1
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Tombrink A, Nagorny S, Batsyts S, Namyslo JC, Lederle F, Hübner EG, Adams J, Schmidt A. Highly Sensitive Switchable Sensors for Hydroxide on Glass Surfaces Based on Isoquinolinium-Quinolinium-substituted Acetylenes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304034. [PMID: 38231534 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Bi-substituted acetylenes with a quinolinium and an isoquinolinium substituent are described, which reversibly form intensely colored adducts with O-nucleophiles and thus enable the detection of >0,5 ppm hydroxide on the surfaces of various glasses. Acids reconstitute the colorless bi-substituted acetylenes. The quinolinium and isoquinolinium rings are bound via their 2-, 3-, 4- and 1-, 3-, 4-positions to the triple bond, respectively. The choice of substitution sites of the hetarenium rings enables the design of mixed conjugated/cross-conjugated π-electron systems. Depending on the combination of binding sites, the frontier orbital profile, the triple bond polarization, the fluorescence behaviour, and the sensitivity to hydroxide differs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tombrink
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstraße 6, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Sven Nagorny
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstraße 6, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Sviatoslav Batsyts
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstraße 6, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Jan C Namyslo
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstraße 6, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Felix Lederle
- Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute HHI, Fiber Optical Sensor Systems, Am Stollen 19 H, D-38640, Goslar, Germany
| | - Eike G Hübner
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstraße 6, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
- Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute HHI, Fiber Optical Sensor Systems, Am Stollen 19 H, D-38640, Goslar, Germany
| | - Jörg Adams
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstraße 6, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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2
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do Monte S, Spada RFK, Alves RLR, Belcher L, Shepard R, Lischka H, Plasser F. Quantification of the Ionic Character of Multiconfigurational Wave Functions: The Qat Diagnostic. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9842-9852. [PMID: 37851528 PMCID: PMC10683019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) method is a cornerstone in modern excited-state quantum chemistry providing the starting point for most common multireference computations. However, CASSCF, when used with a minimal active space, can produce significant errors (>2 eV) even for the excitation energies of simple hydrocarbons if the states of interest possess ionic character. After illustrating this problem in some detail, we present a diagnostic for ionic character, denoted as Q at, that is readily computed from the transition density. A set of 11 molecules is considered to study errors in vertical excitation energies. State-averaged CASSCF obtains a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.87 eV for the 34 singlet states considered. We highlight a strong correlation between the obtained errors and the Q at diagnostic, illustrating its power to predict problematic cases. Conversely, using multireference configuration interaction with single and double excitations and Pople's size extensivity correction (MR-CISD+P), excellent results are obtained with an MAE of 0.11 eV. Furthermore, correlations with the Q at diagnostic disappear. In summary, we hope that the presented diagnostic will facilitate reliable and user-friendly multireference computations on conjugated organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silmar
A. do Monte
- Departamento
de Química, CCEN, Universidade Federal
da Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Rene F. K. Spada
- Departamento
de Física, Instituto Tecnológico
de Aeronáutica, 12.228-900 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodolpho L. R. Alves
- Departamento
de Química, CCEN, Universidade Federal
da Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Lachlan Belcher
- Departamento
de Física, Instituto Tecnológico
de Aeronáutica, 12.228-900 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ron Shepard
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Hans Lischka
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Felix Plasser
- Department
of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, U.K.
