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Bhavyesh D, Soliya S, Konakanchi R, Begari E, Ashalu KC, Naveen T. The Recent Advances in Iron-Catalyzed C(sp 3 )-H Functionalization. Chem Asian J 2023:e202301056. [PMID: 38149480 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of iron as a core metal in catalysis has become a research topic of interest over the last few decades. The reasons are clear. Iron is the most abundant transition metal on Earth's crust and it is widely distributed across the world. It has been extracted and processed since the dawn of civilization. All these features render iron a noncontaminant, biocompatible, nontoxic, and inexpensive metal and therefore it constitutes the perfect candidate to replace noble metals (rhodium, palladium, platinum, iridium, etc.). Moreover, direct C-H functionalization is one of the most efficient strategies by which to introduce new functional groups into small organic molecules. The majority of organic compounds contain C(sp3 )-H bonds. Given the enormous importance of organic molecules in so many aspects of existence, the utilization and bioactivity of C(sp3 )-H bonds are of the utmost importance. This review sheds light on the substrate scope, selectivity, benefits, and limitations of iron catalysts for direct C(sp3 )-H bond activations. An overview of the use of iron catalysis in C(sp3 )-H activation protocols is summarized herein up to 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desai Bhavyesh
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat, Gujarat, 395 007, India
| | - Sudha Soliya
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat, Gujarat, 395 007, India
| | - Ramaiah Konakanchi
- Department of Chemistry, VNR Vignana Jyoti Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, 500090, India
| | - Eeshwaraiah Begari
- School of Applied Material Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, India
| | - Kashamalla Chinna Ashalu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Kadi, Gujarat, 382715, India
| | - Togati Naveen
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat, Gujarat, 395 007, India
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2
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Harariya MS, Gogoi R, Goswami A, Sharma AK, Jindal G. Is Enol Always the Culprit? The Curious Case of High Enantioselectivity in a Chiral Rh(II) Complex Catalyzed Carbene Insertion Reaction. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301910. [PMID: 37665257 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of Rh2 (S-NTTL)4 catalyzed carbene insertion into C(3)-H of indole is investigated using DFT methods. Since the commonly accepted enol mechanism cannot account for enantioinduction, a concerted oxocarbenium pathway was proposed in an earlier work using a model catalyst. However, after considering the full catalytic system, this study finds that akin to other reactions, here, too, the enol pathway is of lower energy, which now naturally raises a conundrum regarding the mode of chiral induction. Herein, a new water promoted mechanistic pathway involving a metal-associated enol intermediate hydrogen bonding and stereochemical model are proposed to solve this puzzle. It is shown how the catalyst bowl-shaped structure along with substrate-catalyst binding is crucial for achieving high levels of enantioselectivity. A stereodetermining water-assisted proton transfer is proposed and confirmed through deuterium-labeling experiments. The water molecules are held together by H-bonding interactions with the carboxylate ligands that is reminiscent of enzyme catalysis. Although several previous studies have aimed at understanding the mechanism of metal catalyzed carbene insertion reactions, the origin of high stereoinduction especially with chiral metal complexes remains unclear, and till date there is no transition state model that can explain the high enantioselectivity with such chiral Rh complexes. The metal-associated enol pathway is currently underrepresented in catalytic cycles and may play a crucial role in catalyst design. Since the enol pathway is commonly adopted in other metal-catalyzed X-H insertion reactions involving a diazoester, the presented results are not specific to the current reaction. Therefore, this study could provide the direction for achieving high levels of enantioselectivity which is otherwise difficult to achieve with a single metal catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh S Harariya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Romin Gogoi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Anubhav Goswami
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Akhilesh K Sharma
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avgda. Països Catalans, 1643007, Tarragona, 560012, Spain
| | - Garima Jindal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
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3
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Epping RF, Vesseur D, Zhou M, de Bruin B. Carbene Radicals in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Reactions. ACS Catal 2023; 13:5428-5448. [PMID: 37123600 PMCID: PMC10127290 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Discovered as organometallic curiosities in the 1970s, carbene radicals have become a staple in modern-day homogeneous catalysis. Carbene radicals exhibit nucleophilic radical-type reactivity orthogonal to classical electrophilic diamagnetic Fischer carbenes. Their successful catalytic application has led to the synthesis of a myriad of carbo- and heterocycles, ranging from simple cyclopropanes to more challenging eight-membered rings. The field has matured to employ densely functionalized chiral porphyrin-based platforms that exhibit high enantio-, regio-, and stereoselectivity. Thus far the focus has largely been on cobalt-based systems, but interest has been growing for the past few years to expand the application of carbene radicals to other transition metals. This Perspective covers the advances made since 2011 and gives an overview on the coordination chemistry, reactivity, and catalytic application of carbene radical species using transition metal complexes and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel F.J. Epping
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Vesseur
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Minghui Zhou
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Ma C, Wang S, Sheng Y, Zhao XL, Xing D, Hu W. Synthesis and Characterization of Donor-Acceptor Iron Porphyrin Carbenes and Their Reactivities in N-H Insertion and Related Three-Component Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4934-4939. [PMID: 36811995 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Iron porphyrin carbenes (IPCs) have been extensively recognized as the reactive intermediates in various iron porphyrin-catalyzed carbene transfer reactions. While donor-acceptor diazo compounds have been frequently used for such transformations, the structures and reactivities of donor-acceptor IPCs are less explored. To date, no crystal structures of donor-acceptor IPC complexes have been reported, and therefore, the involvement of IPC intermediacy for such transformations lacks direct evidence. Here we report the synthesis and NMR characterization of several donor-acceptor IPC complexes from iron porphyrin and corresponding donor-acceptor diazo compounds. The X-ray crystal structure of an IPC complex derived from a morpholine-substituted diazo amide was obtained. The carbene transfer reactivities of those IPCs were tested by the N-H insertion reactions with aniline or morpholine as well as the three-component reaction with aniline and γ,δ-unsaturated α-keto ester based on electrophilic trapping of an ammonium ylide intermediate. Based on these results, IPCs were identified as the real intermediates for iron porphyrin-catalyzed carbene transfer reactions from donor-acceptor diazo compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Ma
