1
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Maeda S, Nakayama W, Saito Y, Sagano M, Goto M, Nakagawa-Goto K. Total Synthesis of a TNBC-Selective Cytotoxic Bromo Nor-eremophilane, PC-A, and Its Preliminary Structure-Activity Relationships. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:861-868. [PMID: 38438305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
PC-A (1), a bromo nor-eremophilane, showed selective antiproliferative activity against a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line. This unique activity prompted us to establish a total synthesis to facilitate a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study and selectivity optimization. An enantioselective first total synthesis of 1 was achieved starting from (R)-carvone through a side chain extension with a Mukaiyama aldol reaction and decalin construction. The synthesized decalin derivatives and debromo PC-A (2) were evaluated for antiproliferative activity against five human tumor cell lines, including TNBC, to assess preliminary SAR correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Maeda
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Wakana Nakayama
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yohei Saito
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Momoko Sagano
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masuo Goto
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States
| | - Kyoko Nakagawa-Goto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States
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2
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Dehnert BW, Dworkin JH, Kwon O. Dealkenylative Functionalizations: Conversion of Alkene C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) Bonds into C(sp 3)-X Bonds via Redox-Based Radical Processes. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2024; 56:71-86. [PMID: 38832211 PMCID: PMC11147281 DOI: 10.1055/a-2044-4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the history and recent advances in dealkenylative functionalization. Through this deconstructive strategy, radical functionalizations occur under mild, robust conditions. The reactions described proceed with high efficiency, good stereoselectivity, tolerate many functional groups, and are completed within a matter of minutes. By cleaving the C(sp3)-C(sp2) bond of terpenes and terpenoid-derived precursors, rapid diversification of natural products is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady W Dehnert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jeremy H Dworkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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3
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Lind F, Markelov K, Studer A. Benzoyldiisopropylchlorosilane: a visible light photocleavable alcohol protecting group. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12615-12620. [PMID: 38020376 PMCID: PMC10646889 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04975b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Silyl chlorides are highly valuable and popular reagents for the protection of alcohols. In this edge article we introduce a photocleavable alcohol protecting group on the basis of acyl silanes. To achieve this, acylchlorosilanes that represent a new class of acylsilanes were developed. They can be easily synthesized in a concise sequence of three steps in high overall yield. Alcohol silyl protection takes place under established mild conditions, akin to those associated with classical silicon-based protecting groups. The removal of the Si-group is achieved at room temperature through exposure to visible light (456 nm) in methanol. We demonstrate a broad spectrum of substrates with remarkable tolerance toward diverse functional groups, highlighting a substantial level of orthogonality with respect to other protecting groups. Furthermore, we showcase the robustness of this approach against various transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lind
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Kirill Markelov
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
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4
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Dai G, Sun J, Peng X, Shen Q, Wu C, Sun Z, Sui H, Ren X, Zhang Y, Bian X. Astellolides R-W, Drimane-Type Sesquiterpenoids from an Aspergillus parasiticus Strain Associated with an Isopod. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023. [PMID: 37369059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenoids with a cage-like multiring frame are rarely found in nature. Mining of the isopod-derived fungus Aspergillus parasiticus SDU001 by the one strain-many compounds (OSMAC) strategy unexpectedly led to the discovery of fungal drimane-type sesquiterpenoids astellolide R (1), featuring an unusual cage-like 6/6/5/6/5 pentacyclic ring system, astellolide S (2), possessing a rare nicotinic acid building block, and astellolides T-W (3-6). Their structures were comprehensively assigned by spectroscopic data analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and electronic circular dichroism calculations. Furthermore, compounds 3 and 5 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the lipopolyssacharide-induced NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages with IC50 values of 6.1 ± 0.8 and 6.8 ± 0.8 μM, respectively. A putative biosynthetic pathway for 1 is proposed. Our results enlarge the chemical space of the drimane-type sesquiterpenoids generated from endophytic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhi Dai
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianpeng Sun
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Peng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyao Shen
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Changzheng Wu
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiheng Sun
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Sui
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangmei Ren
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Youming Zhang
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Bian
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
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5
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Alekseychuk M, Heretsch P. Biogenetic space-guided synthesis of rearranged terpenoids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37162324 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01009k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural product chemistry is constantly challenged by newly discovered, complex molecules. Elements of complexity arise from unprecedented frameworks, with a large amount of densely packed stereogenic centres and different functional groups along with a generally high oxidation state. As a prime example, rearranged triterpenoids possess all these elements. For their total synthesis, a limit of what is considered sensible in terms of steps and yield is frequently reached. As an alternative, semisynthetic approaches have gained a great amount of attention in recent years. In this featured article, we present our and others' contributions towards the development of efficient and economic syntheses of complex terpenoid natural products and elaborate on the underlying rationale of biogenetic space-guided synthetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykhaylo Alekseychuk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Philipp Heretsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
