1
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Aziz M, Prindle CR, Lee W, Zhang B, Schaack C, Steigerwald ML, Zandkarimi F, Nuckolls C, Venkataraman L. Evaluating the Ability of External Electric Fields to Accelerate Reactions in Solution. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:9553-9560. [PMID: 39317430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c04864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the catalytic effects of external electric fields (EEFs) on two reactions in solution: the Menshutkin reaction and the Chapman rearrangement. Utilizing a scanning tunneling microscope-based break-junction (STM-BJ) setup and monitoring reaction rates through high-performance liquid chromatography connected to a UV detector (HPLC-UV) and ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-q-ToF-MS), we observed no rate enhancement for either reaction under ambient conditions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that electric field-induced changes in reactant orientation and the minimization of activation energy are crucial factors in determining the efficacy of EEF-driven catalysis. Our findings suggest that the current experimental setups and field strengths are insufficient to catalyze these reactions, underscoring the importance of these criteria in assessing the reaction candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Aziz
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Claudia R Prindle
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Woojung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Boyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fairfield University, Fairfield, Connecticut 06824, United States
| | - Cedric Schaack
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - Michael L Steigerwald
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Fereshteh Zandkarimi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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2
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Tang C, Su M, Lu T, Zheng J, Wang J, Zhou Y, Zou YL, Liu W, Huang R, Xu W, Chen L, Zhang Y, Bai J, Yang Y, Shi J, Liu J, Hong W. Massive acceleration of S N2 reaction using the oriented external electric field. Chem Sci 2024; 15:13486-13494. [PMID: 39183916 PMCID: PMC11339978 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03759f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Nucleophilic substitution is one of the most fundamental chemical reactions, and the pursuit of high reaction rates of the reaction is one of the ultimate goals in catalytic and organic chemistry. The reaction barrier of the nucleophilic substitution originates from the highly polar nature of the transition state that can be stabilized under the electric field created by the solvent environment. However, the intensity of the induced solvent-electric field is relatively small due to the random orientation of solvent molecules, which hinders the catalytic effects and restricts the reaction rates. This work shows that oriented external electric fields applied within a confined nanogap between two nanoscopic tips could accelerate the Menshutkin reaction by more than four orders of magnitude (over 39 000 times). The theoretical calculations reveal that the electric field inside the nanogap reduces the energy barrier to increase the reaction rate. Our work suggests the great potential of electrostatic catalysis for green synthesis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Meiling Su
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Taige Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Jueting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Juejun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Yu-Ling Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Wenqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Ruiyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Lijue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Yanxi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Jie Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Jia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Junyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University Xiamen China
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3
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Shaik S. My Vision of Electric-Field-Aided Chemistry in 2050. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2024; 4:191-201. [PMID: 38800723 PMCID: PMC11117677 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
This manuscript outlines my outlook on the development of electric-field (EF)-mediated-chemistry and the vision of its state by 2050. I discuss applications of oriented-external electric-fields (OEEFs) on chemical reactions and proceed with relevant experimental verifications. Subsequently, the Perspective outlines other ways of generating EFs, e.g., by use of pH-switchable charges, ionic additives, water droplets, and so on. A special section summarizes conceptual principles for understanding and predicting OEEF effects, e.g., the "reaction-axis rule", the capability of OEEFs to act as tweezers that orient reactants and accelerate their reaction, etc. Finally, I discuss applications of OEEFs in continuous-flow setups, which may, in principle, scale-up to molar concentrations. The Perspective ends with the vision that by 2050, OEEF usage will change chemical education, if not also the art of making new molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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4
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Guo M, Wu X, Wu H, Sun X. Ligand effect on Ru-centered species toward methane activation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14329-14335. [PMID: 38695750 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01420k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Ligands have been known to profoundly affect the chemical transformations of methane, yet significant challenges remain in shedding light on the underlying mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that the conversion of methane can be regulated by Ru centered cations with a series of ligands (C, CH, CNH, CHCNH). Gas-phase experiments complemented by theoretical dynamic analysis were performed to explore the essences and principles governing the ligand effect. In contrast to the inert Ru+, [RuC]+, and [RuCNH]+ toward CH4, the dehydrogenation dominates the reaction of ligand-regulated systems [RuCH]+/CH4 and [RuCHCNH]+/CH4. In active cases, CH acts as active sites, and regulates the activation of CH4 assisted by the "seemingly inert" CNH ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Guo
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China.
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Xiaonan Wu
- East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China.
| | - Hechen Wu
- Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China.
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
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5
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Bofill JM, Severi M, Quapp W, Ribas-Ariño J, de P R Moreira I, Albareda G. Optimal Oriented External Electric Fields to Trigger a Barrierless Oxaphosphetane Ring Opening Step of the Wittig Reaction. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400173. [PMID: 38457260 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The Wittig reaction is one of the most important processes in organic chemistry for the asymmetric synthesis of olefinic compounds. In view of the increasingly acknowledged potentiality of the electric fields in promoting reactions, here we will consider the effect of the oriented external electric field (OEEF) on the second step of Wittig reaction (i. e. the ring opening oxaphosphetane) in a model system for non-stabilized ylides. In particular, we have determined the optimal direction and strength of the electric field that should be applied to annihilate the reaction barrier of the ring opening through the polarizable molecular electric dipole (PMED) model that we have recently developed. We conclude that the application of the optimal external electric field for the oxaphosphetane ring opening favours a Bestmann-like mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Maria Bofill
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Severi
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Quapp
- Mathematisches Institut, Universität Leipzig, PF 100920, D-04009, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jordi Ribas-Ariño
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Secció de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ibério de P R Moreira
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Secció de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Huang X, Gan PY, Gao FW, Su ZM. Tuning optical properties of π-conjugated double nanohoops under external electric field stimuli-responsiveness. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:8716-8723. [PMID: 38416055 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05504c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Carbon nanorings have attracted substantial interest from synthetic chemists due to their unique topological structures and distinct physical properties. An intriguing π-conjugated double-nanoring structure, denoted as [8]CPP-[10]cyclacene, was constructed via the integration of [8]cycloparaphenylene ([8]CPP) into [10]cyclacene. Using the external electric field stimuli-responsiveness of [8]CPP-[10]cyclacene, directional charge transfer can be induced, resulting in the emergence of intriguing properties. The effects of the external electric field in three specific directions were explored, vertically in the [8]CPP unit (Fy), vertically in the [10]cyclacene unit (Fz), and horizontally along the double nanorings diameter (Fx). Interestingly, the external electric field vertically to the [10]cyclacene unit significantly enhanced the first hyperpolarizability (βtot) compared to that vertically to the [8]CPP unit. Notably, [8]CPP-[10]cyclacene under Fx exhibited significantly larger the βtot values (1.48 × 105 a.u.) than those of vertical Fy and Fz. This work opens up a wide range of nonlinear optics, making it a compelling area to explore in the field of carbon nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7989 Weixing Road, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ping-Yao Gan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7989 Weixing Road, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Feng-Wei Gao
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7989 Weixing Road, Changchun 130012, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Changchun University of Science and Technology, No. 618 Liangjiang Avenue, Longxing Town, Yubei District, Chongqing City 401135, China.