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yuan Sheng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Dong Xing
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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5
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Ren X, Couture BM, Liu N, Lall MS, Kohrt JT, Fasan R. Enantioselective Single and Dual α-C-H Bond Functionalization of Cyclic Amines via Enzymatic Carbene Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 145:537-550. [PMID: 36542059 PMCID: PMC9837850 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic amines are ubiquitous structural motifs found in pharmaceuticals and biologically active natural products, making methods for their elaboration via direct C-H functionalization of considerable synthetic value. Herein, we report the development of an iron-based biocatalytic strategy for enantioselective α-C-H functionalization of pyrrolidines and other saturated N-heterocycles via a carbene transfer reaction with diazoacetone. Currently unreported for organometallic catalysts, this transformation can be accomplished in high yields, high catalytic activity, and high stereoselectivity (up to 99:1 e.r. and 20,350 TON) using engineered variants of cytochrome P450 CYP119 from Sulfolobus solfataricus. This methodology was further extended to enable enantioselective α-C-H functionalization in the presence of ethyl diazoacetate as carbene donor (up to 96:4 e.r. and 18,270 TON), and the two strategies were combined to achieve a one-pot as well as a tandem dual C-H functionalization of a cyclic amine substrate with enzyme-controlled diastereo- and enantiodivergent selectivity. This biocatalytic approach is amenable to gram-scale synthesis and can be applied to drug scaffolds for late-stage C-H functionalization. This work provides an efficient and tunable method for direct asymmetric α-C-H functionalization of saturated N-heterocycles, which should offer new opportunities for the synthesis, discovery, and optimization of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkun Ren
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Bo M. Couture
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Ningyu Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Manjinder S. Lall
- Pfizer
Inc., Medicine and Design, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Kohrt
- Pfizer
Inc., Medicine and Design, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States,
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6
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Schrage BR, Zhou W, Harrison LA, Nevonen DE, Thompson JR, Prosser KE, Walsby CJ, Ziegler CJ, Leznoff DB, Nemykin VN. Resolving a Half-Century-Long Controversy between (Magneto)optical and EPR Spectra of Single-Electron-Reduced [PcFe] −, [PcFeL] −, and [PcFeX] 2– Complexes: Story of a Double Flip. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20177-20199. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Briana R. Schrage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Laurel A. Harrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| | - Dustin E. Nevonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| | - John R. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Kathleen E. Prosser
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Charles J. Walsby
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
| | | | - Daniel B. Leznoff
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
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7
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Wang DK, Li LB, Liu FL, Qiu H, Li JZ, Zhang J, Deng C, Wei WT. Fe-Catalyzed Selective Formal Insertion of Diazo Compounds into C(sp)-C(sp 3) Bonds of Propargyl Alcohols: Access to Alkyne-Substituted All-Carbon Quaternary Centers. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:1028-1034. [PMID: 35912339 PMCID: PMC9336152 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The construction of all-carbon quaternary centers, especially those containing an alkyne-substituted framework, represents an important challenge in organic synthesis. Here we present a novel Fe-catalyzed selective formal insertion of diazo compounds into C(sp)-C(sp3) bonds of propargyl alcohols under mild conditions that enables the streamlined construction of alkyne-substituted all-carbon quaternary centers. This unique strategy starts with in situ generation of an ester group in the presence of carboxylic acids, followed by insertion of metal-carbene into C(sp)-C(sp3) bonds, which may open up a new reaction mode for exploring metal-carbene insertion into acyclic C-C bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Kai Wang
- School
of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced
Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Liu-Bin Li
- School
of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced
Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Fa-Liang Liu
- School
of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced
Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Hui Qiu
- School
of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced
Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Jiao-Zhe Li
- School
of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced
Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- School
of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced
Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Chao Deng
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College
of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Ting Wei
- School
of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced
Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
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8
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Balhara R, Jindal G. Does an Enol Pathway Preclude High Stereoselectivity in Iron-Catalyzed Indole C-H Functionalization via Carbene Insertion? J Org Chem 2022; 87:7919-7933. [PMID: 35652604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
C-H functionalization of indoles via Fe carbenoids presents an attractive strategy to obtain biologically important structural motifs. However, obtaining good stereoselectivity with Fe has been a significant challenge. It is unclear whether the low selectivity is due to a radical pathway or an ionic mechanism involving metal-free species. We therefore present a density functional theory (DFT) study of indole alkylation with diazoacetates catalyzed by Fe(ClO4)TMEDA/spirobisoxazoline and myoglobin. We explore three mechanistic pathways: nucleophilic, radical, and oxocarbenium routes. The nucleophilic pathway is the most feasible with the formation of an enol species that tautomerizes to furnish the alkylated indole. While this mechanism is routinely proposed, the stereochemical model has been conspicuously absent until now. We show that the conventionally invoked enol pathway is not responsible for the low enantiomeric excess. The enol intermediate can stay coordinated to the catalyst via different binding sites placing the enol in proximity to the chiral environment and affecting the stereoselective proton transfer. Both the binding strength and the chiral environment are crucial for obtaining high selectivity. Our study provides the much needed insights for the modest-low selectivities of Fe systems and could help in expediting the discovery of an efficient catalytic system. These mechanistic underpinnings could also be applicable to other metal (Rh, Pd, Cu, etc.)-catalyzed X-H insertion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Balhara