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3
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Liu L, Wang X, Lyu X, Ma R, Li Y, Zhang T, Liu Y, Sun C, Li Y. Label-free detection of vitamin B by two-step enhanced Raman technique using dynamic borohydride-reduced silver nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:480. [PMID: 37996711 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
A creatively designed novel two-step enhancement technique is presented in which B vitamin molecules are dynamically adsorbed onto the surface of silver nanoparticles by sodium borohydride, followed by local plasmon resonance in the presence of cations (calcium ions), ultimately achieving synergistic chemical and physical enhancement on the same molecule and constructing a "surface hot spots" two-step enhancement platform for vitamin detection. The Raman signal of the promoted vitamin molecule is enhanced by nine orders of magnitude. In a subsequent study it was observed that the vitamin B2 molecules were in a near-vertical image on the surface of the silver nanoparticles, which may also contribute to the Raman signal enhancement. Combined with deep learning techniques, the method has been successfully applied to the detection of B vitamins in body fluids. As an accurate, rapid, reproducible, non-invasive, and versatile assay platform, it holds great promise for the intelligent identification of trace B molecules in food, pharmaceuticals, and the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, 150081, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, No. 2708, South Section of Huaxi Avenue, Guiyang City, 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xiaoming Lyu
- Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, 150081, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiyao Ma
- Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, 150081, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Li
- Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, 150081, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, 150081, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongdan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Hospital of Heilongjiang Province Zhongshan Road, Harbin, 150036, China
| | - Changhao Sun
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, 150081, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Faculty of Medicine University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (NKLFZCD), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, 150081, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Salthouse R, Hurtado-Gallego J, Grace IM, Davidson R, Alshammari O, Agraït N, Lambert CJ, Bryce MR. Electronic Conductance and Thermopower of Cross-Conjugated and Skipped-Conjugated Molecules in Single-Molecule Junctions. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:13751-13758. [PMID: 37528901 PMCID: PMC10389811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a combined experimental and theoretical study of a series of thiomethyl (SMe) anchored cross-conjugated molecules featuring an acyclic central bridging ketone and their analogous skipped-conjugated alcohol derivatives. Studies of these molecules in a gold|single-molecule|gold junction using scanning tunneling microscopy-break junction techniques reveal a similar conductance (G) value for both the cross-conjugated molecules and their skipped-conjugated partners. Theoretical studies based on density functional theory of the molecules in their optimum geometries in the junction reveal the reason for this similarity in conductance, as the predicted conductance for the alcohol series of compounds varies more with the tilt angle. Thermopower measurements reveal a higher Seebeck coefficient (S) for the cross-conjugated ketone molecules relative to the alcohol derivatives, with a particularly high S for the biphenyl derivative 3a (-15.6 μV/K), an increase of threefold compared to its alcohol analog. The predicted behavior of the quantum interference (QI) in this series of cross-conjugated molecules is found to be constructive, though the appearance of a destructive QI feature for 3a is due to the degeneracy of the HOMO orbital and may explain the enhancement of the value of S for this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Hurtado-Gallego
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Iain M. Grace
- Physics
Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.
| | - Ross Davidson
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Ohud Alshammari
- Physics
Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.
| | - Nicolás Agraït
- Departamento
de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid E-28049, Spain
- Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto Universitatio de Ciencia
de Materiales “Nicolás Cabrera” (INC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid E-28049, Spain
- Instituto
Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia IMDEA-Nanociencia, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Colin J. Lambert
- Physics
Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.
| | - Martin R. Bryce
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
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5
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Hasanayn F, Holland PL, Goldman AS, Miller AJM. Lewis Structures and the Bonding Classification of End-on Bridging Dinitrogen Transition Metal Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4326-4342. [PMID: 36796367 PMCID: PMC9983020 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The activation of dinitrogen by coordination to transition metal ions is a widely used and promising approach to the utilization of Earth's most abundant nitrogen source for chemical synthesis. End-on bridging N2 complexes (μ-η1:η1-N2) are key species in nitrogen fixation chemistry, but a lack of consensus on the seemingly simple task of assigning a Lewis structure for such complexes has prevented application of valence electron counting and other tools for understanding and predicting reactivity trends. The Lewis structures of bridging N2 complexes have traditionally been determined by comparing the experimentally observed NN distance to the bond lengths of free N2, diazene, and hydrazine. We introduce an alternative approach here and argue that the Lewis structure should be assigned based on the total π-bond order in the MNNM core (number of π-bonds), which derives from the character (bonding or antibonding) and occupancy of the delocalized π-symmetry molecular orbitals (π-MOs) in MNNM. To illustrate this approach, the complexes cis,cis-[(iPr4PONOP)MCl2]2(μ-N2) (M = W, Re, and Os) are examined in detail. Each complex is shown to have a different number of nitrogen-nitrogen and metal-nitrogen π-bonds, indicated as, respectively: W≡N-N≡W, Re═N═N═Re, and Os-N≡N-Os. It follows that each of these Lewis structures represents a distinct class of complexes (diazanyl, diazenyl, and dinitrogen, respectively), in which the μ-N2 ligand has a different electron donor number (total of 8e-, 6e-, or 4e-, respectively). We show how this classification can greatly aid in understanding and predicting the properties and reactivity patterns of μ-N2 complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraj Hasanayn
- Department
of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon,E-mail: (F.H.)
| | - Patrick L. Holland
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Alan S. Goldman
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers,
The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Alexander J. M. Miller
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States,E-mail: (A.J.M.M.)