| | - Zhong-Min Su
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7989 Weixing Road, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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7
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Sevim S, Sanchis-Gual R, Franco C, Aragonès AC, Darwish N, Kim D, Picca RA, Nelson BJ, Ruiz E, Pané S, Díez-Pérez I, Puigmartí-Luis J. Electrostatic catalysis of a click reaction in a microfluidic cell. Nat Commun 2024; 15:790. [PMID: 38278792 PMCID: PMC10817948 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Electric fields have been highlighted as a smart reagent in nature's enzymatic machinery, as they can directly trigger or accelerate chemical processes with stereo- and regio-specificity. In enzymatic catalysis, controlled mass transport of chemical species is also key in facilitating the availability of reactants in the active reaction site. However, recent progress in developing a clean catalysis that profits from oriented electric fields is limited to theoretical and experimental studies at the single molecule level, where both the control over mass transport and scalability cannot be tested. Here, we quantify the electrostatic catalysis of a prototypical Huisgen cycloaddition in a large-area electrode surface and directly compare its performance to the conventional Cu(I) catalysis. Our custom-built microfluidic cell enhances reagent transport towards the electrified reactive interface. This continuous-flow microfluidic electrostatic reactor is an example of an electric-field driven platform where clean large-scale electrostatic catalytic processes can be efficiently implemented and regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semih Sevim
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Sanchis-Gual
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Franco
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Albert C Aragonès
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, University of Barcelona (UB), Marti i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nadim Darwish
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, WA, Australia
| | - Donghoon Kim
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rosaria Anna Picca
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eliseo Ruiz
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, University of Barcelona (UB), Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Pané
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Ismael Díez-Pérez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural, Mathematical & Engineering Sciences, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK.
| | - Josep Puigmartí-Luis
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, University of Barcelona (UB), Marti i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
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8
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Song Z, Liang C, Gong K, Zhao S, Yuan X, Zhang X, Xie J. Harnessing the High Interfacial Electric Fields on Water Microdroplets to Accelerate Menshutkin Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26003-26008. [PMID: 38011046 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Even though it is still an emerging field, the application of a high external electric field (EEF) as a green and efficient catalyst in synthetic chemistry has recently received significant attention for the ability to deliver remarkable control of reaction selectivity and acceleration of reaction rates. Here, we extend the application of the EEF to Menshutkin reactions by taking advantage of the spontaneous high electric field at the air-water interfaces of sprayed water microdroplets. Experimentally, a series of Menshutkin reactions were accelerated by 7 orders of magnitude. Theoretically, both density functional theory calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations predict that the reaction barrier decreases significantly in the presence of oriented external electric fields, thereby supporting the notion that the electric fields in the water droplets are responsible for the catalysis. In addition, the ordered solvent and reactant molecules oriented by the electric field alleviate the steric effect of solvents and increase the successful collision rates, thus facilitating faster nucleophilic attack. The success of Menshutkin reactions in this study showcases the great potential of microdroplet chemistry for green synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhexuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chiyu Liang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ke Gong
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Supin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xu Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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9
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Bofill JM, Severi M, Quapp W, Ribas-Ariño J, Moreira IDPR, Albareda G. An algorithm to find the optimal oriented external electrostatic field for annihilating a reaction barrier in a polarizable molecular system. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:114112. [PMID: 37724726 DOI: 10.1063/5.0167749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of oriented external electric fields (OEEFs) to promote and control chemical reactivity has motivated many theoretical and computational studies in the last decade to model the action of OEEFs on a molecular system and its effects on chemical processes. Given a reaction, a central goal in this research area is to predict the optimal OEEF (oOEEF) required to annihilate the reaction energy barrier with the smallest possible field strength. Here, we present a model rooted in catastrophe and optimum control theories that allows us to find the oOEEF for a given reaction valley in the potential energy surface (PES). In this model, the effective (or perturbed) PES of a polarizable molecular system is constructed by adding to the original, non-perturbed, PES a term accounting for the interaction of the OEEF with the intrinsic electric dipole and polarizability of the molecular system, so called the polarizable molecular electric dipole (PMED) model. We demonstrate that the oOEEF can be established by locating a point in the original PES with unique topological properties: the optimal barrier breakdown or bond-breaking point (oBBP). The essential feature of the oBBP structure is the fact that this point maintains its topological properties for all the applied OEEFs, also for the unperturbed PES, thus becoming much more relevant than the commonly used minima and transition state structures. The PMED model proposed here has been implemented in an open access package and is shown to successfully predict the oOEEF for two processes: an isomerization reaction of a cumulene derivative and the Huisgen cycloaddition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Maria Bofill
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Severi
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Quapp
- Mathematisches Institut, Universität Leipzig, PF 100920, D-04009 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jordi Ribas-Ariño
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Secció de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ibério de P R Moreira
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Secció de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Albareda
- Ideaded, Carrer de la Tecnologia, 35, 08840 Viladecans, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Gopakumar K, Shaik S, Ramanan R. Two-Way Catalysis in a Diels-Alder Reaction Limits Inhibition Induced by an External Electric Field. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307579. [PMID: 37530131 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Oriented external electric fields (EEFs) act as catalysts that can induce selectivity in chemical reactions. The responses of the Diels-Alder (DA) reaction between butadiene and ethylene (BDE-DA) as well as cyclopentadiene and ethylene (CPDE-DA) towards EEF stimuli are investigated here using density functional theory (B3LYP) calculations. EEF is a vector that catalyzes the reaction in one direction while inhibiting it in the opposite direction. Here we report that the inhibitive direction becomes rate-enhancing after some increase in the EEF. The EEF value that brings about the maximum possible inhibition for the reaction is defined as the electrostatic resistance point (ERP). The possibility of both normal and inverse electron-demand DA reactions causes catalytic activity in both directions of the EEF starting at a unique ERP value. The C5 substituents of cyclopentadiene control the ERP values depending upon the resistance power that the functional group provides against the EEF. The endo and exo diastereomeric transition states of the DA reaction have distinct ERP values and the difference (ΔERP) provides the through-space electrostatic contribution to the stereoselectivity on a relative scale. Thus, the ERP values can be used as a gauge for the electrostatic interactions between substituent groups and external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Gopakumar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190407, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rajeev Ramanan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
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11
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Lv J, Sun R, Yang Q, Gan P, Yu S, Tan Z. Research on Electric Field-Induced Catalysis Using Single-Molecule Electrical Measurement. Molecules 2023; 28:4968. [PMID: 37446629 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28134968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of catalysis in controlling chemical reactions is crucial. As an important external stimulus regulatory tool, electric field (EF) catalysis enables further possibilities for chemical reaction regulation. To date, the regulation mechanism of electric fields and electrons on chemical reactions has been modeled. The electric field at the single-molecule electronic scale provides a powerful theoretical weapon to explore the dynamics of individual chemical reactions. The combination of electric fields and single-molecule electronic techniques not only uncovers new principles but also results in the regulation of chemical reactions at the single-molecule scale. This perspective focuses on the recent electric field-catalyzed, single-molecule chemical reactions and assembly, and highlights promising outlooks for future work in single-molecule catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyao Lv
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Ruiqin Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Qifan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Pengfei Gan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Shiyong Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Zhibing Tan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
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12
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Tang C, Stuyver T, Lu T, Liu J, Ye Y, Gao T, Lin L, Zheng J, Liu W, Shi J, Shaik S, Xia H, Hong W. Voltage-driven control of single-molecule keto-enol equilibrium in a two-terminal junction system. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3657. [PMID: 37339947 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Keto-enol tautomerism, describing an equilibrium involving two tautomers with distinctive structures, provides a promising platform for modulating nanoscale charge transport. However, such equilibria are generally dominated by the keto form, while a high isomerization barrier limits the transformation to the enol form, suggesting a considerable challenge to control the tautomerism. Here, we achieve single-molecule control of a keto-enol equilibrium at room temperature by using a strategy that combines redox control and electric field modulation. Based on the control of charge injection in the single-molecule junction, we could access charged potential energy surfaces with opposite thermodynamic driving forces, i.e., exhibiting a preference for the conducting enol form, while the isomerization barrier is also significantly reduced. Thus, we could selectively obtain desired and stable tautomers, which leads to significant modulation of the single-molecule conductance. This work highlights the concept of single-molecule control of chemical reactions on more than one potential energy surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Thijs Stuyver
- Institute of Chemistry, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, 75 005, Paris, France
| | - Taige Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Junyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yiling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Tengyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Luchun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jueting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wenqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
| | - Haiping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China.