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Garima Jindal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
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9
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Nevonen DE, Ferch LS, Schrage BR, Nemykin VN. Charge-Transfer Spectroscopy of Bisaxially Coordinated Iron(II) Phthalocyanines through the Prism of the Lever's EL Parameters Scale, MCD Spectroscopy, and TDDFT Calculations. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:8250-8266. [PMID: 35549169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The position of the experimentally observed (in the UV-vis and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra) low-energy metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) band in low-spin iron(II) phthalocyanine complexes of general formula PcFeL2, PcFeL'L″, and [PcFeX2]2- (L, L', or L″ are neutral and X- is an anionic axial ligand) was correlated with the Lever's electrochemical EL scale values for the axial ligands. The time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT)-predicted UV-vis spectra are in very good agreement with the experimental data for all complexes. In the majority of compounds, TDDFT predicts that the first degenerate MLCT band that correlates with the MCD A-term observed between 360 and 480 nm is dominated by an eg (Fe, dπ) → b1u (Pc, π*) single-electron excitation (in traditional D4h point group notation) and agrees well with the previous assignment discussed by Stillman and co-workers[ Inorg. Chem. 1994, 33, 573-583]. The TDDFT calculations also suggest a small energy gap for b1u/b2u (Pc, π*) orbital splitting and closeness of the MLCT1 eg (Fe, dπ) → b1u (Pc, π*) and MLCT2 eg (Fe, dπ) → b2u (Pc, π*) transitions. In the case of the PcFeL2 complexes with phosphines as the axial ligands, additional degenerate charge-transfer transitions were observed between 450 and 500 nm. These transitions are dominated by a2u (Pc + L, π) → eg (Pc, π*) single-electron excitations and are unique for the PcFe(PR3)2 complexes. The energy of the phthalocyanine-based a2u orbital has large axial ligand dependency and is the reason for a large energy deviation for B1 a2u (Pc + L, π) → eg (Pc, π*) transition. The energies of the axial ligand-to-iron, axial ligand-to-phthalocyanine, iron-to-axial ligand, and phthalocyanine-to-axial ligand charge-transfer transitions were discussed on the basis of TDDFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin E Nevonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Laura S Ferch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Briana R Schrage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Victor N Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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10
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Yamakawa Y, Ikuta T, Hayashi H, Hashimoto K, Fujii R, Kawashima K, Mori S, Uchida T, Katsuki T. Iridium(III)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Site-Selective Carbene C-H Insertion during Late-Stage Transformation. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6769-6780. [PMID: 35504014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
C-H functionalization has recently received considerable attention because C-H functionalization during the late-stage transformation is a strong and useful tool for the modification of the bioactive compounds and the creation of new active molecules. Although a carbene transfer reaction can directly convert a C-H bond to the desired C-C bond in a stereoselective manner, its application in late-stage material transformation is limited. Here, we observed that the iridium-salen complex 6 exhibited efficient catalysis in asymmetric carbene C-H insertion reactions. Under optimized conditions, benzylic, allylic, and propargylic C-H bonds were converted to desired C-C bonds in an excellent stereoselective manner. Excellent regioselectivity was demonstrated in the reaction using not only simple substrate but also natural products, bearing multiple reaction sites. Moreover, based on the mechanistic studies, the iridium-catalyzed unique C-H insertion reaction involved rate-determining asynchronous concerted processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yamakawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikuta
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keigo Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ryoma Fujii
- Institute of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito 310-8512, Japan.,Frontier Research Center for Applied Atomic Sciences, Ibaraki University, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Kyohei Kawashima
- Institute of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito 310-8512, Japan.,Frontier Research Center for Applied Atomic Sciences, Ibaraki University, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Seiji Mori
- Institute of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito 310-8512, Japan.,Frontier Research Center for Applied Atomic Sciences, Ibaraki University, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Uchida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Katsuki
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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11
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He Y, Huang Z, Wu K, Ma J, Zhou YG, Yu Z. Recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed carbene insertion to C-H bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2759-2852. [PMID: 35297455 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00895a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
C-H functionalization has been emerging as a powerful method to establish carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Many efforts have been devoted to transition-metal-catalyzed direct transformations of C-H bonds. Metal carbenes generated in situ from transition-metal compounds and diazo or its equivalents are usually applied as the transient reactive intermediates to furnish a catalytic cycle for new C-C and C-X bond formation. Using this strategy compounds from unactivated simple alkanes to complex molecules can be further functionalized or transformed to multi-functionalized compounds. In this area, transition-metal-catalyzed carbene insertion to C-H bonds has been paid continuous attention. Diverse catalyst design strategies, synthetic methods, and potential applications have been developed. This critical review will summarize the advance in transition-metal-catalyzed carbene insertion to C-H bonds dated up to July 2021, by the categories of C-H bonds from aliphatic C(sp3)-H, aryl (aromatic) C(sp2)-H, heteroaryl (heteroaromatic) C(sp2)-H bonds, alkenyl C(sp2)-H, and alkynyl C(sp)-H, as well as asymmetric carbene insertion to C-H bonds, and more coverage will be given to the recent work. Due to the rapid development of the C-H functionalization area, future directions in this topic are also discussed. This review will give the authors an overview of carbene insertion chemistry in C-H functionalization with focus on the catalytic systems and synthetic applications in C-C bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zilong Huang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Kaikai Wu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China.
| | - Juan Ma
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Gui Zhou
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China.