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6
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Yu C, Xiao Z, Chu W, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Zhao D. High-Resolution Electronic Spectrum of the 1,4,6-Heptatrienyl Radical in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8398-8403. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunting Yu
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zengjun Xiao
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wangyou Chu
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongfeng Zhao
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Shaik S, Danovich D, Hiberty PC. On The Nature of the Chemical Bond in Valence Bond Theory. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:090901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0095953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This perspective outlines a panoramic description of the nature of the chemical bond according to valence bond theory. It describes single bonds, and charge-shift bonds (CSBs) in which the entire/most of the bond energy arises from the resonance between the covalent and ionic structures of the bond. Many CSBs are homonuclear bonds. Hypervalent molecules are CSBs. Then we describe multiply bonded molecules with emphasis on C2 and 3O2. The perspective outlines an effective methodology of peeling the electronic structure to the necessary minimum: a structure with a quadruple bond, and two minor structures with double bonds, which stabilize the quadruple bond by resonance. 3O2 is chosen because it is a persistent diradical. The persistence of 3O2 is due to the large CSB resonance interaction of the π-3-electron bonds. Subsequently, we describe the roles of π vs. σ in the geometric preferences in unsaturated molecules, and their Si-based analogs. Then, the perspective discusses bonding in clusters of univalent metal-atoms, which possess only parallel spins, and are nevertheless bonded due to multiple resonance interactions. The bond energy reaches ~40 kcal/mol for a pair of atoms (in n+1Cun; n~10-12). The final subsection discusses singlet excited states in ethene, ozone and SO2. It demonstrates the capability of the breathing-orbital VB method to yield an accurate description of a variety of excited states using 10 or less VB structures. Furthermore, the method underscores covalent structures which play a key role in the correct description and bonding of these excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sason Shaik
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem Institute of Chemistry, Israel
| | - David Danovich
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem Institute of Chemistry, Israel
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8
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Datta SN, Pal AK. Spin Alternation Rule in USCF for Through-Bond Magnetic Coupling─A New Look: Why and When Does It Arise and How To See It. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2309-2318. [PMID: 35394765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c10251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work takes a new look at the spin alternation rule in unrestricted self-consistent-field (USCF) calculations in terms of structural characteristics such as periodicity, impurity location, and Coulomb exchange. For clarity, the systems considered are biradicals produced from linear conjugated hydrocarbons. Both site-parametrized Hamiltonian models for theoretical analysis and spin unrestricted density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used. Theoretical analysis leads to the following conclusions: (1) The diradical state is an excited state of a linear chain of N conjugated carbon atoms (when N is about ≤ 10). Spin alternation is a consequence of the (truncated) periodic symmetry combined with filling each closed-shell pi orbital with two electrons and each singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) with one electron. Spin polarization is evident in triplet (T) and broken symmetry (BS) solutions for an odd N and only in the T solution for an even N. Spin alternation is visible in the BS for an odd N and always remains muted in the calculated T. (2) For a doped chain with two radical centers, spin alternation is generally visible in the BS for an odd N. The sign of spin population on the radical centers in the BS indicates the stable spin. For radical centers separated by an odd (even) number of pz electrons, spin alternation favors T (S) state with FM (AFM) interaction. Spin oscillation remains less transparent for an even N without exchange. (3) In an unrestricted treatment with exchange, spin alternation becomes observable. Without SCF iterations, the more stable state can be identified from a clear spin oscillation in the BS. An irregular oscillation indicates a possible singlet ground state. These observations are supported by density functional calculations using the B3LYP functional and the 6-311+g(d,p) basis set on linear decapentaene diradicals with nitronyl nitroxide moieties substituted on two sets of conjugated atoms, (3,9) and (3,10). Because of the SCF procedure, one finds spin alternation in the T (BS) solution and erratic oscillation in the BS (T) solution of the 3,9 (3,10) diradical in respective equilibrium geometries. The ground state is T (S). DFT adiabatic coupling constants, SOMO energies, spin population plots, and SOMO lobe diagrams compare well with molecular electronic characteristics from theoretical analysis using Hamiltonian parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambhu N Datta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Arun K Pal
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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9
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Pablo‐García S, García‐Muelas R, Sabadell‐Rendón A, López N. Dimensionality reduction of complex reaction networks in heterogeneous catalysis: From l
inear‐scaling
relationships to statistical learning techniques. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Pablo‐García
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Tarragona Spain
