that support controlled generation of CuI during the reactions and enable successful benzylic C(sp3)-H cross-coupling with diverse nucleophiles. Successful reactions include those that feature direct coupling of (hetero)benzylic C-H substrates with coupling partners (alcohols, azoles) and sequential C(sp3)-H functionalization/coupling reactions. The latter methods feature generation of a synthetic linchpin that can undergo subsequent reaction with a broad array of nucleophiles. For example, halogenation/substitution cascades afford benzylic amines, (thio)ethers, and heterodiarylmethane derivatives, and an isocyanation/amine-addition sequence generates diverse benzylic ureas.Collectively, these Cu-catalyzed (hetero)benzylic C(sp3)-H cross-coupling reactions rapidly access diverse molecules. Analysis of their physicochemical and topological properties highlights the "drug-likeness" and enhanced three-dimensionality of these products relative to existing bioactive molecules. This consideration, together with the high benzylic C-H site-selectivity and the broad scope of reactivity enabled by the redox buffering strategy, makes these C(sp3)-H cross-coupling methods ideally suited for implementation in high-throughput experimentation platforms to explore novel chemical space for drug discovery and related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 213 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California, 94030, United States
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Ave., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
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6
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Wang J, Yu R, Nian C, Liao M, Han Z, Sun J, Huang H. Metal-Free C(sp 3)-H Bond Arylation of 3-Methylindole Derivatives via 3-Indole Imine Methides. Org Lett 2023; 25:8478-8483. [PMID: 37966338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Direct arylation of the benzylic C(sp3)-H bond is one of the most straightforward strategies for the construction of multi-aryl methanes, owing to the extraordinary step and atom economy. In this paper, we developed the first metal-free arylation of the C(sp3)-H bond in 3-methylindoles, thereby providing rapid access to a range of diaryl- and triarylmethanes with two indole rings. Mechanistically, 3-indole imine methide serves as the key intermediate. Water plays a crucial role in this process, likely serving as a proton shuttle to facilitate the key 1,3-proton transfer step in this reaction and, thus, enhance the reaction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China
| | - Run Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuicui Nian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China
| | - Maoyan Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyu Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China
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7
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Maity S, Lopez MA, Bates DM, Lin S, Krska SW, Stahl SS. Polar Heterobenzylic C(sp 3)-H Chlorination Pathway Enabling Efficient Diversification of Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19832-19839. [PMID: 37642292 PMCID: PMC10629438 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective radical reactions of benzylic C-H bonds are now highly effective methods for C(sp3-H) functionalization and cross-coupling. The existing methods, however, are often ineffective with heterobenzylic C-H bonds in alkyl-substituted pyridines and related aromatic heterocycles that are prominently featured in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Here, we report new synthetic methods that leverage polar, rather than radical, reaction pathways to enable the selective heterobenzylic C-H chlorination of 2- and 4-alkyl-substituted pyridines and other heterocycles. Catalytic activation of the substrate with trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride promotes the formation of enamine tautomers that react readily with electrophilic chlorination reagents. The resulting heterobenzyl chlorides can be used without isolation or purification in nucleophilic coupling reactions. This chlorination-diversification sequence provides an efficient strategy to achieve heterobenzylic C-H cross-coupling with aliphatic amines and a diverse collection of azoles, among other coupling partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Maity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Marco A. Lopez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Desiree M. Bates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shishi Lin
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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8
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Gul R, Hu L, Liu Y, Xie Y. Synthesis of 1-Aryltetralins via Re 2O 7/HReO 4 Mediated Intramolecular Hydroarylations. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12079-12086. [PMID: 37559373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe highly efficient intramolecular hydroarylations mediated by Re2O7/HReO4. Styrene derivatives of different electronic properties have been activated to effect a challenging intramolecular hydroarylation for the facile access to various substituted 1-aryltetralin structures. This method is characterized by mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope, high chemical yields, and 100% atom economy. The potential synthetic application of this methodology was exemplified by the efficient total synthesis of an isoCA-4 analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsar Gul
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica; Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education; Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Liqun Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica; Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education; Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yibing Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica; Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education; Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Youwei Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica; Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education; Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
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9
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Golden DL, Zhang C, Chen SJ, Vasilopoulos A, Guzei IA, Stahl SS. Benzylic C-H Esterification with Limiting C-H Substrate Enabled by Photochemical Redox Buffering of the Cu Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9434-9440. [PMID: 37084265 PMCID: PMC10510071 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Copper-catalyzed radical-relay reactions provide a versatile strategy for selective C-H functionalization; however, reactions with peroxide-based oxidants often require excess C-H substrate. Here, we report a photochemical strategy to overcome this limitation by using a Cu/2,2'-biquinoline catalyst that supports benzylic C-H esterification with limiting C-H substrate. Mechanistic studies indicate that blue-light irradiation promotes carboxylate-to-copper charge transfer, reducing resting-state CuII to CuI, which activates the peroxide to generate an alkoxyl radical hydrogen-atom-transfer species. This "photochemical redox buffering" introduces a unique strategy to sustain the activity of Cu catalysts in radical-relay reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung L. Golden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Present Address: Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Si-Jie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Present Address: Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Aristidis Vasilopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Present Address: AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ilia A. Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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10
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Deaminative bromination, chlorination, and iodination of primary amines. iScience 2023; 26:106255. [PMID: 36909668 PMCID: PMC9993034 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary amino group has been seldom utilized as a transformable functionality in organic synthesis. Reported herein is a deaminative halogenation of primary amines using N-anomeric amide as the nitrogen-deletion reagent. Both aliphatic and aromatic amines are competent substrates for direct halogenations. The mildness and robustness of the protocol are evidenced by the successful reactions of several complex- and functional group-enriched bioactive compounds or drugs. Elaboration of the resulting products provides interesting analogues of drug molecules.
