1
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Lizzadro L, Spieß O, Reinecke S, Stadler M, Schinzer D. Synthesis of a Non-Symmetrical Disorazole C 1-Analogue and Its Biological Activity. Molecules 2024; 29:1123. [PMID: 38474635 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of a novel disorazole C1 analogue is described, and its biological activity as a cytotoxic compound is reported. Based on our convergent and flexible route to the disorazole core, we wish to report a robust strategy to synthesize a non-symmetrical disorazole in which we couple one half of the molecule containing the naturally occurring oxazole heterocycle and the second half of the disorazole macrocycle containing a thiazole heterocycle. This resulted in a very unusual non-symmetrical disorazole C1 analogue containing two different heterocycles, and its biological activity was studied. This provided exciting information about SAR (structure-activity-relationship) for this highly potent class of antitumor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lizzadro
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, 600 16th St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Oliver Spieß
- Chemisches Institut, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Silke Reinecke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marc Stadler
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dieter Schinzer
- Chemisches Institut, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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2
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Gao Y, Birkelbach J, Fu C, Herrmann J, Irschik H, Morgenstern B, Hirschfelder K, Li R, Zhang Y, Jansen R, Müller R. The Disorazole Z Family of Highly Potent Anticancer Natural Products from Sorangium cellulosum: Structure, Bioactivity, Biosynthesis, and Heterologous Expression. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0073023. [PMID: 37318329 PMCID: PMC10434194 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00730-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Myxobacteria serve as a treasure trove of secondary metabolites. During our ongoing search for bioactive natural products, a novel subclass of disorazoles termed disorazole Z was discovered. Ten disorazole Z family members were purified from a large-scale fermentation of the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum So ce1875 and characterized by electrospray ionization-high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HRMS), X-ray, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and Mosher ester analysis. Disorazole Z compounds are characterized by the lack of one polyketide extension cycle, resulting in a shortened monomer in comparison to disorazole A, which finally forms a dimer in the bis-lactone core structure. In addition, an unprecedented modification of a geminal dimethyl group takes place to form a carboxylic acid methyl ester. The main component disorazole Z1 shows comparable activity in effectively killing cancer cells to disorazole A1 via binding to tubulin, which we show induces microtubule depolymerization, endoplasmic reticulum delocalization, and eventually apoptosis. The disorazole Z biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) was identified and characterized from the alternative producer S. cellulosum So ce427 and compared to the known disorazole A BGC, followed by heterologous expression in the host Myxococcus xanthus DK1622. Pathway engineering by promoter substitution and gene deletion paves the way for detailed biosynthesis studies and efficient heterologous production of disorazole Z congeners. IMPORTANCE Microbial secondary metabolites are a prolific reservoir for the discovery of bioactive compounds, which prove to be privileged scaffolds for the development of new drugs such as antibacterial and small-molecule anticancer drugs. Consequently, the continuous discovery of novel bioactive natural products is of great importance for pharmaceutical research. Myxobacteria, especially Sorangium spp., which are known for their large genomes with yet-underexploited biosynthetic potential, are proficient producers of such secondary metabolites. From the fermentation broth of Sorangium cellulosum strain So ce1875, we isolated and characterized a family of natural products named disorazole Z, which showed potent anticancer activity. Further, we report on the biosynthesis and heterologous production of disorazole Z. These results can be stepping stones toward pharmaceutical development of the disorazole family of anticancer natural products for (pre)clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Gao
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy at Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Joy Birkelbach
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy at Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Chengzhang Fu
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy at Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jennifer Herrmann
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy at Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Herbert Irschik
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hirschfelder
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy at Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ruijuan Li
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Youming Zhang
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rolf Jansen
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy at Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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3
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Bold CP, Lucena-Agell D, Oliva MÁ, Díaz JF, Altmann KH. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of C(13)/C(13')-Bis(desmethyl)disorazole Z. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212190. [PMID: 36281761 PMCID: PMC10107878 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We describe the total synthesis of the macrodiolide C(13)/C(13')-bis(desmethyl)disorazole Z through double inter-/intramolecular Stille cross-coupling of a monomeric vinyl stannane/vinyl iodide precursor to form the macrocycle. The key step in the synthesis of this precursor was a stereoselective aldol reaction of a formal Evans acetate aldol product with crotonaldehyde. As demonstrated by X-ray crystallography, the binding mode of C(13)/C(13')-bis(desmethyl)disorazole Z to tubulin is virtually identical with that of the natural product disorazole Z. Likewise, C(13)/C(13')-bis(desmethyl)disorazole Z inhibits tubulin assembly with at least the same potency as disorazole Z and it appears to be a more potent cell growth inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Paul Bold
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Lucena-Agell