| | - Rodrigo García‐Muelas
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Tarragona Spain
| | - Albert Sabadell‐Rendón
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Tarragona Spain
| | - Núria López
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Tarragona Spain
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10
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Thomas A, Ji C, Siddlingeshwar B, Manohar PU, Ying F, Wu W. Revealing the biradicaloid nature inherited in the derivatives of thieno[3,4- c][1,2,5]thiadiazole: a computational study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:1050-1061. [PMID: 33346279 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05106c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Computational studies were performed on non-classical thieno[3,4-c][1,2,5] thiadiazole and its pi donor derivatives (TT dyes) so as to delineate the factors responsible for their near-infrared (NIR) absorption. For all dyes except the unsubstituted bare dye, adiabatic singlet-triplet energy gaps (estimated through the ΔSCF procedure using the B3LYP and M062X DFT methods and SFTDDFT with the 5050 functional) were less than 1eV. Percentage calculations of the biradicaloid character suggested a moderate biradicaloid nature in all derivatives. There was a resemblance between the frontier molecular orbital (MO) picture of the TT bicyclic ring and the degenerate non-bonding molecular orbitals of Trimethyleneethane (TME, a known biradical). Inter-fragment charge transfer analysis revealed not only a considerable donation of charge to the central ring (Acceptor, TT part) but also substantial charge redistribution within the ring itself. From these results, it was inferred that NIR absorption, in these dyes, was due to: (1) a reduced HOMO-LUMO gap (HLG) as a TME biradical substructure forms its chromophoric part; and (2) charge transfer from the donor substituents. The non-bonding nature of the S atom, in the bare dye, with its neighbouring N/C atom (of the highest occupied π-MOs), led to an examination of its electronic structure using the ab initio valence bond method. The relatively large weight and energetic stability of the biradicaloid VB structures compared to those of the ylidic structures clearly disclosed the importance of biradicaloid structures in the overall resonance of the bare dye. Their utility as singlet fission materials was screened using singlet and triplet energy-based molecular structure activity criteria. The results were encouraging, demanding experiments to reaffirm the materials' usefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Thomas
- Center for Computational Research in Clean Energy Technologies, Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering, Pappanamcode, Trivandrum 695018, India
| | - Chenru Ji
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
| | - B Siddlingeshwar
- Department of Physics, M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 560054, India.
| | - Prashant Uday Manohar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Fuming Ying
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
| | - Wei Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
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11
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Shaik S. Stories of My Journeys Through Valence Bond Theory, DFT, MD and their Applications to Complex Objects. Isr J Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram 91904 Jerusalem Israel
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12
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Stuyver T, De Proft F, Geerlings P, Shaik S. How Do Local Reactivity Descriptors Shape the Potential Energy Surface Associated with Chemical Reactions? The Valence Bond Delocalization Perspective. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10102-10113. [PMID: 32366103 PMCID: PMC7304891 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
How do local reactivity descriptors, such as the Fukui function and the local spin density distribution, shape the potential energy surface (PES) associated with chemical reactions and thus govern reactivity trends and regioselective preferences? This is the question that is addressed here through a qualitative valence bond (VB) analysis. We demonstrate that common density functional theory (DFT)-based local reactivity descriptors can essentially be regarded-in one way or another-as indirect measures of delocalization, i.e., resonance stabilization, of the reactants within VB theory. The inherent connection between (spatial) delocalization and (energetic) resonance stabilization embedded in VB theory provides a natural and elegant framework for analyzing and comprehending the impact of individual local reactivity descriptors on the global PES. Our analysis provides new insights into the role played by local reactivity descriptors and illustrates under which conditions they can sometimes fail to predict reactivity trends and regioselective preferences, e.g., in the case of ambident reactivity. This treatment constitutes a first step toward a unification of VB theory and conceptual DFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Stuyver
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- Algemene
Chemie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Algemene
Chemie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Algemene
Chemie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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13
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A local perspective on the conjugation of double bonds in acyclic polyenes. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-020-02626-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Kimber P, Plasser F. Toward an understanding of electronic excitation energies beyond the molecular orbital picture. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:6058-6080. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00369g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Can we gain an intuitive understanding of excitation energies beyond the molecular picture?