| | - Zhengkun Yu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.,Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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12
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Xie P, Gao H, Li X, Jiang Y, Liu B. Rh( iii)-Catalyzed C–C coupling of unactivated C(sp 3)–H bonds with iodonium ylides for accessing all-carbon quaternary centers. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00667g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rhodium-catalyzed inert C(sp3)–H activation/carbene insertion has been realized, leading to the construction of all-carbon quaternary centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xie
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Huixing Gao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xingwei Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yuqin Jiang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Bingxian Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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13
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Zheng L, Yan Z, Ren Q. DFT study on the mechanisms of α‐C cross coupling of π‐bonds catalyzed by iron complexes. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center Shanghai University Shanghai China
| | - Zhengwei Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center Shanghai University Shanghai China
| | - Qinghua Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center Shanghai University Shanghai China
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14
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Nemykin VN, Nevonen DE, Osterloh WR, Ferch LS, Harrison LA, Marx BS, Kadish KM. Application of Lever's EL Parameter Scale toward Fe(II)/Fe(III) versus Pc(2-)/Pc(1-) Oxidation Process Crossover Point in Axially Coordinated Iron(II) Phthalocyanine Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16626-16644. [PMID: 34644056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structures and, particularly, the nature of the HOMO in a series of PcFeL2, PcFeL'L″, and [PcFeX2]2- complexes (Pc = phthalocyaninato(2-) ligand; L = NH3, n-BuNH2, imidazole (Im), pyridine (Py), PMe3, PBu3, t-BuNC, P(OBu)3, and DMSO; L' = CO; L″ = NH3 or n-BuNH2; X = NCO-, NCS-, CN-, imidazolate (Im-), or 1,2,4-triazolate(Tz-)) were probed by electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical, and chemical oxidation as well as theoretical (density functional theory, DFT) studies. In general, energies of the metal-centered occupied orbitals in various six-coordinate iron phthalocyanine complexes correlate well with Lever Electrochemical Parameter EL and intercross the phthalocyanine-centered a1u orbital in several compounds with moderate-to-strong π-accepting axial ligands. In these cases, an oxidation of the phthalocyanine macrocycle (Pc(2-)/Pc(1-)) rather than the central metal ion (Fe(II)/Fe(III)) was theoretically predicted and experimentally confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor N Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Dustin E Nevonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - W Ryan Osterloh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Laura S Ferch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Laurel A Harrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Benjamin S Marx
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Karl M Kadish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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15
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Buckley AM, Crowley DC, Brouder TA, Ford A, Rao Khandavilli UB, Lawrence SE, Maguire AR. Dirhodium Carboxylate Catalysts from 2-Fenchyloxy or 2-Menthyloxy Arylacetic Acids: Enantioselective C-H Insertion, Aromatic Addition and Oxonium Ylide Formation/Rearrangement. ChemCatChem 2021; 13:4318-4324. [PMID: 34820025 PMCID: PMC8597163 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A new class of dirhodium carboxylate catalysts have been designed and synthesized from 2-fenchyloxy or 2-menthyloxy arylacetic acids which display excellent enantioselectivity across a range of transformations of α-diazocarbonyl compounds. The catalysts were successfully applied to enantioselective C-H insertion reactions of aryldiazoacetates and α-diazo-β-oxosulfones affording the respective products in up to 93 % ee with excellent trans diastereoselectivity in most cases. Furthermore, efficient desymmetrization in an intramolecular C-H insertion was achieved. In addition, these catalysts prove highly enantioselective for intramolecular aromatic addition with up to 88 % ee, and oxonium ylide formation and rearrangement with up to 74 % ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife M. Buckley
- School of ChemistryAnalytical and Biological Chemistry Research FacilityUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Daniel C. Crowley
- School of ChemistryAnalytical and Biological Chemistry Research FacilityUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Thomas A. Brouder
- School of ChemistryAnalytical and Biological Chemistry Research FacilityUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Alan Ford
- School of ChemistryAnalytical and Biological Chemistry Research FacilityUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - U. B. Rao Khandavilli
- School of ChemistryAnalytical and Biological Chemistry Research FacilityUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Simon E. Lawrence
- School of ChemistryAnalytical and Biological Chemistry Research FacilityUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Anita R. Maguire
- School of Chemistry and School of PharmacyAnalytical and Biological Chemistry Research FacilitySynthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical CentreUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
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16
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17
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Dong Y, Wrobel AT, Porter GJ, Kim JJ, Essman JZ, Zheng SL, Betley TA. O-Heterocycle Synthesis via Intramolecular C-H Alkoxylation Catalyzed by Iron Acetylacetonate. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7480-7489. [PMID: 33949855 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Intramolecular alkoxylation of C-H bonds can rapidly introduce structural and functional group complexities into seemingly simple or inert precursors. The transformation is particularly important due to the ubiquitous presence of tetrahydrofuran (THF) motifs as fundamental building blocks in a wide range of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and natural products. Despite the various synthetic methodologies known for generating functionalized THFs, most show limited functional group tolerance and lack demonstration for the preparation of spiro or fused bi- and tricyclic ether units prevalent in molecules for pharmacological purposes. Herein we report an intramolecular C-H alkoxylation to furnish oxacycles from easily prepared α-diazo-β-ketoesters using commercially available iron acetylacetonate (Fe(acac)2) as a catalyst. The reaction is proposed to proceed through the formation of a vinylic carboradical arising from N2 extrusion, which mediates a proximal H-atom abstraction followed by a rapid C-O bond forming radical recombination step. The radical mechanism is probed using an isotopic labeling study (vinyl C-D incorporation), ring opening of a radical clock substrate, and Hammett analysis and is further corroborated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Heightened reactivity is observed for electron-rich C-H bonds (tertiary, ethereal), while greater catalyst loadings or elevated reaction temperatures are required to fully convert substrates with benzylic, secondary, and primary C-H bonds. The transformation is highly functional group tolerant and operates under mild reaction conditions to provide rapid access to complex structures such as spiro and fused bi-/tricyclic O-heterocycles from readily available precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Alexandra T Wrobel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Gerard J Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jessica J Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jake Z Essman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Shao-Liang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Theodore A Betley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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18
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Nemykin VN, Nevonen DE, Ferch LS, Shepit M, Herbert DE, van Lierop J. Accurate Prediction of Mössbauer Hyperfine Parameters in Bis-Axially Coordinated Iron(II) Phthalocyanines Using Density Functional Theory Calculations: A Story of a Single Orbital Revealed by Natural Bond Orbital Analysis. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:3690-3706. [PMID: 33651595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations coupled with several exchange-correlation functionals were used for the prediction of Mössbauer hyperfine parameters of 36 bis-axially coordinated iron(II) phthalocyanine complexes with the general formulas PcFeL2, PcFeL'L″, and [PcFeX2]2-, including four new compounds. Both gas-phase and PCM calculations using BPW91 and MN12L exchange-correlation functionals were found to accurately predict both Mössbauer quadrupole splittings and the correct trends in experimentally observed isomer shifts. In comparison, hybrid exchange-correlation functionals underestimated quadrupole splittings, while still accurately predicted isomer shifts. Out of ∼40 exchange-correlation functionals tested, only MN12L was found to correctly reproduce quadrupole splitting trends in the PcFeL2 complexes coordinated with phosphorus-donor axial ligands (i.e., P(OnBu)3 ≈ P(OEt)3 < PMe3 < P[(CH2O)2CH2]-p-C6H4NO2 < PEt3 ≈ PnBu3). Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis was successfully used to explain the general trends in the observed quadrupole splitting for all compounds of interest. In particular, the general trends in the quadrupole splitting correlate well with the axial ligand dependent, NBO-predicted population of the 3dz2 orbital of the Fe ion and are reflective of the hypothesis proposed by Ohya and co-workers ( Inorg. Chem., 1984, 23, 1303) on the adaptability of the phthalocyanine's π-system toward Fe-Lax interactions. The first X-ray crystal structure of a PcFeL2 complex with axial phosphine ligands is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor N Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Dustin E Nevonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Laura S Ferch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Michael Shepit
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - David E Herbert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Johan van Lierop
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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19
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Yang Y, Arnold FH. Navigating the Unnatural Reaction Space: Directed Evolution of Heme Proteins for Selective Carbene and Nitrene Transfer. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1209-1225. [PMID: 33491448 PMCID: PMC7931446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Despite the astonishing diversity of naturally
occurring biocatalytic
processes, enzymes do not catalyze many of the transformations favored
by synthetic chemists. Either nature does not care about the specific
products, or if she does, she has adopted a different synthetic strategy.