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángela Oliva
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Fernando Díaz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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4
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Fang S, Ling H, Zeng C, Li M, Jiang H, Wu W. Palladium-Catalyzed Sequential Three-Component Cross-Coupling to 1,3-Dienes: Employing Alkenes as Hydride and Alkenyl Donors. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12816-12830. [PMID: 36099344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This report discloses a novel Pd-catalyzed sequential three-component multiple reaction of alkenes, bromoalkynes, and boronic acids using alkenes as hydride and alkenyl donors, leading to highly stereoselective assembly of (Z,E)-1,3-diene derivatives. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that the generation and reutilization of palladium hydride species are critical to the success of this transformation. In addition, the good functional group compatibility, late-stage modification, and investigation of photophysical properties of 1,3-diene products illustrate the synthetic value of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songjia Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Hongling Ling
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Caijin Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Meng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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5
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Liu X, Liu J, Wu J, Li CC. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Cerorubenic Acid-III via Type II [5+2] Cycloaddition Reaction. J Org Chem 2021; 86:11125-11139. [PMID: 33887910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first enantioselective total synthesis of cerorubenic acid-III is described in detail. Different strategies and attempts, based on a type II [5+2] cycloaddition reaction, leading to the bicyclo[4.4.1] ring system with a strained bridgehead double bond, are depicted. Furthermore, sodium naphthalenide was found to be efficient in the chemoselective reduction of 8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octene, with three transformations completed in one operation. An unusual SN1 transannular cyclization reaction was applied to construct the synthetically challenging vinylcyclopropane moiety. This strategy enabled the total synthesis of cerorubenic acid-III in 19 steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Junyang Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianlei Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chuang-Chuang Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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6
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Menche D. Design and Synthesis of Simplified Polyketide Analogs: New Modalities beyond the Rule of 5. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2068-2074. [PMID: 33755304 PMCID: PMC8360190 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural products provide important lead structures for development of pharmaceutical agents or present attractive tools for medicinal chemistry. However, structurally complex and thus less accessible metabolites defying conventional drug-like properties, as expressed by Pfizer's rule of five, have received less attention as medicinal leads. Traditionally, research focus has been on realizing total syntheses rather than developing more readily available analogs to resolve the critical supply issue. However, very recent studies with complex myxobacterial polyketides have demonstrated that considerable structural simplification may be realized with retention of biological potencies. The context, underlying rationale and importance of tailored synthetic strategies of three such case studies are presented, which may inspire further related activities and may eventually help exploiting the largely untapped biological potential of complex metabolites in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Menche
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieUniversität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Strasse 153121BonnGermany
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7
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Abstract
Disorazoles represent a powerful class of highly potent antitubulin natural products isolated from myxobacteria. Herein, we describe a scalable and robust synthesis of (-)-disorazole C1 with high stereoselectivity, featuring quite simple reaction conditions that can be used to produce large quantities of this remarkable biologically active compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lizzadro
- Chemisches Institut, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Spieß
- Chemisches Institut, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Schinzer
- Chemisches Institut, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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8
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Nicolaou KC, Rigol S. Perspectives from nearly five decades of total synthesis of natural products and their analogues for biology and medicine. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1404-1435. [PMID: 32319494 PMCID: PMC7578074 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00003e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1970 to 2020By definition total synthesis is the art and science of making the molecules of living Nature in the laboratory, and by extension, their analogues. Although obvious, its application to the synthesis of molecules for biology and medicine was not always the purpose of total synthesis. In recent years, however, the field has acquired momentum as its power to reach higher molecular complexity and diversity is increasing, and as the demand for rare bioactive natural products and their analogues is expanding due to their recognised potential to facilitate biology and drug discovery and development. Today this component of total synthesis endeavors is considered highly desirable, and could be part of interdisciplinary academic and/or industrial partnerships, providing further inspiration and momentum to the field. In this review we provide a brief historical background of the emergence of the field of total synthesis as it relates to making molecules for biology and medicine. We then discuss specific examples of this practice from our laboratories as they developed over the years. The review ends with a conclusion and future perspectives for natural products chemistry and its applications to biology and medicine and other added-value contributions to science and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.
