1
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Aebisher D, Serafin I, Batóg-Szczęch K, Dynarowicz K, Chodurek E, Kawczyk-Krupka A, Bartusik-Aebisher D. Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Cancer-The Selection of Synthetic Photosensitizers. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:932. [PMID: 39065781 PMCID: PMC11279632 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising cancer treatment method that uses photosensitizing (PS) compounds to selectively destroy tumor cells using laser light. This review discusses the main advantages of PDT, such as its low invasiveness, minimal systemic toxicity and low risk of complications. Special attention is paid to photosensitizers obtained by chemical synthesis. Three generations of photosensitizers are presented, starting with the first, based on porphyrins, through the second generation, including modified porphyrins, chlorins, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and its derivative hexyl aminolevulinate (HAL), to the third generation, which is based on the use of nanotechnology to increase the selectivity of therapy. In addition, current research trends are highlighted, including the search for new photosensitizers that can overcome the limitations of existing therapies, such as heavy-atom-free nonporphyrinoid photosensitizers, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) or photosensitizers with a near-infrared (NIR) absorption peak. Finally, the prospects for the development of PDTs are presented, taking into account advances in nanotechnology and biomedical engineering. The references include both older and newer works. In many cases, when writing about a given group of first- or second-generation photosensitizers, older publications are used because the properties of the compounds described therein have not changed over the years. Moreover, older articles provide information that serves as an introduction to a given group of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Iga Serafin
- Students English Division Science Club, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | | | - Klaudia Dynarowicz
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Ewa Chodurek
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jedności 8 Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Batorego 15 Street, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
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2
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Mentzel P, Holzapfel M, Schmiedel A, Günther J, Michel M, Krummenacher I, Wodyński A, Kaupp M, Braunschweig H, Lambert C. Structure and Photophysics of N-Tolanyl-phenochalcogenazines and their Radical Cations. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303782. [PMID: 38293898 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The study focuses on the structural and photophysical characteristics of neutral and oxidized forms of N-tolanyl-phenochalcogenazines PZX-tolan with X=O, S, Se, and Te. X-ray crystal structure analyses show a pseudo-equatorial (pe) structure of the tolan substituent in the O, S, and Se dyads, while the Te dyad possesses a pseudo-axial (pa) structure. DFT calculations suggest the pe structure for O and S, and the pa structure for Se and Te as stable forms. Steady-state and femtosecond-time resolved optical spectroscopy in toluene solution indicate that the O and S dyads emit from a CT state, whereas the Se and Te dyads emit from a tolan-localized state. The T1 state is tolan-localized in all cases, showing phosphorescence at 77 K. The heavy atom effect of chalcogens induces intersystem crossing from S1 to Tx, resulting in a decreasing S1 lifetime from 2.1 ns to 0.42 ps. The T1 states possess potential for singlet oxygen sensitization with a high quantum yield (ca. 40 %) for the O, S, and Se dyads. Radical cations exhibit spin density primarily localized at the heterocycle. EPR measurements and quasirelativistic DFT calculations reveal a very strong g-tensor anisotropy, supporting the pe structure for the S and Se derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mentzel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schmiedel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Günther
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Michel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Artur Wodyński
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Sekr. C7, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Sekr. C7, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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3
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Bo Y, Zhang H, Li Y, Reva Y, Xie L, Guldi DM. Tuning the Absorption, Fluorescence, Intramolecular Charge Transfer, and Intersystem Crossing in Spiro[fluorene]acridinone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313936. [PMID: 38314965 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we prepared a series of electron donor-acceptor systems based on spiro[fluorene-9,7'-dibenzo[c,h]acridine]-5'-one (SFDBAO). Our SFDBAOs consist of orthogonally positioned fluorenes and aromatic ketones. By fine-tuning the substitution of electron-donating pyrenes, the complex interplay among different excited-state decay channels and the overall impact of solvents on these decay channels were uncovered. Placing pyrene, for example, at the aromatic ketones resulted in a profound solvatochromism in the form of a bright charge-transfer (CT) emission spanning from yellow to red-NIR. In contrast, a dark non-emissive CT was noted upon pyrene substitution at the fluorenes. In apolar solvents, efficient triplet-excited state generation was observed for all SFDBAOs. Either charge transfer was concluded to mediate the intersystem crossing (ISC) in the case of pyrene substitution or the El-Sayed rule was applicable when lacking pyrene substitution as in the case of SFABAO. In polar solvents, charge separation is the sole decay upon pyrene substitution. Moreover, competition between ISC and CT lowered the triplet-excited state generation in SFDBAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Bo
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - He Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Wenyuan Road 9, Nanjing, 210023, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Jiulong Road 111, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yue Li
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Wenyuan Road 9, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yana Reva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Linghai Xie