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kimber
- Department of Chemistry
- Loughborough University
- Loughborough
- UK
| | - Felix Plasser
- Department of Chemistry
- Loughborough University
- Loughborough
- UK
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15
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The Low Lying Double-Exciton State of Conjugated Diradicals: Assessment of TDUDFT and Spin-Flip TDDFT Predictions. COMPUTATION 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/computation7040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated singlet ground state diradicals have received remarkable attention owing to their potential applications in optoelectronic devices. A distinctive character of these systems is the location of the double-exciton state, a low lying excited state dominated by the doubly excited HOMO,HOMOLUMO,LUMO configuration, (where HOMO=highest occupied molecular orbital, LUMO=lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) which may influence optical and other photophysical properties. In this contribution we investigate this specific excited state, for a series of recently synthesized conjugated diradicals, employing time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) based on the unrestricted parallel spin reference configuration in the spin-flip formulation (SF-TDDFT) and standard TD calculations based on the unrestricted antiparallel spin reference configuration (TDUDFT). The quality of computed results is assessed considering diradical and multiradical descriptors, and the excited state wavefunction composition.
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Stuyver T, Chen B, Zeng T, Geerlings P, De Proft F, Hoffmann R. Do Diradicals Behave Like Radicals? Chem Rev 2019; 119:11291-11351. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Stuyver
- Algemene Chemie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca New York 14853, United States
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J1P3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S5B6, Canada
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Algemene Chemie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Algemene Chemie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca New York 14853, United States
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Stuyver T, Danovich D, Shaik S. Captodative Substitution Enhances the Diradical Character of Compounds, Reduces Aromaticity, and Controls Single-Molecule Conductivity Patterns: A Valence Bond Study. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7133-7141. [PMID: 31318209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b06096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present contribution uses a valence bond (VB) perspective to consider the captodative substitution strategy, a method to enhance the diradical character of (potentially aromatic) compounds. We confirm the qualitative reasoning that has generally been used to rationalize the diradical-character-enhancing effect of captodative substitution: this type of substitution scheme disproportionally stabilizes specific Dewar/diradical(oid) VB structures, thus increasing their weight in the full ground-state wave function. Furthermore, we assess the effect of captodative substitution on the aromaticity of the considered compound. We observe a clear trade-off between diradical character and aromaticity for our model systems: as one of these properties increases, the other decreases. This finding is especially significant within the field of single-molecule electronics because it enables unification of the previously observed inverse proportionality between the aromaticity of a compound and the magnitude of conductance through that molecule, with the observed proportionality between diradical character and the magnitude of conductance associated with a compound. To some extent, both properties, i.e., aromaticity and diradical character, appear to be the flip-sides of the same coin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Stuyver
- Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Centre for Computational Quantum Chemistry , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel.,Algemene Chemie , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - David Danovich
- Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Centre for Computational Quantum Chemistry , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
| | - Sason Shaik
- Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Centre for Computational Quantum Chemistry , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
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18
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Batsyts S, Hübner EG, Namyslo JC, Schmidt A. The Interconnection of Two Positive Charges by Conjugation and Cross‐Conjugation in Bis‐Quinolinium Ethynyls. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sviatoslav Batsyts
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Clausthal University of Technology Leibnizstrasse 6 D‐38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Eike G. Hübner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Clausthal University of Technology Leibnizstrasse 6 D‐38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Jan C. Namyslo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Clausthal University of Technology Leibnizstrasse 6 D‐38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Clausthal University of Technology Leibnizstrasse 6 D‐38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
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19
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Xie X, Xia Y. Analysis of Conjugated Fatty Acid Isomers by the Paternò-Büchi Reaction and Trapped Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7173-7180. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Plasser
- Department of ChemistryLoughborough University Loughborough LE11 3TU United Kingdom
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21