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6
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Long X, Li J, Gao F, Wu H, Deng J. Bioinspired Synthesis of Spirochensilide A from Lanosterol. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16292-16297. [PMID: 36054904 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A bioinspired synthesis of spirochensilide A from commercially available lanosterol is reported. The synthesis features a directed C-H oxidation, a Wagner-Meerwein-type double methyl migration, a Meinwald rearrangement, and a double-bond isomerization/spiroketal formation cascade. The proposed biosynthetic speculation was modified by this synthetic sequence, which also served as a platform for the synthesis of other lanostanes with migrating methyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Long
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hai Wu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jun Deng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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7
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Okazaki K, Takeda M, Yamaguch E, Heishima K, Itoh A. Rapid Total Synthesis of Petasin and Isopetasin. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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8
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Alekseychuk M, Adrian S, Heinze RC, Heretsch P. Biogenesis-Inspired, Divergent Synthesis of Spirochensilide A, Spirochensilide B, and Abifarine B Employing a Radical-Polar Crossover Rearrangement Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11574-11579. [PMID: 35729679 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Triterpenoids and related abeo-steroids are of interest to the scientific community for their potent and varied biological activities as well as their unique structures. Within this large and diverse family of natural products, the fir metabolites (-)-spirochensilide A and B are particularly noteworthy for their controversial biogenesis. We herein report the chemical synthesis of the spirochensilides, which involves a concerted sequence of bioinspired rearrangements contributing to its resolution. Points of divergence after each rearrangement step also allow for an approach to the abifarine family of natural products with abifarine B as a synthetic target. Key to this strategy is a radical-polar crossover event to initiate the first rearrangement without the need for a sacrificial functionality to be introduced beforehand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykhaylo Alekseychuk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sinan Adrian
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert C Heinze
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Philipp Heretsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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9
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Abstract
Terpenoids constitute a broad class of natural compounds with tremendous variability in structure and bioactivity, which resulted in a strong interest of the chemical community to this class of natural products over the last 150 years. The presence of strained small rings renders the terpenoid targets interesting for chemical synthesis, due to limited number of available methods and stability issues. In this feature article, a number of recent examples of total syntheses of terpenoids with complex carbon frameworks featuring small rings are discussed. Specific emphasis is given to the new developments in strategical and tactical approaches to construction of such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb A Chesnokov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Karl Gademann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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10
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Zhukovsky D, Dar’in D, Bakulina O, Krasavin M. Preparation and Synthetic Applications of Five-to-Seven-Membered Cyclic α-Diazo Monocarbonyl Compounds. Molecules 2022; 27:2030. [PMID: 35335391 PMCID: PMC8954351 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27062030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactivity of cyclic α-diazo monocarbonyl compounds differs from that of their acyclic counterparts. In this review, we summarize the current literature available on the synthesis and synthetic applications of three major classes of cyclic α-diazo monocarbonyl compounds: α-diazo ketones, α-diazo lactones and α-diazo lactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Zhukovsky
- Research & Development Department, BratskChemSyntez LLC, PharmaSyntez Company, 5A/1 Kommunalnaya St., 665717 Bratsk, Russia;
| | - Dmitry Dar’in
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Olga Bakulina
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia
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11
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Dai Q, Zhang FL, Feng T. Sesquiterpenoids Specially Produced by Fungi: Structures, Biological Activities, Chemical and Biosynthesis (2015-2020). J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:1026. [PMID: 34947008 PMCID: PMC8705726 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are widely distributed in the terrestrial environment, freshwater, and marine habitat. Only approximately 100,000 of these have been classified although there are about 5.1 million characteristic fungi all over the world. These eukaryotic microbes produce specialized metabolites and participate in a variety of ecological functions, such as quorum detection, chemical defense, allelopathy, and maintenance of symbiosis. Fungi therefore remain an important resource for the screening and discovery of biologically active natural products. Sesquiterpenoids are arguably the richest natural products from plants and micro-organisms. The rearrangement of the 15 high-ductility carbons gave rise to a large number of different skeletons. At the same time, abundant structural variations lead to a diversification of biological activity. This review examines the isolation, structural determination, bioactivities, and synthesis of sesquiterpenoids that were specially produced by fungi over the past five years (2015-2020).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tao Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (Q.D.); (F.-L.Z.)