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China.
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13
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Ma Z, Yan Z, Li X, Chung LW. Quantum Tunneling in Reactions Modulated by External Electric Fields: Reactivity and Selectivity. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1124-1132. [PMID: 36705472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantum tunneling and external electric fields (EEFs) can promote some reactions. However, the synergetic effect of an EEF on a tunneling-involving reaction and its temperature-dependence is not very clear. In this study, we extensively investigated how EEFs affect three reactions that involve hydrogen- or (ground- and excited-state) carbon-tunneling using reliable DFT, DLPNO-CCSD(T1), and variational transition-state theory methods. Our study revealed that oriented EEFs can significantly reduce the barrier and corresponding barrier width (and vice versa) through more electrostatic stabilization in transition states. These EEF effects enhance the nontunneling and tunneling-involving rates. Such EEF effects also decrease the crossover temperatures and quantum tunneling contribution, albeit with lower and thinner barriers. Moreover, EEFs can modulate and switch on/off the tunneling-driven 1,2-H migration of hydroxycarbenes under cryogenic conditions. Furthermore, our study predicts for the first time that EEF/tunneling synergy can control the chemo- or site-selectivity of one molecule bearing two similar/same reactive sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Ma
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zeyin Yan
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Lung Wa Chung
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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14
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Kempfer-Robertson EM, Avdic I, Haase MN, Pike TD, Thompson LM. Protonation state control of electric field induced molecular switching mechanisms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:5251-5261. [PMID: 36723228 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04494c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Scanning tunneling microscopy tip-induced deprotonation has been demonstrated experimentally and can be used as an additional control mechanism in electric-field induced molecular switching. The goal of the current work is to establish whether (de)protonation can be used to inhibit or enhance the electric field controlled thermal and photoisomerization processes. Dihydroxyazobenzene is used as a model system, where protonation/deprotonation of the free hydroxyl moiety changes the azo bond order, and so modifies the rate of electric field induced isomerization. Through the combined action of deprotonation and applied field, it was found that the cis-to-trans thermal isomerization barrier could be completely removed, changing the isomerization half-life from the order of several months. In addition, due to the presence of multiple isomerization mechanisms, electric fields could modify the isomerization kinetics by increasing the number of energetically viable isomerization pathways, rather than reducing the activation barrier of the lowest energy pathway. Excited state calculations indicated that the protonation state and electric field could be used together to control the presence of electronic degeneracies along the rotation pathway between S0/S1, and along all three pathways between S1/S2. This work provides insight into the mechanisms that enable the use of protonation state, light, and electric fields in concert to control molecular switches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irma Avdic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, USA.
| | - Meagan N Haase
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, USA.
| | - Thomas Dane Pike
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, USA.
| | - Lee M Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, USA.
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15
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A catastrophe theory-based model for optimal control of chemical reactions by means of oriented electric fields. Theor Chem Acc 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-023-02959-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe effect of oriented external electric fields (OEEF) on chemical reactivity has been studied theoretically and computationally in the last decades. A central goal in this research area is to predict the orientation and the smallest amplitude electric field that renders a barrierless chemical process with the smallest possible strength. Recently, a model to find the optimal electric field has been proposed and described (Bofill JM et al., J. Chem. Theory Comput. 18:935, 2022). We here proof that this model is based on catastrophe and optimum control theories. Based on both theories a technical treatment of the model is given and applied to a two-dimensional generic example that provides insight into its nature and capability. Finally, the model is applied to determine the optimal OEEF for the trans-to-cis isomerization of a [3]cumulene derivative.
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16
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Effects and Influence of External Electric Fields on the Equilibrium Properties of Tautomeric Molecules. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020695. [PMID: 36677753 PMCID: PMC9865840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we have attempted to briefly summarize the influence of an external electric field on an assembly of tautomeric molecules and to what experimentally observable effects this interaction can lead to. We have focused more extensively on the influence of an oriented external electric field (OEEF) on excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) from the studies available to date. The possibilities provided by OEEF for regulating several processes and studying physicochemical processes in tautomers have turned this direction into an attractive area of research due to its numerous applications.
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17
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Kutateladze DA, Wagen CC, Jacobsen EN. Chloride-Mediated Alkene Activation Drives Enantioselective Thiourea and Hydrogen Chloride Co-Catalyzed Prins Cyclizations. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15812-15824. [PMID: 35994741 PMCID: PMC9437134 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of chiral hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) co-catalyzed Prins cyclizations was analyzed through a combination of experimental and computational methods and revealed to involve an unexpected and previously unrecognized mode of alkene activation. Kinetic and spectroscopic studies support the participation of a catalytically active HCl·HBD complex that displays reduced Brønsted acidity relative to HCl alone. Nevertheless, rate acceleration relative to the HCl-catalyzed background reaction as well as high levels of enantioselectivity are achieved. This inverse Brønsted correlation is ascribed to chloride-mediated substrate activation in the rate-limiting and enantiodetermining cyclization transition state. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, distortion-interaction analysis, and quasiclassical dynamics simulations support a stepwise mechanism in which rate acceleration and enantioselectivity are achieved through the precise positioning of the chloride anion within the active site of the chiral thiourea to enhance the nucleophilicity of the alkene and provide transition-state stabilization through local electric field effects. This mode of selective catalysis through anion positioning likely has general implications for the design of enantioselective Brønsted acid-catalyzed reactions involving π-nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric N. Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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18
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Long T, Wan H, Zhang J, Wu J, Liang JX, Zhu C. The High-Effective Catalytic Degradation of Benzo[a]pyrene by Mn-Corrolazine Regulated by Oriented External Electric Field: Insight From DFT Study. Front Chem 2022; 10:884105. [PMID: 35720998 PMCID: PMC9201028 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.884105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The degradation of BaP into hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene by Mn-corrolazine and its regulation by an oriented external electronic field (OEEF) were systematically studied using first-principle calculations. Extensive density function calculations showed that the degradation of BaP into hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene by Mn-corrolazine occurs via a three-step process in the absence of OEEF, in which a more toxic and stable epoxide intermediate is generated. However, upon application of OEEF along the intrinsic Mn-O reaction axis, the degradation of BaP into hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene is greatly simplified. The negative charge on the terminal O atom of Mn-OO corrolazine increases with an increase in the OEEF intensity. As the intensity of the OEEF increases over 0.004 a.u., the negatively charged terminal O atom has the ability to directly abstract the positively charged H atom of BaP and the degradation of BaP into hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene can be completed via a one-step process, avoiding the production of more toxic epoxide intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tairen Long
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Haiyan Wan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | | | - Jie Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jin-Xia Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jin-Xia Liang, ; Chun Zhu,
| | - Chun Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jin-Xia Liang, ; Chun Zhu,
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19
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Geoffroy-Neveux A, Labet V, Alikhani ME. Influence of an Oriented External Electric Field on the Mechanism of Double Proton Transfer between Pyrazole and Guanidine: from an Asynchronous Plateau Transition State to a Synchronous or Stepwise Mechanism. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:3057-3071. [PMID: 35544749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c10553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The double proton transfer (DPT) reaction between pyrazole and guanidine, a concerted reaction but strongly asynchronous and presenting a "plateau transition region", has been theoretically reinvestigated in the presence of an external uniform electric field. First, we computed the reaction path by DFT and proposed a very detailed description of the constitutive electronic events, based on the ELF topology and the bond evolution theory. Then, we studied the effect of an oriented external electric field (OEEF) on the reaction mechanism, for an OEEF oriented along the proton transfer axis. We observe that in one direction, the DPT reaction can be transformed into a stepwise reaction, going through a stabilized single proton transferred intermediate. Contrarily, the two proton transfers occur simultaneously when the electric field is applied in the opposite direction. In the latter case, the order in which the two protons are transferred in the same elementary step can even be reversed if the OEEF is intense enough. Finally, it has been shown that the evolution of the double proton transfer reaction in the presence of an electric field could be quantitatively anticipated by analyzing the ELF value at the bifurcation point between V(A, H) proton donor and V(B) proton acceptor of the double hydrogen bonded complex in the entrance channel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Labet