In many cases, the appropriate reagents used by synthetic chemists
are not readily accessible to biological systems. Here, we discuss
our efforts to expand the catalytic repertoire of enzymes to encompass
powerful reactions previously known only in small-molecule catalysis:
formation and transfer of reactive carbene and nitrene intermediates
leading to a broad range of products, including products with bonds
not known in biology. In light of the structural similarity of iron
carbene (Fe=C(R1)(R2)) and iron nitrene
(Fe=NR) to the iron oxo (Fe=O) intermediate involved
in cytochrome P450-catalyzed oxidation, we have used synthetic carbene
and nitrene precursors that biological systems have not encountered
and repurposed P450s to catalyze reactions that are not known in the
natural world. The resulting protein catalysts are fully genetically
encoded and function in intact microbial cells or cell-free lysates,
where their performance can be improved and optimized by directed
evolution. By leveraging the catalytic promiscuity of P450 enzymes,
we evolved a range of carbene and nitrene transferases exhibiting
excellent activity toward these new-to-nature reactions. Since our
initial report in 2012, a number of other heme proteins including
myoglobins, protoglobins, and cytochromes c have
also been found and engineered to promote unnatural carbene and nitrene
transfer. Due to the altered active-site environments, these heme
proteins often displayed complementary activities and selectivities
to P450s. Using wild-type and engineered heme proteins, we and
others have
described a range of selective carbene transfer reactions, including
cyclopropanation, cyclopropenation, Si–H insertion, B–H
insertion, and C–H insertion. Similarly, a variety of asymmetric
nitrene transfer processes including aziridination, sulfide imidation,
C–H amidation, and, most recently, C–H amination have
been demonstrated. The scopes of these biocatalytic carbene and nitrene
transfer reactions are often complementary to the state-of-the-art
processes based on small-molecule transition-metal catalysts, making
engineered biocatalysts a valuable addition to the synthetic chemist’s
toolbox. Moreover, enabled by the exquisite regio- and stereocontrol
imposed by the enzyme catalyst, this biocatalytic platform provides
an exciting opportunity to address challenging problems in modern
synthetic chemistry and selective catalysis, including ones that have
eluded synthetic chemists for decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 210-41, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 210-41, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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20
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Cailler LP, Kroitor AP, Martynov AG, Gorbunova YG, Sorokin AB. Selective carbene transfer to amines and olefins catalyzed by ruthenium phthalocyanine complexes with donor substituents. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:2023-2031. [PMID: 33443525 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04090h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electron-rich ruthenium phthalocyanine complexes were evaluated in carbene transfer reactions from ethyl diazoacetate (EDA) to aromatic and aliphatic olefins as well as to a wide range of aromatic, heterocyclic and aliphatic amines for the first time. It was revealed that the ruthenium octabutoxyphthalocyanine carbonyl complex [(BuO)8Pc]Ru(CO) is the most efficient catalyst converting electron-rich and electron-poor aromatic olefins to cyclopropane derivatives with high yields (typically 80-100%) and high TON (up to 1000) under low catalyst loading and nearly equimolar substrate/EDA ratio. This catalyst shows a rare efficiency in the carbene insertion into amine N-H bonds. Using a 0.05 mol% catalyst loading, a high amine concentration (1 M) and 1.1 eq. of EDA, a number of structurally divergent amines were selectively converted to mono-substituted glycine derivatives with up to quantitative yields and turnover numbers reaching 2000. High selectivity, large substrate scope, low catalyst loading and practical reaction conditions place [(BuO)8Pc]Ru(CO) among the most efficient catalysts for the carbene insertion into amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie P Cailler
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 2 av. A. Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Andrey P Kroitor
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leniskii pr., 31, bldg. 4, 119071 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander G Martynov
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leniskii pr., 31, bldg. 4, 119071 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Yulia G Gorbunova
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leniskii pr., 31, bldg. 4, 119071 Moscow, Russia. and N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leniskii pr., 31, 11991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander B Sorokin
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 2 av. A. Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne, France.