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12
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Benz S, Murkin AS. α-Ketol and α-iminol rearrangements in synthetic organic and biosynthetic reactions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:2570-2584. [PMID: 34760025 PMCID: PMC8551875 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the presence of a suitable acid or base, α-hydroxyaldehydes, ketones, and imines can undergo isomerization that features the 1,2-shift of an alkyl or aryl group. In the process, the hydroxy group is converted to a carbonyl and the aldehyde/ketone or imine is converted to an alcohol or amine. Such α-ketol/α-iminol rearrangements are used in a wide variety of synthetic applications including asymmetric synthesis, tandem reactions, and the total synthesis and biosynthesis of natural products. This review explores the use of α-ketol rearrangements in these contexts over the past two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Benz
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Andrew S Murkin
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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13
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Abstract
Herein, we describe a DBU/O2-promoted novel method for oxidation of dienones to 2,6-dione derivatives. The reaction involves treatment of a dienone with DBU in acetonitrile employing molecular oxygen as the oxidant. Metal free conditions and an eco-friendly reagent are the striking features of this protocol. This transformation proceeds through a peroxide intermediate that upon Kornblum-DeLaMare rearrangement produces 2,6-diones. The method was successfully utilized for the synthesis of (±)-pleodendione with improved yields versus those of the traditional PDC-TBHP method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresh R Athawale
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Hanuman P Kalmode
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - D Srinivasa Reddy
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.,CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrated Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
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14
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Ansari MA, Badrealam KF, Alam A, Tufail S, Khalique G, Equbal MJ, Alzohairy MA, Almatroudi A, Alomary MN, Pottoo FH. Recent Nano-based Therapeutic Intervention of Bioactive Sesquiterpenes: Prospects in Cancer Therapeutics. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1138-1144. [PMID: 31951164 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200116151522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the recent scenario, nanotechnology-based therapeutics intervention has gained tremendous impetus all across the globe. Nano-based pharmacological intervention of various bioactive compounds has been explored on an increasing scale. Sesquiterpenes are major constituents of essential oils (EOs) present in various plant species which possess intriguing therapeutic potentials. However, owing to their poor physicochemical properties; they have pharmacological limitations. Recent advances in nano-based therapeutic interventions offer various avenues to improve their therapeutic applicability. Reckoning with these, the present review collates various nano-based therapeutic intervention of sesquiterpenes with prospective potential against various debilitating diseases especially cancer. In our viewpoint, considering the burgeoning advancement in the field of nanomedicine; in the near future, the clinical applicability of these nano-formulated sesquiterpenes can be foreseen with great enthusiasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Ansari
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institutes for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1881, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khan F Badrealam
- Dairy Cattle Physiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana-132001, India
| | - Asrar Alam
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110029, India
| | - Saba Tufail
- Biochemistry Section, Women's College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh-202002, India
| | - Gulshan Khalique
- School of Sciences, Jain University, Jayanagar, 3rd block, Bengaluru, Karnataka-560041, India
| | - Mohammad J Equbal
- Biomedical Institute for Regenerative Research (BIRR), Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, Texas-75429, United States
| | - Mohammad A Alzohairy
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Qassim 51431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Qassim 51431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad N Alomary
- National Center for Biotechnology, Life Science and Environmental Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faheem H Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O Box 1881, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Niu G, Hao Y, Wang X, Gao JM, Li J. Fungal Metabolite Asperaculane B Inhibits Malaria Infection and Transmission. Molecules 2020; 25:E3018. [PMID: 32630339 PMCID: PMC7412362 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-transmitted Plasmodium parasites cause millions of people worldwide to suffer malaria every year. Drug-resistant Plasmodium parasites and insecticide-resistant mosquitoes make malaria hard to control. Thus, the next generation of antimalarial drugs that inhibit malaria infection and transmission are needed. We screened our Global Fungal Extract Library (GFEL) and obtained a candidate that completely inhibited Plasmodium falciparum transmission to Anopheles gambiae. The candidate fungal strain was determined as Aspergillus aculeatus. The bioactive compound was purified and identified as asperaculane B. The concentration of 50% inhibition on P. falciparum transmission (IC50) is 7.89 µM. Notably, asperaculane B also inhibited the development of asexual P. falciparum with IC50 of 3 µM, and it is nontoxic to human cells. Therefore, asperaculane B is a new dual-functional antimalarial lead that has the potential to treat malaria and block malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Niu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (G.N.); (X.W.)
| | - Yue Hao
- College of Public Health, South China University, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China;
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (G.N.); (X.W.)