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11
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Shigeno M, Kajima A, Toyama E, Korenaga T, Yamakoshi H, Nozawa-Kumada K, Kondo Y. LiHMDS-Mediated Deprotonative Coupling of Toluenes with Ketones. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203549. [PMID: 36479733 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) acts as an effective base for deprotonative coupling reactions of toluenes with ketones to afford stilbenes. Various functionalities (halogen, OCF3 , amide, Me, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, SMe, and SPh) are allowed on the toluenes. Notably, this system proved successful with low-reactive toluenes bearing a large pKa value compared to that of the conjugate acid of LiHMDS (hexamethyldisilazane, 25.8, THF), as demonstrated by 4-phenyltoluene (38.57, THF) and toluene itself (∼43, DMSO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Shigeno
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.,JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akihisa Kajima
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Eito Toyama
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Korenaga
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University Ueda, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan.,Soft-Path Science and Engineering Research Center (SPERC), Iwate University, Ueda, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamakoshi
- Central Analytical Center, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kanako Nozawa-Kumada
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kondo
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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12
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Ding Y, Wu J, Huang H. Carbonylative Formal Cycloaddition between Alkylarenes and Aldimines Enabled by Palladium-Catalyzed Double C-H Bond Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4982-4988. [PMID: 36821463 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Double C-H bond activation can enable an expeditious reaction pathway to cyclic compounds, offering an efficient tool to synthesize valuable molecules. However, cyclization reaction enabled by double C-H bond activation at one carbon atom is nearly unknown. Herein, we report a carbonylative formal cycloaddition of alkylarenes with imines via double benzylic C-H bond activation at one carbon atom, allowing a straightforward synthesis of β-lactams from readily accessible alkylarenes and imines, which paves the way for developing an annulation reaction through double C-H bond activation at one carbon atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzheng Ding
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jianing Wu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hanmin Huang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
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13
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Wang FL, Liu L, Yang CJ, Luan C, Yang J, Chen JJ, Gu QS, Li ZL, Liu XY. Synthesis of α-Quaternary β-Lactams via Copper-Catalyzed Enantioconvergent Radical C(sp 3 )-C(sp 2 ) Cross-Coupling with Organoboronate Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214709. [PMID: 36357331 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The copper-catalyzed enantioconvergent radical C(sp3 )-C(sp2 ) cross-coupling of tertiary α-bromo-β-lactams with organoboronate esters could provide the synthetically valuable α-quaternary β-lactams. The challenge arises mainly from the construction of sterically congested quaternary stereocenters between the tertiary alkyl radicals and chiral copper(II) species. Herein, we describe our success in achieving such transformations through the utilization of a copper/hemilabile N,N,N-ligand catalyst to forge the sterically congested chiral C(sp3 )-C(sp2 ) bond via a single-electron reduction/transmetalation/bond formation catalytic cycle. The synthetic potential of this approach is shown in the straightforward conversion of the corresponding products into many valuable building blocks. We hope that the developed catalytic cycle would open up new vistas for more enantioconvergent cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Li Wang
- School of Science and Institute of Scientific Research, Great Bay University, Dongguan, 523000, China.,Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Science and Institute of Scientific Research, Great Bay University, Dongguan, 523000, China.,Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chang-Jiang Yang
- School of Science and Institute of Scientific Research, Great Bay University, Dongguan, 523000, China.,Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Cheng Luan
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Ji-Jun Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qiang-Shuai Gu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhong-Liang Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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14
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Selective functionalization of benzylic C(sp3)–H bonds to synthesize complex molecules. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Ding Y, Huang R, Zhang W, Huang H. Nickel-Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation of Alkylarenes to Arylacetic Acids. Org Lett 2022; 24:7972-7977. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongzheng Ding