- MONARIS UMR 8233 CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - M Esmail Alikhani
- MONARIS UMR 8233 CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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20
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Zhang M, Li W, Zhou Z, Zhuo S, Su Z. Green Catalytic Method for Hydrothiolation of Allylamines: An External Electric Field. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:5782-5790. [PMID: 35224338 PMCID: PMC8867569 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Based on the idea of environmental friendliness, we first studied the hydrothiolation reactions of thiophenol with allylamine using a green catalyst-an external electric field (EEF). The hydrothiolation reactions could occur through Markovnikov addition (path M) and anti-Markovnikov addition (path AM) pathways. The calculation results demonstrated that when the EEF was oriented along F -X , F -Y , and F +Z directions, path M was accelerated. However, it is favorable for path AM only when the EEF is oriented along the +X and -Y-axes. In addition, the introduction of the EEF further increased and lowered the differences of the reaction barrier as the EEF was oriented along F -X , F -Y , and F +X directions. The solvent effects were also considered in this work. Hopefully, this unprecedented and green catalytic method for the hydrothiolation reactions of allylamine may provide guidance in the lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong
University of Technology, Zibo 255049, Shandong, China
| | - Wenzuo Li
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai
University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Ziyan Zhou
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong
University of Technology, Zibo 255049, Shandong, China
| | - Shuping Zhuo
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong
University of Technology, Zibo 255049, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongmin Su
- Institute
of Functional Material Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National
& Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Northeast Normal University, Jilin 130024, China
- Shandong
Engineering Research Center of Green and High-value Marine Fine Chemical, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang 262700, China
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21
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Bofill JM, Quapp W, Albareda G, Moreira IDPR, Ribas-Ariño J. Controlling Chemical Reactivity with Optimally Oriented Electric Fields: A Generalization of the Newton Trajectory Method. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:935-952. [PMID: 35044173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of oriented external electric fields (OEEF) as a tool to accelerate chemical reactions has recently attracted much interest. A new model to calculate the optimal OEEF of the least intensity to induce a barrierless chemical reaction path is presented. A suitable ansatz is provided by defining an effective potential energy surface (PES), which considers the unperturbed or original PES of the molecular reactive system and the action of a constant OEEF on the overall dipole moment of system. Based on a generalization of the Newton Trajectories (NT) method, it is demonstrated that the optimal OEEF can be determined upon locating a special point of the potential energy surface (PES), the so-called "optimal bond-breaking point" (optimal BBP), for which two different algorithms are proposed. At this point, the gradient of the original or unperturbed PES is an eigenvector of zero eigenvalue of the Hessian matrix of the effective PES. A thorough discussion of the geometrical aspects of the optimal BBP and the optimal OEEF is provided using a two-dimensional model, and numerical calculations of the optimal OEEF for a SN2 reaction and the 1,3-dipolar retrocycloaddition of isoxazole to fulminic acid plus acetylene reaction serve as a proof of concept. The knowledge of the orientation of optimal OEEF provides a practical way to reduce the effective barrier of a given chemical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Maria Bofill
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Quapp
- Mathematisches Institut, Universität Leipzig, PF 100920, D-04009 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Guillermo Albareda
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ibério de P R Moreira
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Secció de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ribas-Ariño
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Secció de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Chen L, Dang J, Du J, Wang C, Mo Y. Hydrogen and Halogen Bonding in Homogeneous External Electric Fields: Modulating the Bond Strengths. Chemistry 2021; 27:14042-14050. [PMID: 34319620 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed various fascinating phenomena arising from the interactions of noncovalent bonds with homogeneous external electric fields (EEFs). Here we performed a computational study to interpret the sensitivity of intrinsic bond strengths to EEFs in terms of steric effect and orbital interactions. The block-localized wavefunction (BLW) method, which combines the advantages of both ab initio valence bond (VB) theory and molecular orbital (MO) theory, and the subsequent energy decomposition (BLW-ED) approach were adopted. The sensitivity was monitored and analyzed using the induced energy term, which is the variation in each energy component along the EEF strength. Systems with single or multiple hydrogen (H) or halogen (X) bond(s) were also examined. It was found that the X-bond strength change to EEFs mainly stems from the covalency change, while generally the steric effect rules the response of H-bonds to EEFs. Furthermore, X-bonds are more sensitive to EEFs, with the key difference between H- and X-bonds lying in the charge transfer interaction. Since phenylboronic acid has been experimentally used as a smart linker in EEFs, switchable sensitivity was scrutinized with the example of the phenylboronic acid dimer, which exhibits two conformations with either antiparallel or parallel H-bonds, thereby, opposite or consistent responses to EEFs. Among the studied systems, the quadruple X-bonds in molecular capsules exhibit remarkable sensitivity, with its interaction energy increased by -95.2 kJ mol-1 at the EEF strength 0.005 a.u.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jingshuang Dang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Juan Du
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Changwei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
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23
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Cao H, Pan J, Zhu H, Sun Z, Wang B, Zhao J, Yan F. Interaction Regulation Between Ionomer Binder and Catalyst: Active Triple-Phase Boundary and High Performance Catalyst Layer for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101744. [PMID: 34339101 PMCID: PMC8498875 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most crucial components, the catalyst layer (CL) plays a critical role in the performance of anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). However, the effect of the structural evolution of ionomer binder on the micromorphology and catalytic activity of CL is yet to be clarified. In this study, pyrrolidinum and quaternary ammonium cations are attached to the polyphenylene oxide (PPO) backbone through flexible spacer units (five, seven, or nine carbon atoms) with different terminal alkyl groups. The Van der Waals force and electrostatic repulsion between the ionomer binder and catalyst are regulated through the flexible spacer units and terminal alkyl groups to alleviate the agglomeration of catalyst particles and acquire a high catalytic activity. To evaluate the electrochemical stability of the cationic groups, the alkaline stability of the ionomer binder is tested under a constant voltage to simulate the true operational environment of the fuel cells. The results reveal that the degradation of the cation groups of ionomer binder is accelerated under a constant voltage condition. This phenomenon in neglect earlier, may serve as a useful reference for the synthesis and performance enhancement of ionomer binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixing Cao
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Ji Pan
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Hairong Zhu
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Zhe Sun
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Bowen Wang
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Junliang Zhao
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Feng Yan
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
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24
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Alkorta I, Elguero J. The SN2 reaction and its relationship with the Walden inversion, the Finkelstein and Menshutkin reactions together with theoretical calculations for the Finkelstein reaction. Struct Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-021-01805-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis communication gives an overview of the relationships between four reactions that although related were not always perceived as such: SN2, Walden, Finkelstein, and Menshutkin. Binary interactions (SN2 & Walden, SN2 & Menshutkin, SN2 & Finkelstein, Walden & Menshutkin, Walden & Finkelstein, Menshutkin & Finkelstein) were reported. Carbon, silicon, nitrogen, and phosphorus as central atoms and fluorides, chlorides, bromides, and iodides as lateral atoms were considered. Theoretical calculations provide Gibbs free energies that were analyzed with linear models to obtain the halide contributions. The M06-2x DFT computational method and the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set have been used for all atoms except for iodine where the effective core potential def2-TZVP basis set was used. Concerning the central atom pairs, carbon/silicon vs. nitrogen/phosphorus, we reported here for the first time that the effect of valence expansion was known for Si but not for P. Concerning the lateral halogen atoms, some empirical models including the interaction between F and I as entering and leaving groups explain the Gibbs free energies.