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21
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Kaur P, Tyagi V. Recent Advances in Iron‐Catalyzed Chemical and Enzymatic Carbene‐Transfer Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parmjeet Kaur
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala 147004 Punjab India
| | - Vikas Tyagi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Patiala 147004 Punjab India
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22
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Yu Z, Li G, Zhang J, Liu L. Iron-catalysed chemo- and ortho-selective C–H bond functionalization of phenols with α-aryl-α-diazoacetates. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00276g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel chemo- and ortho-selective C–H bond functionalization of phenols with α-aryl-α-diazoacetates catalysed by a new iron porphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhunzhun Yu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
- P. R. China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development
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23
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Rana S, Biswas JP, Paul S, Paik A, Maiti D. Organic synthesis with the most abundant transition metal–iron: from rust to multitasking catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:243-472. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00688b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The promising aspects of iron in synthetic chemistry are being explored for three-four decades as a green and eco-friendly alternative to late transition metals. This present review unveils these rich iron-chemistry towards different transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Rana
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Bengal
- Darjeeling
- India
| | | | - Sabarni Paul
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Bengal
- Darjeeling
- India
| | - Aniruddha Paik
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Bengal
- Darjeeling
- India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry
- IIT Bombay
- Mumbai-400076
- India
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI)
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24
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N–H insertion reaction via an iron carbenoid from α-diazophenylpropionate and its application to the formal total synthesis of stizolobinic acid. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Wang Y, Zhu J, Guo R, Lindberg H, Wang YM. Iron-catalyzed α-C-H functionalization of π-bonds: cross-dehydrogenative coupling and mechanistic insights. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12316-12322. [PMID: 34094439 PMCID: PMC8163013 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05091a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The deprotonation of propargylic C-H bonds for subsequent functionalization typically requires stoichiometric metal alkyl or amide reagents. In addition to the undesirable generation of stoichiometric metallic waste, these conditions limit the functional group compatibility and versatility of this functionalization strategy and often result in regioisomeric mixtures. In this article, we report the use of dicarbonyl cyclopentadienyliron(ii) complexes for the generation of propargylic anion equivalents toward the direct electrophilic functionalization of propargylic C-H bonds under mild, catalytic conditions. This technology was applied to the direct conversion of C-H bonds to C-C bonds for the synthesis of several functionalized scaffolds through a one-pot cross dehydrogenative coupling reaction with tetrahydroisoquinoline and related privileged heterocyclic scaffolds. A series of NMR studies and deuterium-labelling experiments indicated that the deprotonation of the propargylic C-H bond was the rate-determining step when a Cp*Fe(CO)2-based catalyst system was employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Jin Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Haley Lindberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Yi-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
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26
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Rodríguez M, Font G, Nadal‐Moradell J, Hernán‐Gómez A, Costas M. Iron‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Functionalization of Non‐Activated Aliphatic C−H Bonds
via
Carbene Transfer. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Rodríguez
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona Campus de Montilivi 17071 Girona Spain
| | - Gemma Font
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona Campus de Montilivi 17071 Girona Spain
| | - Joel Nadal‐Moradell
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona Campus de Montilivi 17071 Girona Spain
| | - Alberto Hernán‐Gómez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica Universidad de Alcalá 28805 Alcalá de Henares-Madrid Spain
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona Campus de Montilivi 17071 Girona Spain
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27
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Ren Y, Mao H, Hu M, Zhu S, Zhou Q. Cu/PCy
3
‐Catalyzed Formal Carbene Insertion into Electron‐Deficient C−H Bonds. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan‐Yuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Hong‐Xiang Mao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Meng‐Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Shou‐Fei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Qi‐Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
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28
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Vicens L, Olivo G, Costas M. Rational Design of Bioinspired Catalysts for Selective Oxidations. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Vicens
- Institut de Quı́mica Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Giorgio Olivo
- Institut de Quı́mica Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Quı́mica Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
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29
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Ansari MA, Yadav D, Singh MS. Visible‐Light‐Driven Photocatalyst‐ and Additive‐Free Cross‐Coupling of β‐Ketothioamides with α‐Diazo 1,3‐Diketones: Access to Highly Functionalized Thiazolines. Chemistry 2020; 26:8083-8089. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monish Arbaz Ansari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of ScienceBanaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of ScienceBanaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Maya Shankar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of ScienceBanaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
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30
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Nevonen DE, Ferch LS, Chernii VY, Herbert DE, van Lierop J, Nemykin VN. X-Ray structures, Mössbauer hyperfine parameters, and molecular orbital descriptions of the phthalocyaninato iron(II) azole complexes. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619502043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structures of a set of PcFe(azole)2 complexes (azole = imidazole, [Formula: see text]-methylimidazole, pyrazole, isoxazole, thiazole, 1,2,4-triazole, 3-amino-1,2,4,-triazole, and 5-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrazole) were examined by Mössbauer spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. In addition, the geometric distortions in these compounds were elucidated by X-ray crystallography for imidazole, pyrazole, and thiazole-containing compounds. Predicted by DFT calculations, Mössbauer hyperfine parameters for all compounds are in reasonable agreement with experimental results, and the influence of the [Formula: see text]-donor and [Formula: see text]-acceptor properties of the axial azoles on the electronic structure of the PcFe(azole)2 complexes is demonstrated by comparison with the reference PcFePy2 compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin E. Nevonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Laura S. Ferch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Victor Y. Chernii
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry NASU, 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - David E. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Johan van Lierop
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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31
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Zhou AZ, Chen K, Arnold FH. Enzymatic Lactone-Carbene C–H Insertion to Build Contiguous Chiral Centers. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Z. Zhou
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Kai Chen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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32
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Guðmundsson A, Bäckvall JE. On the Use of Iron in Organic Chemistry. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061349. [PMID: 32188092 PMCID: PMC7144124 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metal catalysis in modern organic synthesis has largely focused on noble transition metals like palladium, platinum and ruthenium. The toxicity and low abundance of these metals, however, has led to a rising focus on the development of the more sustainable base metals like iron, copper and nickel for use in catalysis. Iron is a particularly good candidate for this purpose due to its abundance, wide redox potential range, and the ease with which its properties can be tuned through the exploitation of its multiple oxidation states, electron spin states and redox potential. This is a fact made clear by all life on Earth, where iron is used as a cornerstone in the chemistry of living processes. In this mini review, we report on the general advancements in the field of iron catalysis in organic chemistry covering addition reactions, C-H activation, cross-coupling reactions, cycloadditions, isomerization and redox reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnar Guðmundsson
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Jan-E. Bäckvall
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Holmgatan 10, 85179 Sundsvall, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-08-674-71-78
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33
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Empel C, Jana S, Koenigs RM. C-H Functionalization via Iron-Catalyzed Carbene-Transfer Reactions. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040880. [PMID: 32079259 PMCID: PMC7070285 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct C-H functionalization reaction is one of the most efficient strategies by which to introduce new functional groups into small organic molecules. Over time, iron complexes have emerged as versatile catalysts for carbine-transfer reactions with diazoalkanes under mild and sustainable reaction conditions. In this review, we discuss the advances that have been made using iron catalysts to perform C-H functionalization reactions with diazoalkanes. We give an overview of early examples employing stoichiometric iron carbene complexes and continue with recent advances in the C-H functionalization of C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H bonds, concluding with the latest developments in enzymatic C-H functionalization reactions using iron-heme-containing enzymes.