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Renbin Huang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Research Institute of Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Company, Ltd, Xi’an 710075, P. R. China
| | - Hanmin Huang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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16
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Nandi S, Mondal S, Jana R. Protocol for chemo- and regioselective C(sp 3)-H activation using a heterogeneous copper powder-catalyzed reaction. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101781. [PMID: 36317172 PMCID: PMC9617205 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a protocol for the synthesis of dibenzo[c,e]oxepin-5(7H)-ones starting from 2'-alkyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxylic acids. This technique uses two copper(0)-catalyzed benzylic C(sp3)-H activation strategies taking either di-tertbutyl peroxide or gaseous oxygen as an oxidant. We detail a photocatalytic thermal approach for copper powder-catalyzed reaction with oxygen. We also describe a procedure for catalyst recycling in both the strategies. The product has been successfully synthesized both in mmol and gram scale. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Nandi et al. (2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Nandi
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India,Corresponding author
| | - Shuvam Mondal
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Ranjan Jana
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India,Corresponding author
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17
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Du X, Zhang C, Liu S. Radical-Friedel-Crafts benzylation of arenes with benzyl ethers over 2H-MoS 2: ether cleavage into carbon- and oxygen-centered radicals. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:15322-15329. [PMID: 36102605 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02801h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The selective activation of C-O ether bonds is an essential tool in organic synthesis and natural polymer depolymerization. However, the direct cleavage of the ether bond is still challenging work, especially breaking this inert and redox-neutral bond to provide one active carbon radical and another oxygen-centered fragment with oxidation capacity that can participate in the controllable radical reaction. We herein report that commercial 2H-MoS2 with negligible acidity can efficiently catalyze the benzylation of arenes with benzyl ethers, and a new Radical-Friedel-Crafts mechanism is proposed, which is quite different from the strong acid-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts mechanism. With dibenzyl ether as the model benzylation reagent, 2H-MoS2 can achieve the homolytic cleavage of the Bn-OR bond to generate the benzyl carbon radical and RO˙ species, identified by EPR measurement and radical trap experiments. The following radical-involved benzylation is confirmed by the Hammett results and a plausible pathway is proposed to clarify the Radical-Friedel-Crafts process. Heterogeneous 2H-MoS2 can be consecutively used four times without regeneration and it offers 94-95% yields of 2-benzyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene from dibenzyl ether and p-xylene in 30 min at 140 °C. Furthermore, this mechanism can provide some inspiration to activate the ether bond and to utilize ether as an oxidant in C-H bond activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinze Du
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Shenglin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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18
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Li CK, Tao ZK, Shoberu A, Zhang W, Zou JP. Copper-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Alkyl and Phosphorus Radicals for C(sp 3)-P Bond Formation. Org Lett 2022; 24:6083-6087. [PMID: 35950907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A CuI-catalyzed cross-coupling of alkyl- and phosphorus-centered radicals for C(sp3)-P bond formation is introduced. Diacyl peroxides, generated in situ from aliphatic acids and H2O2, serve as a source for alkyl radicals and also an initiator for the generation of phosphorus radicals from H-P(O) compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Ze-Kun Tao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Adedamola Shoberu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Jian-Ping Zou
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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19
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Zhong C, Tang H, Cui B, Shi Y, Cao C. Pd-NHC catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling of benzyl ammonium salts. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-022-04795-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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21