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25
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Fukuzumi R, Buerkle M, Li Y, Kaneko S, Li P, Kobayashi S, Fujii S, Kiguchi M, Nakamura H, Tsukagoshi K, Nishino T. Water Splitting Induced by Visible Light at a Copper-Based Single-Molecule Junction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2008109. [PMID: 34089231 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202008109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Water splitting is an essential process for converting light energy into easily storable energy in the form of hydrogen. As environmentally preferable catalysts, Cu-based materials have attracted attention as water-splitting catalysts. To enhance the efficiency of water splitting, a reaction process should be developed. Single-molecule junctions (SMJs) are attractive structures for developing these reactions because the molecule electronic state is significantly modulated, and characteristic electromagnetic effects can be expected. Here, water splitting is induced at Cu-based SMJ and the produced hydrogen is characterized at a single-molecule scale by employing electron transport measurements. After visible light irradiation, the conductance states originate from Cu/hydrogen molecule/Cu junctions, while before irradiation, only Cu/water molecule/Cu junctions were observed. The vibration spectra obtained from inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy combined with the first-principles calculations reveal that the water molecule trapped between the Cu electrodes is decomposed and that hydrogen is produced. Time-dependent and wavelength-dependent measurements show that localized-surface plasmon decomposes the water molecule in the vicinity of the junction. These findings indicate the potential ability of Cu-based materials for photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Marius Buerkle
- CD-FMat, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, Umezono 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Peihui Li
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Shuji Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Shintaro Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Manabu Kiguchi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Hisao Nakamura
- CD-FMat, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, Umezono 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tsukagoshi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Nishino
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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26
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Chen H, Jiang F, Hu C, Jiao Y, Chen S, Qiu Y, Zhou P, Zhang L, Cai K, Song B, Chen XY, Zhao X, Wasielewski MR, Guo H, Hong W, Stoddart JF. Electron-Catalyzed Dehydrogenation in a Single-Molecule Junction. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8476-8487. [PMID: 34043344 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Investigating how electrons propagate through a single molecule is one of the missions of molecular electronics. Electrons, however, are also efficient catalysts for conducting radical reactions, a property that is often overlooked by chemists. Special attention should be paid to electron catalysis when interpreting single-molecule conductance results for the simple reason that an unexpected reaction mediated or triggered by electrons might take place in the single-molecule junction. Here, we describe a counterintuitive structure-property relationship that molecules, both linear and cyclic, employing a saturated bipyridinium-ethane backbone, display a similar conductance signature when compared to junctions formed with molecules containing conjugated bipyridinium-ethene backbones. We describe an ethane-to-ethene transformation, which proceeds in the single-molecule junction by an electron-catalyzed dehydrogenation. Electrochemically based ensemble experiments and theoretical calculations have revealed that the electrons trigger the redox process, and the electric field promotes the dehydrogenation. This finding not only demonstrates the importance of electron catalysis when interpreting experimental results, but also charts a pathway to gaining more insight into the mechanism of electrocatalytic hydrogen production at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310021, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chen Hu
- Center for the Physics of Materials and Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Su Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yunyan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kang Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiao-Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hong Guo
- Center for the Physics of Materials and Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310021, China.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
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27
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Yu S, Vermeeren P, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. How Oriented External Electric Fields Modulate Reactivity. Chemistry 2021; 27:5683-5693. [PMID: 33289179 PMCID: PMC8049047 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A judiciously oriented external electric field (OEEF) can catalyze a wide range of reactions and can even induce endo/exo stereoselectivity of cycloaddition reactions. The Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and maleic anhydride is studied by using quantitative activation strain and Kohn-Sham molecular orbital theory to pinpoint the origin of these catalytic and stereoselective effects. Our quantitative model reveals that an OEEF along the reaction axis induces an enhanced electrostatic and orbital interaction between the reactants, which in turn lowers the reaction barrier. The stronger electrostatic interaction originates from an increased electron density difference between the reactants at the reactive center, and the enhanced orbital interaction arises from the promoted normal electron demand donor-acceptor interaction driven by the OEEF. An OEEF perpendicular to the plane of the reaction axis solely stabilizes the exo pathway of this reaction, whereas the endo pathway remains unaltered and efficiently steers the endo/exo stereoselectivity. The influence of the OEEF on the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction is also investigated; unexpectedly, it inhibits the reaction, as the electric field now suppresses the critical inverse electron demand donor-acceptor interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yu
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM)Radboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
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28
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Zhang MX, Li WZ, Xu HL, Zhou ZY, Zhuo SP. External electric field: a new catalytic strategy for the anti-Markovnikov hydrohydrazination of parent hydrazine. RSC Adv 2021; 11:11595-11605. [PMID: 35423646 PMCID: PMC8695915 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01037a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-Markovnikov hydroamination reaction is considered to be a particular challenge, and one of the reactants, parent hydrazine, is also regarded as a troubling reagent. In this study, we first studied the hydrohydrazination of parent hydrazine via an effective and green catalyst—external electric field (EEF). The calculation results demonstrated that the anti-Markovnikov and Markovnikov pathways are competitive when there was no catalyst. EEF oriented along the negative direction of the X axis (Fx) accelerated the anti-Markovnikov addition reaction. Moreover, it lowered the barrier height of the first step by 16.0 kcal mol−1 (from 27.8 to 11.8 kcal mol−1) when the field strength was 180 (×10−4) au. Under the same conditions, the Markovnikov reaction pathway was inhibited, which means that EEF achieved the specificity of hydrohydrazination. The solvents are favorable for the first step addition reaction, particularly the synergy between solvents and Fx lowered the barrier heights by 8.3 (C6H6) and 10.7 (DMSO) kcal mol−1 for an Fx = −60 (×10−4) au. Besides, the introduction of the electron-withdrawing substituent (trifluoromethyl) is also a good strategy to catalyze hydrohydrazination, while the electron-donating group (methoxy) is unfavorable. The anti-Markovnikov hydrohydrazination of parent hydrazine were catalyzed by external electric field (EEF) to a large extent. Furthermore, the solvent effects and the substituent effects of the hydrohydrazination were enhanced in the presence of EEF.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xia Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo
- People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Zuo Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yantai University
- Yantai
- P. R. China
| | - Hong-Liang Xu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
| | - Zi-Yan Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo
- People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ping Zhuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo
- People's Republic of China
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29
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Kritikos E, Giusti A. Reactive Molecular Dynamics Investigation of Toluene Oxidation under Electrostatic Fields: Effect of the Modeling of Local Charge Distribution. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:10705-10716. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c08040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Efstratios Kritikos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Giusti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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30