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9
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Nicolaou KC, Krieger J, Murhade GM, Subramanian P, Dherange BD, Vourloumis D, Munneke S, Lin B, Gu C, Sarvaiaya H, Sandoval J, Zhang Z, Aujay M, Purcell JW, Gavrilyuk J. Streamlined Symmetrical Total Synthesis of Disorazole B 1 and Design, Synthesis, and Biological Investigation of Disorazole Analogues. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15476-15487. [PMID: 32852944 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Taking advantage of the C2-symmetry of the antitumor naturally occurring disorazole B1 molecule, a symmetrical total synthesis was devised with a monomeric advanced intermediate as the key building block, whose three-step conversion to the natural product allowed for an expeditious entry to this family of compounds. Application of the developed synthetic strategies and methods provided a series of designed analogues of disorazole B1, whose biological evaluation led to the identification of a number of potent antitumor agents and the first structure-activity relationships (SARs) within this class of compounds. Specifically, the substitutions of the epoxide units and lactone moieties with cyclopropyl and lactam structural motifs, respectively, were found to be tolerable for biological activities and beneficial with regard to chemical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Johannes Krieger
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ganesh M Murhade
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Parthasarathi Subramanian
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Balu D Dherange
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Dionisios Vourloumis
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products & Designed Molecules, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 153 10 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Stefan Munneke
- AbbVie Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Baiwei Lin
- AbbVie Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christine Gu
- AbbVie Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hetal Sarvaiaya
- AbbVie Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joseph Sandoval
- AbbVie Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zhaomei Zhang
- AbbVie Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Monette Aujay
- AbbVie Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James W Purcell
- AbbVie Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Julia Gavrilyuk
- AbbVie Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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10
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Oleksak P, Gonda J, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Musilek K. The oxazolomycin family: a review of current knowledge. RSC Adv 2020; 10:40745-40794. [PMID: 35519217 PMCID: PMC9057759 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08396h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxazolomycin A and neooxazolomycin were firstly isolated in 1985 by the group of Uemura et al. from the Streptomyces sp. bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Oleksak
- University of Hradec Kralove
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Hradec Kralove
- Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Gonda
- Pavol Jozef Safarik University
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Kosice
- Slovak Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- University of Hradec Kralove
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Hradec Kralove
- Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- University of Hradec Kralove
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Hradec Kralove
- Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- University of Hradec Kralove
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Hradec Kralove
- Czech Republic
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11
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Nicolaou KC, Rigol S. The Role of Organic Synthesis in the Emergence and Development of Antibody–Drug Conjugates as Targeted Cancer Therapies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11206-11241. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Nicolaou
- Department of ChemistryBioScience Research CollaborativeRice University 6100 Main Street Houston Texas 77005 USA
| | - Stephan Rigol
- Department of ChemistryBioScience Research CollaborativeRice University 6100 Main Street Houston Texas 77005 USA
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12
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Nicolaou KC, Rigol S. Die Bedeutung der organischen Synthese bei der Entstehung und Entwicklung von Antikörper‐Wirkstoff‐Konjugaten als gezielte Krebstherapien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Nicolaou
- Department of ChemistryBioScience Research CollaborativeRice University 6100 Main Street Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Stephan Rigol
- Department of ChemistryBioScience Research CollaborativeRice University 6100 Main Street Houston TX 77005 USA
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13