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China;
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (G.N.); (X.W.)
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16
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Bao J, Tian H, Yang P, Deng J, Gui J. Modular Synthesis of Functionalized Butenolides by Oxidative Furan Fragmentation. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Hailong Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Peicheng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Jiachen Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Jinghan Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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17
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Smaligo AJ, Wu J, Burton NR, Hacker AS, Shaikh AC, Quintana JC, Wang R, Xie C, Kwon O. Oxodealkenylative Cleavage of Alkene C(sp
3
)−C(sp
2
) Bonds: A Practical Method for Introducing Carbonyls into Chiral Pool Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Smaligo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Jason Wu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Nikolas R. Burton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Allison S. Hacker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Aslam C. Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Jason C. Quintana
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Ruoxi Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Changmin Xie
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
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18
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Smaligo AJ, Wu J, Burton NR, Hacker AS, Shaikh AC, Quintana JC, Wang R, Xie C, Kwon O. Oxodealkenylative Cleavage of Alkene C(sp 3 )-C(sp 2 ) Bonds: A Practical Method for Introducing Carbonyls into Chiral Pool Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:1211-1215. [PMID: 31692203 PMCID: PMC6942233 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Reported herein is a one-pot protocol for the oxodealkenylative introduction of carbonyl functionalities into terpenes and terpene-derived compounds. This transformation proceeds by Criegee ozonolysis of an alkene, reductive cleavage of the resulting α-alkoxy hydroperoxide, trapping of the generated alkyl radical with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl (TEMPO), and subsequent oxidative fragmentation with MMPP. Using readily available starting materials from chiral pool, a variety of carbonyl-containing products have been accessed rapidly in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Smaligo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Jason Wu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Nikolas R Burton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Allison S Hacker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Aslam C Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Jason C Quintana
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Ruoxi Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Changmin Xie
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
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19
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Smaligo AJ, Swain M, Quintana JC, Tan MF, Kim DA, Kwon O. Hydrodealkenylative C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) bond fragmentation. Science 2019; 364:681-685. [PMID: 31097667 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw4212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis typically relies on reactions that generate complexity through elaboration of simple starting materials. Less common are deconstructive strategies toward complexity-particularly those involving carbon-carbon bond scission. Here, we introduce one such transformation: the hydrodealkenylative cleavage of C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds, conducted below room temperature, using ozone, an iron salt, and a hydrogen atom donor. These reactions are performed in nonanhydrous solvents and open to the air; reach completion within 30 minutes; and deliver their products in high yields, even on decagram scales. We have used this broadly functionality tolerant transformation to produce desirable synthetic intermediates, many of which are optically active, from abundantly available terpenes and terpenoid-derived precursors. We have also applied it in the formal total syntheses of complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Smaligo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Manisha Swain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jason C Quintana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mikayla F Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Danielle A Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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20
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Lardon N, Liffert R, Linden A, Gademann K. The Furan Shuffling Hypothesis: A Biogenetic Proposal for Eremophilane Sesquiterpenoids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7004-7007. [PMID: 30901154 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Based on the structural similarities of the recently isolated eremophilane-type sesquiterpenoids microsphaeropsisin B and C and the iso-eremophilane periconianone C, a revised biogenetic hypothesis for C8-C11-connected iso-eremophilanes is presented and corroborated by strong experimental evidence. The first enantioselective total syntheses of microsphaeropsisin B and C were achieved starting from a known intermediate, whose synthesis was elaborated previously in the total synthesis of periconianone A, and in a total of 15 steps starting from γ-hydroxy carvone. Mild reaction conditions for the subsequent α-ketol rearrangement not only resulted in the herein proposed conversion of microsphaeropsisin B into periconianone C, but also in the conversion of microsphaeropsisin C into 4-epi-periconianone C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lardon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Liffert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Gademann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Lardon N, Liffert R, Linden A, Gademann K. The Furan Shuffling Hypothesis: A Biogenetic Proposal for Eremophilane Sesquiterpenoids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lardon
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Raphael Liffert
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Karl Gademann
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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22
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Kalmode HP, Patil SS, Handore KL, Athawale PR, Dandela R, Verma AK, Basu A, Reddy DS. Neural Anti-Inflammatory Natural Product Periconianone A: Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanuman P. Kalmode
- Organic Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune 411008 India
| | - Suhag S. Patil
- Organic Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); 110025 New Delhi India
| | - Kishor L. Handore