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Zeng BF, Wang G, Qian QZ, Chen ZX, Zhang XG, Lu ZX, Zhao SQ, Feng AN, Shi J, Yang Y, Hong W. Selective Fabrication of Single-Molecule Junctions by Interface Engineering. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2004720. [PMID: 33155382 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in addressing electrically driven single-molecule behaviors has opened up a path toward the controllable fabrication of molecular devices. Herein, the selective fabrication of single-molecule junctions is achieved by employing the external electric field. For molecular junctions with methylthio (-SMe), thioacetate (-SAc), amine (-NH2 ), and pyridyl (-PY), the evolution of their formation probabilities along with the electric field is extracted from the plateau analysis of individual single-molecule break junction traces. With the increase of the electric field, the SMe-anchored molecules show a different trend in the formation probability compared to the other molecular junctions, which is consistent with the density functional theory calculations. Furthermore, switching from an SMe-anchored junction to an SAc-anchored junction is realized by altering the electric field in a mixed solution. The results in this work provide a new approach to the controllable fabrication and modulation of single-molecule junctions and other bottom-up nanodevices at molecular scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao-Feng Zeng
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, IKKEM, iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Gan Wang
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, IKKEM, iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qiao-Zan Qian
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, IKKEM, iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Chen
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, IKKEM, iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xia-Guang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Zhi-Xing Lu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, IKKEM, iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shi-Qiang Zhao
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, IKKEM, iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - An-Ni Feng
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, IKKEM, iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jia Shi
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, IKKEM, iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, IKKEM, iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, IKKEM, iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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31
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Wang N, Allgeier AM, Weatherley LR. Controlling reaction rate of phase transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone by application of low external electric field. AIChE J 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering The University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas USA
| | - Alan M. Allgeier
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering The University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas USA
| | - Laurence R. Weatherley
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering The University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas USA
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32
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Dutta Dubey K, Stuyver T, Kalita S, Shaik S. Solvent Organization and Rate Regulation of a Menshutkin Reaction by Oriented External Electric Fields are Revealed by Combined MD and QM/MM Calculations. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9955-9965. [PMID: 32369357 PMCID: PMC7304904 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
When and how do external electric fields (EEFs) lead to catalysis in the presence of a (polar or nonpolar) solvent? This is the question that is addressed here using a combination of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical calculations with EEF, and quantum mechanical/(local) electric field calculations. The paper focuses on a model reaction, the Menshutkin reaction between CH3I and pyridine in three solvents of varying polarity. Using MD simulations, we find that the EEF causes the solvent to undergo organization; the solvent molecules gradually align with the applied field as the field strength increases. The collective orientation of the solvent molecules modifies the electrostatic environment around the Menshutkin species and induces a global electric field pointing in the opposite direction of the applied EEF. The combination of these two entangled effects leads to partial or complete screening of the EEF, with the extent of screening being proportional to the polarity/polarizability of the solvent. Nevertheless, we find that catalysis of the Menshutkin reaction inevitably emerges once the EEF exceeds the opposing field of the organizing solvent, i.e., once polarization of the Menshutkin complex is observed to set in. Overall, our analysis provides a lucid and pictorial interpretation of the behavior of solutions in the presence of EEFs and indicates that EEF-mediated catalysis should, in principle, be feasible in bulk setups, especially for nonpolar and mildly polar solvents. By application of the charge-transfer paradigm, it is shown that the emergence of OEEF catalysis in solution can be generalized to other reactions as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
- Department
of Chemistry & Center for Informatics, Shiv Nadar University, NH91 Tehsil Dadri, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Thijs Stuyver
- Institute
of Chemistry, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190400, Israel
- Algemene
Chemie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Surajit Kalita
- Department
of Chemistry & Center for Informatics, Shiv Nadar University, NH91 Tehsil Dadri, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute
of Chemistry, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190400, Israel
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33
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Sowlati-Hashjin S, Karttunen M, Matta CF. Manipulation of Diatomic Molecules with Oriented External Electric Fields: Linear Correlations in Atomic Properties Lead to Nonlinear Molecular Responses. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4720-4731. [PMID: 32337997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oriented external electric fields (OEEFs) have been shown to have great potential in being able to provide unprecedented control of chemical reactions, catalysis, and selectivity with applications ranging from H2 storage to molecular machines. We report a theoretical study of the atomic origins of molecular changes because of OEEFs since understanding the characteristics of OEEF-induced couplings between atomic and molecular properties is an important step toward comprehensive understanding of the effects of strong external fields on the molecular structure, stability, and reactivity. We focus on the atomic and molecular (bond) properties of a set of homo- (H2, N2, O2, F2, and Cl2) and heterodiatomic (HF, HCl, CO, and NO) molecules under intense external electric fields in the context of quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM). It is shown that the atomic properties (atomic charges, energies, and localization indices) correlate linearly with the field strengths, but molecular properties (bond length, electron density at the bond critical point, and electron delocalization index) exhibit nonlinear responses to the imposed fields. In particular, the changes in the electron density distribution alter the shapes and locations of the zero-flux surfaces, atomic volumes, atomic electron population, and localization/delocalization indices. The topography and topology of the molecular electrostatic potential undergo dramatic changes. External fields also perturb the covalent-polar-ionic characteristic of the studied chemical bonds, hallmarking the impact of electric fields on the stability and reactivity of chemical compounds. The findings are well-rationalized within the framework of the QTAIM and form a coherent conceptual understanding of these effects in prototypical diatomic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Sowlati-Hashjin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.,The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3M 2J6, Canada
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.,The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.,Department of Applied Mathematics, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Chérif F Matta
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3M 2J6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H,4J3, Canada
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34
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Dittner M, Hartke B. Globally optimal catalytic fields for a Diels-Alder reaction. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:114106. [PMID: 32199410 DOI: 10.1063/1.5142839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous paper [M. Dittner and B. Hartke, J. Chem. Theory Comput. 14, 3547 (2018)], we introduced a preliminary version of our GOCAT (globally optimal catalyst) concept in which electrostatic catalysts are designed for arbitrary reactions by global optimization of distributed point charges that surround the reaction. In this first version, a pre-defined reaction path was kept fixed. This unrealistic assumption allowed for only small catalytic effects. In the present work, we extend our GOCAT framework by a sophisticated and robust on-the-fly reaction path optimization, plus further concomitant algorithm adaptions. This allows smaller and larger excursions from a pre-defined reaction path under the influence of the GOCAT point-charge surrounding, all the way to drastic mechanistic changes. In contrast to the restricted first GOCAT version, this new version is able to address real-life catalysis. We demonstrate this by applying it to the electrostatic catalysis of a prototypical Diels-Alder reaction. Without using any prior information, this procedure re-discovers theoretically and experimentally established features of electrostatic catalysis of this very reaction, including a field-dependent transition from the synchronous, concerted textbook mechanism to a zwitterionic two-step mechanism, and diastereomeric discrimination by suitable electric field components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dittner
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernd Hartke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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35