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34
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Weissenborn MJ, Koenigs RM. Iron‐porphyrin Catalyzed Carbene Transfer Reactions – an Evolution from Biomimetic Catalysis towards Chemistry‐inspired Non‐natural Reactivities of Enzymes. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Weissenborn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry Weinberg 3 Halle 06120 Germany
- Institute of ChemistryMartin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2 Halle 06120 Germany
| | - Rene M. Koenigs
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 Aachen 52074 Germany
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35
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Damiano C, Sonzini P, Gallo E. Iron catalysts with N-ligands for carbene transfer of diazo reagents. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:4867-4905. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00221f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the catalytic activity of iron complexes of nitrogen ligands in driving carbene transfers towards CC, C–H and X–H bonds. The reactivity of diazo reagents is discussed as well as the proposed reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Sonzini
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Milan
- 20133 Milan
- Italy
| | - Emma Gallo
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Milan
- 20133 Milan
- Italy
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36
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Liu Y, You T, Wang HX, Tang Z, Zhou CY, Che CM. Iron- and cobalt-catalyzed C(sp3)–H bond functionalization reactions and their application in organic synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5310-5358. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00340a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the developments in iron and cobalt catalyzed C(sp3)–H bond functionalization reactions with emphasis on their applications in organic synthesis, i.e. natural products and pharmaceuticals synthesis and/or modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungen Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Tingjie You
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Hai-Xu Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Zhou Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Cong-Ying Zhou
- Department of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
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37
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Wang Y, Zhu J, Durham AC, Lindberg H, Wang YM. α-C–H Functionalization of π-Bonds Using Iron Complexes: Catalytic Hydroxyalkylation of Alkynes and Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19594-19599. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jin Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Austin C. Durham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Haley Lindberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Yi-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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38
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Hernán‐Gómez A, Rodríguez M, Parella T, Costas M. Electrophilic Iron Catalyst Paired with a Lithium Cation Enables Selective Functionalization of Non‐Activated Aliphatic C−H Bonds via Metallocarbene Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13904-13911. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Hernán‐Gómez
- Departament de QuímicaUniversitat de GironaInstitut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) C/ M. Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Mònica Rodríguez
- Departament de QuímicaUniversitat de GironaInstitut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) C/ M. Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Teodor Parella
- Servei de Resonància Magnètica NuclearUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona E-08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | - Miquel Costas
- Departament de QuímicaUniversitat de GironaInstitut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) C/ M. Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
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39
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Wang B, Howard IG, Pope JW, Conte ED, Deng Y. Bis(imino)pyridine iron complexes for catalytic carbene transfer reactions. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7958-7963. [PMID: 31853351 PMCID: PMC6839806 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02189b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bis(imino)pyridine iron complex, for the first time, is developed as an effective metal carbene catalyst for carbene transfer reactions of donor-acceptor diazo compounds. Its broad catalytic capability is demonstrated by a range of metal carbene reactions, from cyclopropanation, cyclopropenation, epoxidation, and Doyle-Kirmse reaction to O-H insertion, N-H insertion, and C-H insertion reactions. The asymmetric cyclopropanation of styrene and methyl phenyldiazoacetate was successfully achieved by the new chiral bis(imino)pyridine iron catalyst, which delivers a new gateway for the development of chiral iron catalysis for metal carbene reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ban Wang
- Chemistry Department , Western Kentucky University , 1906 College Heights Boulevard , Bowling Green , Kentucky 42101 , USA .
| | - Isaac G Howard
- Chemistry Department , Western Kentucky University , 1906 College Heights Boulevard , Bowling Green , Kentucky 42101 , USA .
| | - Jackson W Pope
- Chemistry Department , Western Kentucky University , 1906 College Heights Boulevard , Bowling Green , Kentucky 42101 , USA .
| | - Eric D Conte
- Chemistry Department , Western Kentucky University , 1906 College Heights Boulevard , Bowling Green , Kentucky 42101 , USA .
| | - Yongming Deng
- Chemistry Department , Western Kentucky University , 1906 College Heights Boulevard , Bowling Green , Kentucky 42101 , USA .
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40
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Zhang Y. Computational Investigations of Heme Carbenes and Heme Carbene Transfer Reactions. Chemistry 2019; 25:13231-13247. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Stevens Institute of Technology 1 Castle Point on Hudson Hoboken NJ 07030 USA
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41
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Hernán‐Gómez A, Rodríguez M, Parella T, Costas M. Electrophilic Iron Catalyst Paired with a Lithium Cation Enables Selective Functionalization of Non‐Activated Aliphatic C−H Bonds via Metallocarbene Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Hernán‐Gómez
- Departament de QuímicaUniversitat de GironaInstitut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) C/ M. Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Mònica Rodríguez
- Departament de QuímicaUniversitat de GironaInstitut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) C/ M. Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Teodor Parella
- Servei de Resonància Magnètica NuclearUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona E-08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | - Miquel Costas
- Departament de QuímicaUniversitat de GironaInstitut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) C/ M. Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
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42
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Kimura N, Kochi T, Kakiuchi F. Iron‐Catalyzed
Ortho
‐Selective C−H Alkylation of Aromatic Ketones with
N
‐Alkenylindoles and Partial Indolylation via 1,4‐Iron Migration. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kimura
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Science and TechnologyKeio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Takuya Kochi
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Science and TechnologyKeio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Kakiuchi
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Science and TechnologyKeio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
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43
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Zhang J, Huang X, Zhang RK, Arnold FH. Enantiodivergent α-Amino C-H Fluoroalkylation Catalyzed by Engineered Cytochrome P450s. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9798-9802. [PMID: 31187993 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of fluoroalkyl groups into organic compounds can significantly alter pharmacological characteristics. One enabling but underexplored approach for the installation of fluoroalkyl groups is selective C( sp3)-H functionalization due to the ubiquity of C-H bonds in organic molecules. We have engineered heme enzymes that can insert fluoroalkyl carbene intermediates into α-amino C( sp3)-H bonds and enable enantiodivergent synthesis of fluoroalkyl-containing molecules. Using directed evolution, we engineered cytochrome P450 enzymes to catalyze this abiological reaction under mild conditions with total turnovers (TTN) up to 4070 and enantiomeric excess (ee) up to 99%. The iron-heme catalyst is fully genetically encoded and configurable by directed evolution so that just a few mutations to the enzyme completely inverted product enantioselectivity. These catalysts provide a powerful method for synthesis of chiral organofluorine molecules that is currently not possible with small-molecule catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juner Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , MC 210-41, Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Xiongyi Huang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , MC 210-41, Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Ruijie K Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , MC 210-41, Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , MC 210-41, Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