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Golden DL, Suh SE, Stahl SS. Radical C(sp3)–H functionalization and cross-coupling reactions. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:405-427. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Nandi S, Mondal S, Jana R. Chemo- and regioselective benzylic C(sp3)–H oxidation bridging the gap between hetero- and homogeneous copper catalysis. iScience 2022; 25:104341. [PMID: 35602936 PMCID: PMC9118691 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective C‒H functionalization in a pool of proximal C‒H bonds, predictably altering their innate reactivity is a daunting challenge. We disclose here, an expedient synthesis of privileged seven-membered lactones, dibenzo[c,e]oxepin-5(7H)-one through a highly chemoselective benzylic C(sp3)‒H activation. Remarkably, the formation of widely explored six-membered lactone via C(sp2)‒H activation is suppressed under the present conditions. The reaction proceeds smoothly on use of inexpensive metallic copper catalyst and di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP). Owing to the hazards of stoichiometric DTBP, further, we have developed a sustainable metallic copper/rose bengal dual catalytic system coupled with molecular oxygen replacing DTBP. A 1,5-aryl migration through Smiles rearrangement was realized from the corresponding diaryl ether substrates instead of expected eight-membered lactones. The present methodology is scalable, applied to the total synthesis of cytotoxic and neuroprotective natural product alterlactone. The catalyst is recyclable and the reaction can be performed in a copper bottle without any added catalyst. Catalytic strategy for chemo- and regioselective benzylic C–H activation Bulk copper catalysis merging with photocatalysis Reusable copper catalyst Reaction demonstrated in commercial copper bottle without external catalyst
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Nandi
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Shuvam Mondal
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Ranjan Jana
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
- Corresponding author
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23
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The quest for magic: recent advances in C(sp 3)–H methylation. PURE APPL CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2021-1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Frequently referred to as the “magic methyl” effect, the introduction of a methyl group into a biologically active molecule has the potential to drastically alter its physical and biological properties and significantly increase potency. This effect is most pronounced when the methyl group is added at the α-position of an aliphatic heterocycle or ortho to a large rotatable group on an aromatic ring. Although seminal developments in C–H activation strategies offered solutions to the latter, until recent years there had been no selective and functional-group-tolerant method for C(sp3)–H methylation at late stages of synthesis. For many years, the lack of a generally applicable methylation strategy necessitated arduous de novo synthesis approaches to access methylated drug candidates, and discouraged further investigation and understandings of the magic methyl effect. This review will provide a summary of the most recent advances that enabled non-directed late-stage C(sp3)–H methylation, including through hydride transfer, chemical or anodic oxidation, and photocatalytic hydrogen atom transfer.
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24
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Meng XH, Xu XC, Wang Z, Liang YX, Zhao YL. NaN(SiMe3)2/CsTFA Copromoted Aminobenzylation/Cyclization of 2-Isocyanobenzaldehydes with Toluene Derivatives or Benzyl Compounds: One-Pot Access to Dihydroquinazolines and Quinazolines. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3156-3166. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-He Meng
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xue-Cen Xu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yong-Xin Liang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yu-Long Zhao
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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25
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Zhang Z, Chen P, Liu G. Copper-catalyzed radical relay in C(sp 3)-H functionalization. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:1640-1658. [PMID: 35142305 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00727k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Radical-involved transition metal (TM) catalysis has greatly enabled new reactivities in recent decades. Copper-catalyzed radical relay offers enormous potential in C(sp3)-H functionalization which combines the unique regioselectivity of hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and the versatility of copper-catalyzed cross-coupling. More importantly, significant progress has been achieved in asymmetric C-H functionalization through judicious ligand design. This tutorial review will highlight the recent advances in this rapidly growing area, and we hope this survey will inspire future strategic developments for selective C(sp3)-H functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Pinhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Shanghai Hongkong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese, Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Guosheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Shanghai Hongkong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese, Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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26
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Zhang M, Shi Y, zhang J. A Convergent Paired Electrolysis Strategy Enables Cross-Coupling of Methylarenes with Imines. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00085g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we have developed a metal-free convergent paired electrolysis strategy for α-benzyl amine synthesis from readily available imines and methylarenes, taking advantage of both anodic oxidation and cathodic...