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Electric field assisted desalination of water using B- and N-doped-graphene sheets: A non-equilibrium molecular dynamics study. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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Ma Z, Nakatani N, Fujii H, Hada M. Effect of External Electric Fields on the Oxidation Reaction of Olefins by Fe(IV)OCl–Porphyrin Complexes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Naoki Nakatani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoyanishi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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37
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Joy J, Stuyver T, Shaik S. Oriented External Electric Fields and Ionic Additives Elicit Catalysis and Mechanistic Crossover in Oxidative Addition Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3836-3850. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyothish Joy
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Thijs Stuyver
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- Algemene Chemie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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38
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Zhang MX, Xu HL, Su ZM. The directions of an external electric field control the catalysis of the hydroboration of C-O unsaturated compounds. RSC Adv 2019; 9:29331-29336. [PMID: 35528393 PMCID: PMC9071821 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03895g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The orientation directions of an external electric field (EEF) in catalyzing chemical reactions are an important factor because they can significantly accelerate reaction activity. In this study, we explored a new anti-Markovnikov hydroboration reaction of C-O unsaturated compounds (e.g., benzaldehyde and benzophenone) with the aim of revealing the dominant direction of EEF in accelerating the reactions, and pinacolborane (HBpin) was selected as an efficient reductant. The calculation results showed that the EEF oriented along the direction of electron pair transform rather than that of the molecular dipole moment could reduce the barrier of the hydroboration of benzaldehyde by 20 kcal mol-1 when the EEF was up to 150 × 10-4 au. Moreover, the Markovnikov hydroboration of aldehyde and ketone was investigated for obtaining the mechanistic-switchover point. Unsatisfactorily, the EEF could just influence the respective barriers without a promising competition with the anti-Markovnikov hydroboration reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xia Zhang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 Jilin People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Liang Xu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 Jilin People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Min Su
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 Jilin People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology Changchun Jilin 130012 P. R. China
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39
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Stuyver T, Danovich D, Joy J, Shaik S. External electric field effects on chemical structure and reactivity. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Stuyver
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University Jerusalem Israel
- Algemene Chemie Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University Jerusalem Israel
| | - Jyothish Joy
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University Jerusalem Israel
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University Jerusalem Israel
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40
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Climent C, Galego J, Garcia‐Vidal FJ, Feist J. Plasmonic Nanocavities Enable Self-Induced Electrostatic Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8698-8702. [PMID: 30969014 PMCID: PMC6973273 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The potential of strong interactions between light and matter remains to be further explored within a chemical context. Towards this end herein we study the electromagnetic interaction between molecules and plasmonic nanocavities. By means of electronic structure calculations, we show that self-induced catalysis emerges without any external stimuli through the interaction of the molecular permanent and fluctuating dipole moments with the plasmonic cavity modes. We also exploit this scheme to modify the transition temperature T1/2 of spin-crossover complexes as an example of how strong light-matter interactions can ultimately be used to control a materials responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clàudia Climent
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC)Universidad Autónoma de Madrid28049MadridSpain
| | - Javier Galego
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC)Universidad Autónoma de Madrid28049MadridSpain
| | - Francisco J. Garcia‐Vidal
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC)Universidad Autónoma de Madrid28049MadridSpain
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC)Universidad Autónoma de Madrid28049MadridSpain
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41
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Stuyver T, Danovich D, De Proft F, Shaik S. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions: Mechanistic Landscape, Electrostatic and Electric-Field Control of Reaction Rates, and Mechanistic Crossovers. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9719-9730. [PMID: 31140274 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the rich mechanistic landscape of the iconic electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reaction class, in the gas phase, in solvents, and under stimulation by oriented external electric fields. The study uses DFT calculations, complemented by a qualitative valence bond (VB) perspective. We construct a comprehensive and unifying framework that elucidates the many surprising mechanistic features, uncovered in recent years, of this class of reactions. For example, one of the puzzling issues which have attracted significant interest recently is the finding of a variety of concerted mechanisms that do not involve the formation of σ-complex intermediates, in apparent contradiction to the generally accepted textbook mechanism. Our VB modeling elucidates the existence of both the concerted and stepwise mechanisms and uncovers the root causes and necessary conditions for the appearance of these intermediates. Furthermore, our VB analysis offers insight into the potential applications of external electric fields as smart, green, and selective catalysts, which can control at will reaction rates, as well as mechanistic crossovers, for this class of reactions. Finally, we highlight how understanding of the electric fields effect on the EAS reaction could lead to the formulation of guiding principles for the design of improved heterogeneous catalysts. Overall, our analysis underscores the powerful synergy offered by combining molecular orbital and VB theory to tackle interesting and challenging mechanistic questions in chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Stuyver
- Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Centre for Computational Quantum Chemistry , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel.,Algemene Chemie , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - David Danovich
- Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Centre for Computational Quantum Chemistry , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
| | - Frank De Proft
- Algemene Chemie , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - Sason Shaik
- Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Centre for Computational Quantum Chemistry , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
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42
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Xiong Y, Luo S, Huang H, Ma Y, Zhang X. Exchange-dependent spin polarized transport and phase transition in a triple monomer molecule. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:11158-11167. [PMID: 31095151 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01350d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular junctions contribute significantly to the fundamental understanding of the quantum information technologies in molecular spintronics. In this paper, with the aid of the state of the art numerical renormalization group method, we find a triple monomer molecule structure with strong electron-electron interactions could be a potential candidate for a multifunctional spin polarizer when an external magnetic field along the z axis is applied. It is demonstrated that the polarizing scenarios depend closely on the inter-orbital exchange couplings, and results in several kinds of spin polarizers, e.g., the unidirectional, the bidirectional, the dual, and the ternary spin polarizers. We show in detail the related phase diagram, and conclude the Zeeman effect and the charge switching for the bonding, anti-bonding and non-bonding orbitals are responsible for the spin polarizing transport. We stress even when the energy levels are chosen beyond the Kondo regime, the structure still shows a promising platform for molecular spintronics components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchen Xiong
- Advanced Functional Material and Photoelectric Technology Research Institution, School of Science, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shijun Luo
- Advanced Functional Material and Photoelectric Technology Research Institution, School of Science, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haiming Huang
- Advanced Functional Material and Photoelectric Technology Research Institution, School of Science, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanan Ma
- Advanced Functional Material and Photoelectric Technology Research Institution, School of Science, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Advanced Functional Material and Photoelectric Technology Research Institution, School of Science, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, People's Republic of China.