- Organic Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); 110025 New Delhi India
| | - Paresh R. Athawale
- Organic Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); 110025 New Delhi India
| | - Rambabu Dandela
- Organic Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune 411008 India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Verma
- National Brain Research Centre; NH-8, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana; Gurgaon, Haryana 122052 India
| | - Anirban Basu
- National Brain Research Centre; NH-8, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana; Gurgaon, Haryana 122052 India
| | - D. Srinivasa Reddy
- Organic Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); 110025 New Delhi India
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23
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Heinze RC, Heretsch P. Translation of a Polar Biogenesis Proposal into a Radical Synthetic Approach: Synthesis of Pleurocin A/Matsutakone and Pleurocin B. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:1222-1226. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Heinze
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Heretsch
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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24
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2017. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Hashimoto Y, Kono M, Harada S, Nemoto T. Urea Insertion Reaction of Rhodium-Carbenoid. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018; 66:1041-1047. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masato Kono
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Shingo Harada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Tetsuhiro Nemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
- Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University
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26
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Smaligo AJ, Vardhineedi S, Kwon O. Carvone-Derived P-Stereogenic Phosphines: Design, Synthesis, and Use in Allene-Imine [3 + 2] Annulation. ACS Catal 2018; 8:5188-5192. [PMID: 30393576 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have prepared a previously unreported family of P-stereogenic [2.2.1] bicyclic chiral phosphines through straightforward syntheses starting from the natural product carvone. This design rationale prompted the development of an unforeseen C-dealkenylation reaction. We have applied these organocatalysts in the asymmetric syntheses of a bevy of pyrrolines, obtained in high yields and enantioselectivities, including a biologically active small molecule, efsevin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Smaligo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Sriramurthy Vardhineedi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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27
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Jiang H, Chen F, Zhu C, Zhu R, Zeng H, Liu C, Wu W. Two C-O Bond Formations on a Carbenic Carbon: Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling of N-Tosylhydrazones and Benzo-1,2-quinones To Construct Benzodioxoles. Org Lett 2018; 20:3166-3169. [PMID: 29756450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel and efficient method for the formation of two C-O bonds on a carbenic carbon is reported. This palladium-catalyzed coupling of N-tosylhydrazones and benzo-1,2-quinones were involved the process of carbonyl ylides generation, aromatization, and intramolecular nucleophilic addition, delivering various useful benzodioxoles in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Fulin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Chuanle Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Hao Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Chi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
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28
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Feceu A, Sangster LE, Martin DBC. Unexpected Alkene Isomerization during Iterative Cross-Coupling To Form Hindered, Electron-Deficient Trienes. Org Lett 2018; 20:3151-3155. [PMID: 29781280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
An iterative cross-coupling approach to conjugated trienes was explored as part of a planned stereoselective synthesis of bicyclic terpenes. Using a bifunctional bromoboronate building block, sequential Suzuki coupling reactions were employed to provide a conjugated trienone target containing a tetrasubstituted alkene. During the final cross-coupling step, an unexpected alkene isomerization was observed to give less hindered trans products. Examination of different substrates determined that conjugation to a ketone withdrawing group was responsible for isomerization, rather than steric hindrance of the tetrasubstituted alkene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Feceu
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Lauren E Sangster
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - David B C Martin
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
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29
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Ilazi A, Liffert R, Gademann K. Total Synthesis of the Polyoxygenated Sesquiterpenes Guignarderemophilanes C and D. Helv Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201800011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agron Ilazi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Raphael Liffert
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Karl Gademann
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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30
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Abstract
Exploration of structurally novel natural products greatly facilitates the discovery of biologically active pharmacophores that are biologically validated starting points for the development of new drugs. Endophytes that colonize the internal tissues of plant species, have been proven to produce a large number of structurally diverse secondary metabolites. These molecules exhibit remarkable biological activities, including antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties, to name but a few. This review surveys the structurally diverse natural products with new carbon skeletons, unusual ring systems, or rare structural moieties that have been isolated from endophytes between 1996 and 2016. It covers their structures and bioactivities. Biosynthesis and/or total syntheses of some important compounds are also highlighted. Some novel secondary metabolites with marked biological activities might deserve more attention from chemists and biologists in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- Department of Natural Medicine and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Natural Medicine and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Department of Natural Medicine and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China.
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