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Gu J, Wu W, Stuyver T, Danovich D, Hoffmann R, Tsuji Y, Shaik S. Cross Conjugation in Polyenes and Related Hydrocarbons: What Can Be Learned from Valence Bond Theory about Single-Molecule Conductance? J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6030-6047. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Thijs Stuyver
- Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Centre for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- Algemene Chemie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Danovich
- Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Centre for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yuta Tsuji
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Sason Shaik
- Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Centre for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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22
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Stuyver T, Danovich D, Shaik S. Insights into the Trends in the Acidity Strength of Organic and Inorganic Compounds: A Valence-Bond Perspective. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:1851-1860. [PMID: 30735375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Few concepts are more familiar to chemists than the concept of acidity strength. In almost any undergraduate chemistry textbook, one can find lists of factors affecting the acidities of organic and inorganic molecules. The factors, invoked to explain trends in the acidity strength through series of compounds, rely on concepts such as hybridization, delocalization, inductive effects, and electronegativity. Some of these concepts could be considered somewhat fuzzy, whereas others have a rigorous physical definition, yet together they shape the traditional framework used by chemists for the qualitative assessment of acidity strengths. At the same time, a thermodynamic cycle reveals that the acidity of a H-A bond is dependent on only three unequivocally definable quantities: the bond dissociation energy, the electron affinity of A, and the solvent effects. Here we attempt to answer the following questions: "How are the qualitative factors, found in textbooks, related to these quantities?" and "How can we connect this plethora of factors to the nature of the acidic H-A bond being cleaved heterolytically in an acidic dissociation process?" To do so, we turn to valence bond theory and model a generic acidic dissociation process. Within this model, the quantities, determining the acidity strength of an H-A compound (as revealed through the thermodynamic cycling process), arise naturally and lucidly, thus enabling the evaluation of the effects of the different qualitative factors found in the literature on the bonding situation. Our analysis projects surprising and thought-provoking anomalies, which challenge common chemical knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Stuyver
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel.,Algemene Chemie , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
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23
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Tsuji Y, Yoshizawa K. Effects of electron-phonon coupling on quantum interference in polyenes. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:134115. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5048955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tsuji
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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24
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Ibanez JG, Rincón ME, Gutierrez-Granados S, Chahma M, Jaramillo-Quintero OA, Frontana-Uribe BA. Conducting Polymers in the Fields of Energy, Environmental Remediation, and Chemical–Chiral Sensors. Chem Rev 2018; 118:4731-4816. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge G. Ibanez
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Iberoamericana, Prolongación Paseo de la Reforma 880, 01219 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marina. E. Rincón
- Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 34, 62580, Temixco, MOR, Mexico
| | - Silvia Gutierrez-Granados
- Departamento de Química, DCNyE, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Cerro de la Venada S/N, Pueblito
de Rocha, 36080 Guanajuato, GTO Mexico
| | - M’hamed Chahma
- Laurentian University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Sudbury, ON P3E2C6, Canada
| | - Oscar A. Jaramillo-Quintero
- CONACYT-Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 34, 62580 Temixco, MOR, Mexico
| | - Bernardo A. Frontana-Uribe
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable, UAEM-UNAM, Km 14.5 Carretera Toluca-Ixtlahuaca, Toluca 50200, Estado de México Mexico
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito
exterior Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
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25
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Tsuji Y, Estrada E, Movassagh R, Hoffmann R. Quantum Interference, Graphs, Walks, and Polynomials. Chem Rev 2018; 118:4887-4911. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tsuji
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ernesto Estrada
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow G11HX, United Kingdom
| | - Ramis Movassagh
- IBM Research, MIT-IBM A.I. Lab, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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26
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Verma P, Varga Z, Truhlar DG. Hyper Open-Shell Excited Spin States of Transition-Metal Compounds: FeF2, FeF2···Ethane, and FeF2···Ethylene. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:2563-2579. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
- Nanoporous Materials Genome Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Zoltan Varga
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Donald G. Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
- Nanoporous Materials Genome Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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