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27
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Cai C, Zou D. Recent Progress in Benzylic C(sp 3)—H Functionalization of Toluene and Its Derivatives. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202201027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Li C, Zhang Y, Sun W. Nickel-Catalyzed Paired Electrochemical Cross-Coupling of Aryl Halides with Nucleophiles. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1581-0934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractElectrochemistry has recently gained increased attention as a versatile strategy for achieving challenging transformations at the forefront of synthetic organic chemistry. However, most electrochemical transformations only employ one electrode (anodic oxidation or cathodic reduction) to afford the desired products, while the chemistry that occurs at the counter electrode yields stoichiometric waste. In contrast, paired electrochemical reactions can synchronously utilize the anodic and cathodic reactions to deliver the desired product, thus improving the atom economy and energy efficiency of the electrolytic process. This review gives an overview of recent advances in nickel-catalyzed paired electrochemical cross-coupling reactions of aryl/alkenyl halides with different nucleophiles.1 Introduction2 Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions2.1 C–C Bond Formation2.2 C–N Bond Formation2.3 C–S/O Bond Formation2.4 C–P Bond Formation3 Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University
- National Institute of Biological Sciences
| | - Yong Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University
- National Institute of Biological Sciences
| | - Wenxuan Sun
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University
- National Institute of Biological Sciences
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29
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Gu Y, Zhang Z, Wang YE, Dai Z, Yuan Y, Xiong D, Li J, Walsh PJ, Mao J. Benzylic Aroylation of Toluenes Mediated by a LiN(SiMe 3) 2/Cs + System. J Org Chem 2021; 87:406-418. [PMID: 34958592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemoselective deprotonative functionalization of benzylic C-H bonds is challenging, because the arene ring contains multiple aromatic C(sp2)-H bonds, which can be competitively deprotonated and lead to selectivity issues. Recently it was found that bimetallic [MN(SiMe3)2 M = Li, Na]/Cs+ combinations exhibit excellent benzylic selectivity. Herein, is reported the first deprotonative addition of toluenes to Weinreb amides mediated by LiN(SiMe3)2/CsF for the synthesis of a diverse array of 2-arylacetophenones. Surprisingly, simple methyl benzoates also react with toluenes under similar conditions to form 2-arylacetophenones without double addition to give tertiary alcohol products. This finding greatly increases the practicality and impact of this chemistry. Some challenging substrates with respect to benzylic deprotonations, such as fluoro and methoxy substituted toluenes, are selectively transformed to 2-aryl acetophenones. The value of benzylic deprotonation of 3-fluorotoluene is demonstrated by the synthesis of a key intermediate in the preparation of Polmacoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyun Gu
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yan-En Wang
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, P. R. China
| | - Ziteng Dai
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yaqi Yuan
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Dan Xiong
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, No. 48, Huzhou Road, Hangzhou 310015, P. R. China
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Jianyou Mao
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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30
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Gupta A, Kumar J, Rahaman A, Singh AK, Bhadra S. Functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds adjacent to heterocycles catalyzed by earth abundant transition metals. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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31
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Reidl TW, Bandar JS. Lewis Basic Salt-Promoted Organosilane Coupling Reactions with Aromatic Electrophiles. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11939-11945. [PMID: 34314159 PMCID: PMC8510683 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lewis basic salts promote benzyltrimethylsilane coupling with (hetero)aryl nitriles, sulfones, and chlorides as a new route to 1,1-diarylalkanes. This method combines the substrate modularity and selectivity characteristic of cross-coupling with the practicality of a base-promoted protocol. In addition, a Lewis base strategy enables a complementary scope to existing methods, employs stable and easily prepared organosilanes, and achieves selective arylation in the presence of acidic functional groups. The utility of this method is demonstrated by the synthesis of pharmaceutical analogues and its use in multicomponent reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W. Reidl
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Bandar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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32
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Su XL, Jiang SP, Ye L, Xu GX, Chen JJ, Gu QS, Li ZL, Liu XY. A general copper-catalyzed radical C(sp3)−C(sp2) cross-coupling to access 1,1-diarylalkanes under ambient conditions. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Vasilopoulos A, Krska SW, Stahl SS. C(sp 3)-H methylation enabled by peroxide photosensitization and Ni-mediated radical coupling. Science 2021; 372:398-403. [PMID: 33888639 PMCID: PMC8110093 DOI: 10.1126/science.abh2623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The "magic methyl" effect describes the change in potency, selectivity, and/or metabolic stability of a drug candidate associated with addition of a single methyl group. We report a synthetic method that enables direct methylation of C(sp3)-H bonds in diverse drug-like molecules and pharmaceutical building blocks. Visible light-initiated triplet energy transfer promotes homolysis of the O-O bond in di-tert-butyl or dicumyl peroxide under mild conditions. The resulting alkoxyl radicals undergo divergent reactivity, either hydrogen-atom transfer from a substrate C-H bond or generation of a methyl radical via β-methyl scission. The relative rates of these steps may be tuned by varying the reaction conditions or peroxide substituents to optimize the yield of methylated product arising from nickel-mediated cross-coupling of substrate and methyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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34