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Wenyuan Road 9, Nanjing, 210023, China
- School of Flexible Electronics (SoFE), Henan Institute of Flexible Electronics (HIFE), Henan University, Mingli Road 379, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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4
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Dai Y, Dellai A, Bassan E, Bellatreccia C, Gualandi A, Anselmi M, Cozzi PG, Ceroni P, Negri F. Solvent and alkyl substitution effects on charge-transfer mediated triplet state generation in BODIPY dyads: a combined computational and experimental study. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:451-462. [PMID: 38324165 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00530-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor dyads based on BODIPYs have been recently employed to enhance the formation of triplet excited states with the process of spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) which does not require introduction of transition metals or other heavy atoms into the molecule. In this work we compare two donor-acceptor dyads based on meso-naphthalenyl BODIPY by combining experimental and computational investigations. The photophysical and electrochemical characterization reveals a significant effect of alkylation of the BODIPY core, disfavoring the SOCT-ISC mechanism for the ethylated BODIPY dyad. This is complemented with a computational investigation carried out to rationalize the influence of ethyl substituents and solvent effects on the electronic structure and efficiency of triplet state population via charge recombination (CR) from the photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) generated charge-transfer (CT) state. Time dependent-density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations including solvent effects and spin-orbit coupling (SOC) calculations uncover the combined role played by solvent and alkyl substitution on the lateral positions of BODIPY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasi Dai
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela Dellai
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Bassan
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Bellatreccia
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Anselmi
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Cozzi
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Fabrizia Negri
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
- INSTM, UdR Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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5
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Karak P, Moitra T, Banerjee A, Ruud K, Chakrabarti S. Accidental triplet harvesting in donor-acceptor dyads with low spin-orbit coupling. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:5344-5355. [PMID: 38268441 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04904c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
We present an accidental mechanism for efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) between singlet and triplet states with low spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in molecules having donor-acceptor (D-A) moieties separated by a Sigma bond. Our study shows that SOC between the lowest singlet excited state and the higher-lying triplet states, together with nuclear motion-driven coupling of this triplet state with lower-lying triplet states during the free rotation about a Sigma bond, is one of the possible ways to achieve the experimentally observed ISC rate for a class of D-A type photoredox catalysts. This mechanism is found to be the dominant contributor to the ISC process with the corresponding rate reaching a maximum at a dihedral angle in the range of 72°-78° between the D-A moieties of 10-(naphthalen-1-yl)-3,7-diphenyl-10H-phenoxazine and other molecules included in the study. We have further demonstrated that the same mechanism is operative in a specific spirobis[anthracene]dione molecule, where the D and A moieties are interlocked near to the optimal dihedral angle, indicating the plausible effectiveness of the proposed mechanism. The present finding is expected to have implications in strategies for the synthesis of new generations of triplet-harvesting organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pijush Karak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C Road, Kolkata - 700009, West Bengal, India.
| | - Torsha Moitra
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Ambar Banerjee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, X-ray Photon Science, Uppsala University, Ångströmlaboratoriet, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Kenneth Ruud
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, P.O.Box 25, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Swapan Chakrabarti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C Road, Kolkata - 700009, West Bengal, India.
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6
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Wang Z, Wu C, Liu W. Toward the Rational Design of Organic Catalysts for Organocatalysed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerisation. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:323. [PMID: 38337212 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Thanks to their diversity, organic photocatalysts (PCs) have been widely used in manufacturing polymeric products with well-defined molecular weights, block sequences, and architectures. Still, however, more universal property-performance relationships are needed to enable the rational design of such PCs. That is, a set of unique descriptors ought to be identified to represent key properties of the PCs relevant for polymerisation. Previously, the redox potentials of excited PCs (PC*) were used as a good descriptor for characterising very structurally similar PCs. However, it fails to elucidate PCs with diverse chromophore cores and ligands, among which those used for polymerisation are a good representative. As showcased by model systems of organocatalysed atom transfer radical polymerisation (O-ATRP), new universal descriptors accounting for additional factors, such as the binding and density overlap between the PC* and initiator, are proposed and proved to be successful in elucidating the experimental performances of PCs in polymerisation. While O-ATRP is exemplified here, the approach adopted is general for studying other photocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Wang