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Nishimaru T, Eto K, Komine K, Ishihara J, Hatakeyama S. Total Synthesis of Lajollamycin B. Chemistry 2019; 25:7927-7934. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Nishimaru
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi Nagasaki 8 52-8521 Japan
| | - Kohei Eto
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi Nagasaki 8 52-8521 Japan
| | - Keita Komine
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi Nagasaki 8 52-8521 Japan
| | - Jun Ishihara
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi Nagasaki 8 52-8521 Japan
| | - Susumi Hatakeyama
- Medical Innovation CenterNagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi Nagasaki 852-8521 Japan
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14
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Nicolaou KC, Rigol S, Yu R. Total Synthesis Endeavors and Their Contributions to Science and Society:A Personal Account. CCS CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.31635/ccschem.019.20190006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of organic synthesis in the 19th century, serendipitous as it was, set in motion a revolution in science that continues to evolve into increasing levels of sophistication and to expand into new domains of science and technology for the benefits of science and society. Its evolution was always driven by the challenges posed by natural products, whose structures were becoming increasingly complex and diverse. In response to these challenges, synthetic organic chemists were prompted to sharpen their art to reach their target molecules, whose structures were often confirmed only after their synthesis in the laboratory through the art and science of total synthesis. The latter became the “locomotive” and the “flagship” of organic synthesis, for through this practice novel synthetic methods were discovered and invented, and also tested for their generality, applicability, and scope with regard to molecular complexity and diversity. The purpose of total synthesis has also evolved over the years to include aspects beyond the synthesis of the molecule and confirmation of its structure. In this article, we briefly review the evolution of total synthesis in terms of its power and reach and demonstrate its current state of the art that combines fundamentals with translational aspects through examples from our laboratories. The highlighted examples reflect the newly emerged paradigm of the discipline that includes—in addition to the total synthesis of the target molecule—structural elucidations, method discovery and development, design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of analogues for biology and medicine, and training of young students, preparing them for academic and industrial careers in the various disciplines that require knowledge and skills to practice the central science of chemical synthesis. Such disciplines include chemical biology, drug discovery and development, materials science and nanotechnology, and other endeavors whose fundamentals depend and rely on the structure of the molecule and its synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston,TX 77005 (United States of America)
| | - Stephan Rigol
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston,TX 77005 (United States of America)
| | - Ruocheng Yu
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston,TX 77005 (United States of America)
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15
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Nicolaou KC, Rigol S. Total Synthesis in Search of Potent Antibody-Drug Conjugate Payloads. From the Fundamentals to the Translational. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:127-139. [PMID: 30575399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and evolution of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) as targeted cancer therapies in recent years is a living example of the "magic bullet" concept of Paul Ehrlich, introduced by him more than a century ago. Consisting of three components, the antibody serving as the delivery system, the payload drug that kills the cancer cell, and the chemical linker through which the payload is attached to the antibody, ADCs represent a currently hotly pursued paradigm of targeted cancer therapies. While the needed monoclonal antibody falls in the domains of biology and biochemistry, the potent payload and the linker belong to the realm of chemistry. Naturally occurring molecules and their derivatives endowed with high cytotoxic properties have proven to be useful payloads for the first approved ADCs (i.e., Mylotarg, Adcetris, Kadcyla, and Besponsa). The latest approaches and intensifying activities in this new paradigm of cancer therapy demands a variety of payloads with different mechanisms of action in order to address the medical needs for the various types of cancers, challenging synthetic organic chemists to enrich the library of potential payloads. Total synthesis of natural and designed molecules not only provides a powerful avenue to replicate rare naturally occurring compounds in the laboratory but also offers a unique opportunity to rationally design and