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Czyz ML, Taylor MS, Horngren TH, Polyzos A. Reductive Activation and Hydrofunctionalization of Olefins by Multiphoton Tandem Photoredox Catalysis. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milena L. Czyz
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mitchell S. Taylor
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tyra H. Horngren
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anastasios Polyzos
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
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35
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Pal S, Cotard M, Gérardin B, Hoarau C, Schneider C. Cu-Catalyzed Oxidative Allylic C-H Arylation of Inexpensive Alkenes with (Hetero)Aryl Boronic Acids. Org Lett 2021; 23:3130-3135. [PMID: 33765389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present a regioselective Cu-catalyzed oxidative allylic C(sp3)-H arylation by radical relay using a broad range of heteroaryl boronic acids with inexpensive and readily available unactivated terminal and internal olefins. This C(sp2)-C(sp3) allyl coupling has the advantage of using cheap, abundant, and nontoxic Cu2O without the need to use prefunctionalized alkenes, thus offering an alternative method to allylic arylation reactions that employ more traditional coupling partners with preinstalled leaving groups (LGs) at the allylic position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Pal
- Normandy University, University of Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Marine Cotard
- Normandy University, University of Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Baptiste Gérardin
- Normandy University, University of Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Hoarau
- Normandy University, University of Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Cédric Schneider
- Normandy University, University of Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint Aignan Cedex, France
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36
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Nickel-catalyzed oxidative dehydrogenative coupling of alkane with thiol for C(sp3)-S bond formation. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.152950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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37
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Xiao L, Lang TT, Jiang Y, Zang ZL, Zhou CH, Cai GX. Aerobic Copper-Catalyzed Salicylaldehydic C formyl -H Arylations with Arylboronic Acids. Chemistry 2021; 27:3278-3283. [PMID: 33289166 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report a challenging copper-catalyzed Cformyl -H arylation of salicylaldehydes with arylboronic acids that involves unique salicylaldehydic copper species that differ from reported salicylaldehydic rhodacycles and palladacycles. This protocol has high chemoselectivity for the Cformyl -H bond compared to the phenolic O-H bond involving copper catalysis under high reaction temperatures. This approach is compatible with a wide range of salicylaldehyde and arylboronic acid substrates, including estrone and carbazole derivatives, which leads to the corresponding arylation products. Mechanistic studies show that the 2-hydroxy group of the salicylaldehyde substrate triggers the formation of salicylaldehydic copper complexes through a CuI /CuII /CuIII catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiao
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Tao-Tao Lang
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Lin Zang
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-He Zhou
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Xin Cai
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
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38
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39
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Wang H, Mao J, Shuai S, Chen S, Zou D, Walsh PJ, Li J. N-Acyl pyrroles: chemoselective pyrrole dance vs. C–H functionalization/aroylation of toluenes. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00944c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemoselectivity is one of the most challenging issues facing the chemical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jianyou Mao
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - SuJuan Shuai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Shuguang Chen
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Dong Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Jie Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
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40
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Xie W, Kim D, Chang S. Copper-Catalyzed Formal Dehydrogenative Coupling of Carbonyls with Polyfluoroarenes Leading to β-C-H Arylation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20588-20593. [PMID: 33237759 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We herein communicate a formal dehydrogenative coupling of carbonyls with polyfluoroarenes enabled by Cu catalysis. Silyl enol ethers initially prepared from carbonyls are postulated to undergo the copper-mediated oxidative dehydrogenative coupling with polyfluoroarenes via a radical pathway. Including cyclic and linear ketones, aldehydes, and esters, a broad range of β-aryl carbonyl products were efficiently obtained in high regio- and stereoselectivity with excellent functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Xie
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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41
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Kondoh A, Ma C, Terada M. Synthesis of diarylalkanes through an intramolecular/intermolecular addition sequence by auto-tandem catalysis with strong Brønsted base. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:10894-10897. [PMID: 32940279 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04512h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An auto-tandem catalysis with a strong Brønsted base enabled the synthesis of diarylalkanes containing a benzofuran moiety. Potassium tert-butoxide efficiently catalyzed both the intramolecular cyclization of less acidic ortho-alkynylaryl benzyl ethers and the following intermolecular addition of diarylmethanes to styrenes, demonstrating the high potential of the catalysis in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Kondoh
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Chaoyan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Terada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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42