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44
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Cailler LP, Martynov AG, Gorbunova YG, Tsivadze AY, Sorokin AB. Carbene insertion to N–H bonds of 2-aminothiazole and 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives catalyzed by iron phthalocyanine. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619500354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Iron(III) phthalocyaninate decorated with crown ether substituents, [(15C5)4PcFe]Cl, efficiently catalyzed the insertion of carbene derived from ethyl diazoacetate to six amines functionalized with thiazole, thiazoline and thiadiazole heterocycles. The reactions were carried out under practical conditions using EDA:amine stoechiometric ratio with 0.05 mol% catalyst loading. Turnover numbers up to 3360 have been achieved. The aminoacid derivatives bearing heterocyclic moieties were obtained under catalytic conditions for the first time with 36–69% yields in the case of single N–H insertion products and up to 77% in the case of double N–H insertion products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie P. Cailler
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l’Environnement de Lyon, IRCELYON, UMR 5256, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, 2 av. Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Alexander G. Martynov
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr., 31, Bldg. 4, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia G. Gorbunova
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr., 31, Bldg. 4, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aslan Yu. Tsivadze
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr., 31, Bldg. 4, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander B. Sorokin
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l’Environnement de Lyon, IRCELYON, UMR 5256, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, 2 av. Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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45
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Hock KJ, Knorrscheidt A, Hommelsheim R, Ho J, Weissenborn MJ, Koenigs RM. Eisenporphyrin-katalysierte C-H-Funktionalisierung von Indol mit Diazoacetonitril für die Synthese von Tryptaminen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina J. Hock
- Institut für Organische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Anja Knorrscheidt
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie; Weinberg 3 06120 Halle (Saale) Deutschland
| | - Renè Hommelsheim
- Institut für Organische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Junming Ho
- School of Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australien
| | - Martin J. Weissenborn
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie; Weinberg 3 06120 Halle (Saale) Deutschland
- Institut für Chemie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2 06120 Halle (Saale) Deutschland
| | - Rene M. Koenigs
- Institut für Organische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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46
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Hock KJ, Knorrscheidt A, Hommelsheim R, Ho J, Weissenborn MJ, Koenigs RM. Tryptamine Synthesis by Iron Porphyrin Catalyzed C-H Functionalization of Indoles with Diazoacetonitrile. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3630-3634. [PMID: 30570826 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of C-H bonds with non-precious metal catalysts is an important research area for the development of efficient and sustainable processes. Herein, we describe the development of iron porphyrin catalyzed reactions of diazoacetonitrile with N-heterocycles yielding important precursors of tryptamines, along with experimental mechanistic studies and proof-of-concept studies of an enzymatic process with YfeX enzyme. By using readily available FeTPPCl, we achieved the highly efficient C-H functionalization of indole and indazole heterocycles. These transformations feature mild reaction conditions, excellent yields with broad functional group tolerance, can be conducted on gram scale, and thus provide a unique streamlined access to tryptamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina J Hock
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anja Knorrscheidt
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Renè Hommelsheim
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Junming Ho
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Martin J Weissenborn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Rene M Koenigs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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47
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Hommelsheim R, Guo Y, Yang Z, Empel C, Koenigs RM. Blue‐Light‐Induced Carbene‐Transfer Reactions of Diazoalkanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:1203-1207. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renè Hommelsheim
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Yujing Guo
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Zhen Yang
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Claire Empel
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Rene M. Koenigs
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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48
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He F, Koenigs RM. Visible light mediated, metal-free carbene transfer reactions of diazoalkanes with propargylic alcohols. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4881-4884. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00927b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The photolysis of donor–acceptor diazoalkanes in the presence of propargylic alcohols furnishes valuable, sterically demanding tetra-substituted cyclopropenes in high yield under metal-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei He
- RWTH Aachen University
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- D-52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Rene M. Koenigs
- RWTH Aachen University
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- D-52074 Aachen
- Germany
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49
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Hommelsheim R, Guo Y, Yang Z, Empel C, Koenigs RM. Durch blaues Licht induzierte Carbentransferreaktionen von Diazoalkanen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renè Hommelsheim
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Yujing Guo
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Zhen Yang
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Claire Empel
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Rene M. Koenigs
- Institut für Organische ChemieRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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Enzymatic assembly of carbon-carbon bonds via iron-catalysed sp 3 C-H functionalization. Nature 2018; 565:67-72. [PMID: 30568304 PMCID: PMC6440214 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0808-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although abundant in organic molecules, carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds are typically considered unreactive and unavailable for chemical manipulation. Recent advances in C-H functionalization technology have begun to transform this logic, while emphasizing the importance of and challenges associated with selective alkylation at a sp3 carbon1,2. Here we describe iron-based catalysts for the enantio-, regio- and chemoselective intermolecular alkylation of sp3 C-H bonds through carbene C-H insertion. The catalysts, derived from a cytochrome P450 enzyme in which the native cysteine axial ligand has been substituted for serine (cytochrome P411), are fully genetically encoded and produced in bacteria, where they can be tuned by directed evolution for activity and selectivity. That these proteins activate iron, the most abundant transition metal, to perform this chemistry provides a desirable alternative to noble-metal catalysts, which have dominated the field of C-H functionalization1,2. The laboratory-evolved enzymes functionalize diverse substrates containing benzylic, allylic or α-amino C-H bonds with high turnover and excellent selectivity. Furthermore, they have enabled the development of concise routes to several natural products. The use of the native iron-haem cofactor of these enzymes to mediate sp3 C-H alkylation suggests that diverse haem proteins could serve as potential catalysts for this abiological transformation, and will facilitate the development of new enzymatic C-H functionalization reactions for applications in chemistry and synthetic biology.
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