synthesize analogues thereof for biological evaluation and optimization of ADC payloads. In this Account, we describe our efforts in this area highlighting a number of total synthesis endeavors through which we rendered scarce naturally occurring molecules readily available for biological evaluations and, most importantly, employed the developed synthetic strategies and methods to construct, otherwise unavailable or difficult to reach, designed analogues of these molecules. Specifically, we summarize the total syntheses of natural and designed molecules of the calicheamicin, uncialamycin, tubulysin, trioxacarcin, epothilone, shishijimicin, namenamicin, thailanstatin, and disorazole families of compounds and demonstrate how these studies led to the discovery of analogues of higher potencies, yet some of them possessing lower complexities than their parent compounds as potential ADC payloads. The highlighted examples showcase the continuing impact of total synthesis of natural products and their analogues on modern medicine, including the so-called biologics and should prove useful and inspirational in advancing both the fields of total synthesis and biomedical research and the drug discovery and development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriacos C. Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Stephan Rigol
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Trost BM, Bai WJ, Stivala CE, Hohn C, Poock C, Heinrich M, Xu S, Rey J. Enantioselective Synthesis of des-Epoxy-Amphidinolide N. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:17316-17326. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry M. Trost
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Wen-Ju Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Craig E. Stivala
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Christoph Hohn
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Caroline Poock
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Marc Heinrich
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Shiyan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Jullien Rey
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
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Abstract
The synthesis of the macrocyclic core of the cytotoxic natural product salarin C from the sponge Fascaplysinopsis sp. is described, with the two epoxides being replaced by alkene moieties. In the key step, ring-closing metathesis exclusively afforded the ( E)-product. NOESY-based conformational analysis of the macrolactone showed that the oxazole ring and its unsaturated side chains are located in a common plane. Mimicking the conversion of salarin C to salarin A, the trisubstituted oxazole unit embedded in the 17-membered ring underwent photooxidation on treatment with singlet oxygen, affording macrocyclic trisacylamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Niklas Schäckermann
- TU Braunschweig , Institute of Organic Chemistry , Hagenring 30 , 38106 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Thomas Lindel
- TU Braunschweig , Institute of Organic Chemistry , Hagenring 30 , 38106 Braunschweig , Germany
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Nicolaou KC, Buchman M, Bellavance G, Krieger J, Subramanian P, Pulukuri KK. Syntheses of Cyclopropyl Analogues of Disorazoles A 1 and B 1 and Their Thiazole Counterparts. J Org Chem 2018; 83:12374-12389. [PMID: 30277774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Modular syntheses of disorazoles A1 and B1 analogues in which the epoxide moieties of the natural products were replaced with cyclopropyl units have been achieved. Targeted as part of a structure-activity relationships study, these syntheses were successfully extended to the thiazole counterparts of these analogues. The retrosynthetically defined fragments were assembled through Yamaguchi esterification, Cu/Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling, Yamaguchi macrolactonization, and Cu-catalyzed cross-coupling as the key reactions. Further synthetic and biological investigations of such analogues are expected to lead to the discovery and development of potential payloads for antibody-drug conjugates as targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Marek Buchman
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Gabriel Bellavance
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Johannes Krieger
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Parthasarathi Subramanian
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Kiran Kumar Pulukuri
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
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Recent examples of the use of biocatalysts with high accessibility and availability in natural product synthesis. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Nicolaou KC. The Emergence and Evolution of Organic Synthesis and Why It is Important to Sustain It as an Advancing Art and Science for Its Own Sake. Isr J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201700121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative; Rice University; 6100 Main Street Houston, Texas 77005 USA
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