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Zhu F, Zhang SQ, Chen Z, Rui J, Hong X, Walczak MA. Catalytic and Photochemical Strategies to Stabilized Radicals Based on Anomeric Nucleophiles. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11102-11113. [PMID: 32479072 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates, one of the three primary macromolecules of living organisms, play significant roles in various biological processes such as intercellular communication, cell recognition, and immune activity. While the majority of established methods for the installation of carbohydrates through the anomeric carbon rely on nucleophilic displacement, anomeric radicals represent an attractive alternative because of their functional group compatibility and high anomeric selectivities. Herein, we demonstrate that anomeric nucleophiles such as C1 stannanes can be converted into anomeric radicals by merging Cu(I) catalysis with blue light irradiation to achieve highly stereoselective C(sp3)-S cross-coupling reactions. Mechanistic studies and DFT calculations revealed that the C-S bond-forming step occurs via the transfer of the anomeric radical directly to a sulfur electrophile bound to Cu(II) species. This pathway complements a radical chain observed for photochemical metal-free conditions where a disulfide initiator can be activated by a Lewis base additive. Both strategies utilize anomeric nucleophiles as efficient radical donors and achieve a switch from an ionic to a radical pathway. Taken together, the stability of glycosyl nucleophiles, a broad substrate scope, and high anomeric selectivities observed for the thermal and photochemical protocols make this novel C-S cross coupling a practical tool for late-stage glycodiversification of bioactive natural products and drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Shuo-Qing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jinyan Rui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Maciej A Walczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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43
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Bakhoda AG, Wiese S, Greene C, Figula BC, Bertke JA, Warren TH. Radical Capture at Nickel(II) Complexes: C–C, C–N, and C–O Bond Formation. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abolghasem Gus Bakhoda
- Georgetown University, Department of Chemistry, Washington, District of Columbia 20057-1227, United States
| | - Stefan Wiese
- Georgetown University, Department of Chemistry, Washington, District of Columbia 20057-1227, United States
| | - Christine Greene
- Georgetown University, Department of Chemistry, Washington, District of Columbia 20057-1227, United States
| | - Bryan C. Figula
- Georgetown University, Department of Chemistry, Washington, District of Columbia 20057-1227, United States
| | - Jeffery A. Bertke
- Georgetown University, Department of Chemistry, Washington, District of Columbia 20057-1227, United States
| | - Timothy H. Warren
- Georgetown University, Department of Chemistry, Washington, District of Columbia 20057-1227, United States
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44
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Zhang L, Hu X. Nickel catalysis enables convergent paired electrolysis for direct arylation of benzylic C-H bonds. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10786-10791. [PMID: 34094332 PMCID: PMC8162382 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01445a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Convergent paired electrosynthesis is an energy-efficient approach in organic synthesis; however, it is limited by the difficulty to match the innate redox properties of reaction partners. Here we use nickel catalysis to cross-couple the two intermediates generated at the two opposite electrodes of an electrochemical cell, achieving direct arylation of benzylic C–H bonds. This method yields a diverse set of diarylmethanes, which are important structural motifs in medicinal and materials chemistry. Preliminary mechanistic study suggests oxidation of a benzylic C–H bond, Ni-catalyzed C–C coupling, and reduction of a Ni intermediate as key elements of the catalytic cycle. A direct arylation of benzylic C–H bonds is achieved by integrating Ni-catalyzed benzyl–aryl coupling into convergent paired electrolysis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) ISCI-LSCI BCH 3305 1015 Lausanne Switzerland http://lsci.epfl.ch
| | - Xile Hu
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) ISCI-LSCI BCH 3305 1015 Lausanne Switzerland http://lsci.epfl.ch
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45
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Xie W, Heo J, Kim D, Chang S. Copper-Catalyzed Direct C-H Alkylation of Polyfluoroarenes by Using Hydrocarbons as an Alkylating Source. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7487-7496. [PMID: 32233362 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Construction of carbon-carbon bonds is one of the most important tools in chemical synthesis. In the previously established cross-coupling reactions, prefunctionalized starting materials were usually employed in the form of aryl or alkyl (pseudo)halides or their metalated derivatives. However, the direct use of arenes and alkanes via a 2-fold oxidative C-H bond activation strategy to access chemoselective C(sp2)-C(sp3) cross-couplings is highly challenging due to the low reactivity of carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds and the difficulty in suppressing side reactions such as homocouplings. Herein, we present the new development of a copper-catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative coupling of polyfluoroarenes with alkanes under mild conditions. Relatively weak sp3 C-H bonds at the benzylic or allylic positions, and nonactivated hydrocarbons could be alkylated by the newly developed catalyst system. A moderate-to-high site selectivity was observed among various C-H bonds present in hydrocarbon reactants, including gaseous feedstocks and complex molecules. Mechanistic information was obtained by performing combined experimental and computational studies to reveal that the copper catalyst plays a dual role in activating both alkane sp3 C-H bonds and sp2 polyfluoroarene C-H bonds. It was also suggested that the noncovalent π-π interaction and weak hydrogen bonds formed in situ between the optimal ligand and arene substrates are key to facilitating the current coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Heo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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46
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Nozawa‐Kumada K, Saga S, Matsuzawa Y, Hayashi M, Shigeno M, Kondo Y. Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Benzylic C(sp
3
)−H Cyclization for the Synthesis of β‐Lactams. Chemistry 2020; 26:4496-4499. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Nozawa‐Kumada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical ScienceTohoku University Aoba, Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Satoshi Saga