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43
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Huang X, Tang C, Li J, Chen LC, Zheng J, Zhang P, Le J, Li R, Li X, Liu J, Yang Y, Shi J, Chen Z, Bai M, Zhang HL, Xia H, Cheng J, Tian ZQ, Hong W. Electric field-induced selective catalysis of single-molecule reaction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw3072. [PMID: 31245539 PMCID: PMC6588380 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw3072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Oriented external electric fields (OEEFs) offer a unique chance to tune catalytic selectivity by orienting the alignment of the electric field along the axis of the activated bond for a specific chemical reaction; however, they remain a key experimental challenge. Here, we experimentally and theoretically investigated the OEEF-induced selective catalysis in a two-step cascade reaction of the Diels-Alder addition followed by an aromatization process. Characterized by the mechanically controllable break junction (MCBJ) technique in the nanogap and confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in bottles, OEEFs are found to selectively catalyze the aromatization reaction by one order of magnitude owing to the alignment of the electric field on the reaction axis. Meanwhile, the Diels-Alder reaction remained unchanged since its reaction axis is orthogonal to the electric fields. This orientation-selective catalytic effect of OEEFs reveals that chemical reactions can be selectively manipulated through the elegant alignment between the electric fields and the reaction axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jieqiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Li-Chuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jueting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jiabo Le
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ruihao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Junyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Corresponding author. (J. Liu); (J.C.); (W.H.)
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhaobin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mindong Bai
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hao-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haiping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Corresponding author. (J. Liu); (J.C.); (W.H.)
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Corresponding author. (J. Liu); (J.C.); (W.H.)
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44
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Climent C, Galego J, Garcia‐Vidal FJ, Feist J. Plasmonic Nanocavities Enable Self‐Induced Electrostatic Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clàudia Climent
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC)Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Javier Galego
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC)Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Francisco J. Garcia‐Vidal
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC)Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC)Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
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45
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Haugland MM, Borsley S, Cairns-Gibson DF, Elmi A, Cockroft SL. Synthetically Diversified Protein Nanopores: Resolving Click Reaction Mechanisms. ACS NANO 2019; 13:4101-4110. [PMID: 30864781 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanopores are emerging as a powerful tool for the investigation of nanoscale processes at the single-molecule level. Here, we demonstrate the methionine-selective synthetic diversification of α-hemolysin (α-HL) protein nanopores and their exploitation as a platform for investigating reaction mechanisms. A wide range of functionalities, including azides, alkynes, nucleotides, and single-stranded DNA, were incorporated into individual pores in a divergent fashion. The ion currents flowing through the modified pores were used to observe the trajectory of a range of azide-alkyne click reactions and revealed several short-lived intermediates in Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne [3 + 2] cycloadditions (CuAAC) at the single-molecule level. Analysis of ion-current fluctuations enabled the populations of species involved in rapidly exchanging equilibria to be determined, facilitating the resolution of several transient intermediates in the CuAAC reaction mechanism. The versatile pore-modification chemistry offers a useful approach for enabling future physical organic investigations of reaction mechanisms at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius M Haugland
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Borsley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , United Kingdom
| | - Dominic F Cairns-Gibson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , United Kingdom
| | - Alex Elmi
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , United Kingdom
| | - Scott L Cockroft
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , United Kingdom
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46
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Wang C, Danovich D, Chen H, Shaik S. Oriented External Electric Fields: Tweezers and Catalysts for Reactivity in Halogen-Bond Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:7122-7136. [PMID: 30945542 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This theoretical study establishes ways of controlling and enabling an uncommon chemical reaction, the displacement reaction, B:---(X-Y) → (B-X)+ + :Y-, which is nascent from a B:---(X-Y) halogen bond (XB) by nucleophilic attack of the base, B:, on the halogen, X. In most of the 14 cases examined, these reactions possess high barriers either in the gas phase (where the X-Y bond dissociates to radicals) or in solvents such as CH2Cl2 and CH3CN (which lead to endothermic processes). Thus, generally, the XB species are trapped in deep minima, and their reactions are not allowed without catalysis. However, when an oriented-external electric field (OEEF) is directed along the B---X---Y reaction axis, the field acts as electric tweezers that orient the XB along the field's axis, and intensely catalyze the process, by tens of kcal/mol, thus rendering the reaction allowed. Flipping the OEEF along the reaction axis inhibits the reaction and weakens the interaction of the XB. Furthermore, at a critical OEEF, each XB undergoes spontaneous and barrier-free reaction. As such, OEEF achieves quite tight control of the structure and reactivity of XB species. Valence bond modeling is used to elucidate the means whereby OEEFs exert their control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 9190407 , Israel.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 9190407 , Israel
| | - Hui Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 9190407 , Israel
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47
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Zhang MX, Zhong RL, Xu HL, Su ZM. Metal-free catalysis for the Markovnikov hydrosilylation of styrene. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04333k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Both the directions of the external electric field oriented along the “bond axis” (FX) and the “reaction axis” (FY) influenced the Markovnikov hydrosilylation of styrene, where the negative FY direction induced the largest effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xia Zhang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
| | - Rong-Lin Zhong
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Liang Xu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
| | - Zhong-Min Su
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
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48
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Ilieva S, Cheshmedzhieva D, Dudev T. Electric field influence on the helical structure of peptides: insights from DFT/PCM computations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:16198-16206. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01542f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The switching of the electric field with a particular directionality could be used for the healing of misfolded proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ilieva
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Sofia University
- Sofia 1164
- Bulgaria
| | | | - Todor Dudev
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Sofia University
- Sofia 1164
- Bulgaria
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Yu
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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50
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Geng C, Weiske T, Li J, Shaik S, Schwarz H. Intrinsic Reactivity of Diatomic 3d Transition-Metal Carbides in the Thermal Activation of Methane: Striking Electronic Structure Effects. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:599-610. [PMID: 30520302 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic aspects of the C-H bond activation of methane by metal-carbide cations MC+ of the 3d transition-metals Sc-Zn were elucidated by NEVPT2//CASSCF quantum-chemical calculations and verified experimentally for M = Ti, V, Fe, and Cu by using Fourier transform ion-cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. While MC+ species with M = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Cu, and Zn activate CH4 at ambient temperature, this is prevented with carbide cations of M = Mn, Fe, and Co by high apparent barriers; NiC+ has a small apparent barrier. Hydrogen-atom transfers from methane to metal-carbide cations were found to proceed via a proton-coupled electron transfer mechanism for M = Sc-Co; wherein the doubly occupied πxz/yz-orbitals between metal and carbon at the carbon site serve as electron donors and the corresponding metal-centered vacant π*xz/yz-orbitals as electron acceptors. Classical hydrogen-atom transfer transpires only in the case of NiC+, while ZnC+ follows a mechanistic scenario, in which a formally hydridic hydrogen is transferred. CuC+ reacts by a synchronous activation of two C-H bonds. While spin density is often so crucial for the reactions of numerous MO+/CH4 couples, it is much less important for the C-H bond activation by carbide cations of the 3d transition-metals, in which one notes large changes in bond dissociation energies, spin states, number of d-electrons, and charge distributions. All these factors jointly affect both the reactivity of the metal carbides and their mechanisms of C-H bond activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Geng
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 115 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Thomas Weiske
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 115 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jilai Li
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun 130023 , People's Republic of China.,Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 115 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , 9190401 Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 115 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
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