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical ScienceTohoku University Aoba, Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Yuta Matsuzawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical ScienceTohoku University Aoba, Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Masahito Hayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical ScienceTohoku University Aoba, Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Masanori Shigeno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical ScienceTohoku University Aoba, Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kondo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical ScienceTohoku University Aoba, Sendai 980-8578 Japan
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47
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Hu H, Chen SJ, Mandal M, Pratik SM, Buss JA, Krska SW, Cramer CJ, Stahl SS. Copper-catalysed benzylic C-H coupling with alcohols via radical relay enabled by redox buffering. Nat Catal 2020; 3:358-367. [PMID: 32368720 PMCID: PMC7197765 DOI: 10.1038/s41929-020-0425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cross-coupling reactions enable rapid, convergent synthesis of diverse molecules and provide the foundation for modern chemical synthesis. The most widely used methods employ sp2-hybridized coupling partners, such as aryl halides or related pre-functionalized substrates. Here, we demonstrate copper-catalysed oxidative cross coupling of benzylic C–H bonds with alcohols to afford benzyl ethers, enabled by a redox-buffering strategy that maintains the activity of the copper catalyst throughout the reaction. The reactions employ the C–H substrate as the limiting reagent and exhibit broad scope with respect to both coupling partners. This approach to direct site-selective functionalization of C(sp3)–H bonds provides the basis for efficient three-dimensional diversification of organic molecules and should find widespread utility in organic synthesis, particularly for medicinal chemistry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayou Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, USA.,These authors contribute equally: Si-Jie Chen and Huayou Hu.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Si-Jie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, USA.,These authors contribute equally: Si-Jie Chen and Huayou Hu
| | - Mukunda Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Saied Md Pratik
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Joshua A Buss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shane W Krska
- High-Throughput Experimentation and Lead Discovery Capabilities, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher J Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, USA
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48
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Zhu Z, Liu J, Dong S, Chen B, Wang Z, Tang R, Li Z. Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Benzylic Bromides with Arylboronic Acids: Synthesis of Diarylalkanes and Preliminary Antifungal Evaluation Against
Magnaporthe Grisea. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Materials and EnergySouth China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 P. R. China
| | - Jinggong Liu
- Orthopedics DepartmentGuangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510120 P. R. China
| | - Shoucheng Dong
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Materials and EnergySouth China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 P. R. China
| | - Bolai Chen
- Orthopedics DepartmentGuangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510120 P. R. China
| | - Zhenghui Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Materials and EnergySouth China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 P. R. China
| | - Ri‐yuan Tang
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Materials and EnergySouth China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology Ministry of EducationSouth China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 P. R. China
| | - Zhaodong Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Materials and EnergySouth China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology Ministry of EducationSouth China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 P. R. China
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49
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Sakurai S, Tsuzuki S, Sakamoto R, Maruoka K. Cu-Catalyzed Generation of Alkyl Radicals from Alkylsilyl Peroxides and Subsequent C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) Cross-Coupling with Arylboronic Acids. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3973-3980. [PMID: 31939666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This work describes a novel and practical method for the Cu-catalyzed C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling of alkylsilyl peroxides with arylboronic acids. The reductive cleavage of the O-O bond of alkylsilyl peroxides and the desired cross-coupling reactions to afford alkyl-substituted aromatic rings proceed smoothly at room temperature promoted by simple Cu-based catalysts and do not require activation by visible light. The results of mechanistic investigations support a radical-mediated C(sp3)-C(sp2) bond formation via β-scission of the alkoxy radicals generated from the alkylsilyl peroxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Sakurai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Saori Tsuzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryu Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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50
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Spencer ARA, Grainger R, Panigrahi A, Lepper TJ, Bentkowska K, Larrosa I. Transition metal-free cross-dehydrogenative arylation of unactivated benzylic C–H bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14479-14482. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06212j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cross-dehydrogenative arylation of benzylic C–H bonds with arenes provides straightforward access to synthetically useful 1,1-diarylmethanes, from readily available starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. A. Spencer
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - Rachel Grainger
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - Adyasha Panigrahi
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - Thomas J. Lepper
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - Katarzyna Bentkowska
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - Igor Larrosa
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
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