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chenyu Wu
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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7
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Puffer KO, Corbin DA, Miyake GM. Impact of Alkyl Core Substitution Kinetics in Diaryl Dihydrophenazine Photoredox Catalysts on Properties and Performance in O-ATRP. ACS Catal 2023; 13:14042-14051. [PMID: 38883439 PMCID: PMC11178316 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c04060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) is a controlled radical polymerization method mediated by organic photoredox catalysts (PCs) for producing polymers with well-defined structures. While N,N-diaryl dihydrophenazine PCs have successfully produced polymers with low dispersity (Đ < 1.3) in O-ATRP, low initiator efficiencies (I* ~ 60-80%) indicate an inability to achieve targeted molecular weights and have been attributed to the addition of radicals to the PC core. In this work, we measure the rates of alkyl core substitution (AkCS) to gain insight into why PCs differing in N-aryl group connectivity exhibit differences in polymerization control. Additionally, we evaluate how PC properties evolve during O-ATRP when a non-core-substituted PC is used. PC 1 with 1-naphthyl groups in the N-aryl position resulted in faster AkCS (k 1 = 1.21 ± 0.16 × 10-3 s-1, k 2 = 2.04 ± 0.11 × 10-3 s-1) and better polymerization control at early reaction times as indicated by plots of molecular weight (number average molecular weight = M n) vs conversion compared to PC 2 with 2-naphthyl groups (k 1 = 6.28 ± 0.38 × 10-4 s-1, k 2 = 1.15 ± 0.07 × 10-3 s-1). The differences in rates indicate that N-aryl connectivity can influence polymerization control by changing the rate of AkCS PC formation. The rate of AkCS increased from the initial to the second substitution, suggesting that PC properties are modified by AkCS. Increased PC radical cation (PC•+) oxidation potentials (E 1/2 = 0.26-0.27 V vs SCE) or longer triplet excited-state lifetimes (τ T1 = 1.4-33 μs) for AkCS PCs 1b and 2b compared to parent PCs 1 and 2 (E 1/2 = 0.21-0.22 V vs SCE, τ T1 = 0.61-3.3 μs) were observed and may explain changes to PC performance with AkCS. Insight from evaluation of the formation, properties, and performance of AkCS PCs will facilitate their use in O-ATRP and in other PC-driven organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine O Puffer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Daniel A Corbin
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Garret M Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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8
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Pfund B, Hutskalova V, Sparr C, Wenger OS. Isoacridone dyes with parallel reactivity from both singlet and triplet excited states for biphotonic catalysis and upconversion. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11180-11191. [PMID: 37860649 PMCID: PMC10583676 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02768f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-based photosensitizers commonly undergo quantitative intersystem crossing into photoactive triplet excited states. In contrast, organic photosensitizers often feature weak spin-orbit coupling and low intersystem crossing efficiencies, leading to photoactive singlet excited states. By modifying the well-known acridinium dyes, we obtained a new family of organic photocatalysts, the isoacridones, in which both singlet- and triplet-excited states are simultaneously photoactive. These new isoacridone dyes are synthetically readily accessible and show intersystem crossing efficiencies of up to 52%, forming microsecond-lived triplet excited states (T1), storing approximately 1.9 eV of energy. Their photoactive singlet excited states (S1) populated in parallel have only nanosecond lifetimes, but store ∼0.4 eV more energy and act as strong oxidants. Consequently, the new isoacridone dyes are well suited for applications requiring parallel triplet-triplet energy transfer and photoinduced electron transfer elementary steps, which have become increasingly important in modern photocatalysis. In proof-of-principle experiments, the isoacridone dyes were employed for Birch-type arene reductions and C-C couplings via sensitization-initiated electron transfer, substituting the commonly used iridium or ruthenium based photocatalysts. Further, in combination with a pyrene-based annihilator, sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion was achieved in an all-organic system, where the upconversion quantum yield correlated with the intersystem crossing quantum yield of the photosensitizer. This work seems relevant in the greater contexts of developing new applications that utilize biphotonic photophysical and photochemical behavior within metal-free systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Pfund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Valeriia Hutskalova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Christof Sparr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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9
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Chrisman CH, Kudisch M, Puffer KO, Stewart TK, Lamb YML, Lim CH, Escobar R, Thordarson P, Johannes JW, Miyake GM. Halide Noninnocence and Direct Photoreduction of Ni(II) Enables Coupling of Aryl Chlorides in Dual Catalytic, Carbon-Heteroatom Bond-Forming Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:12293-12304. [PMID: 37204458 PMCID: PMC10786213 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent mechanistic studies of dual photoredox/Ni-catalyzed, light-driven cross-coupling reactions have found that the photocatalyst (PC) operates through either reductive quenching or energy transfer cycles. To date, reports invoking oxidative quenching cycles are comparatively rare and direct observation of such a quenching event has not been reported. However, when PCs with highly reducing excited states are used (e.g., Ir(ppy)3), photoreduction of Ni(II) to Ni(I) is thermodynamically feasible. Recently, a unified reaction system using Ir(ppy)3 was developed for forming C-O, C-N, and C-S bonds under the same conditions, a prospect that is challenging with PCs that can photooxidize these nucleophiles. Herein, in a detailed mechanistic study of this system, we observe oxidative quenching of the PC (Ir(ppy)3 or a phenoxazine) via nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Speciation studies support that a mixture of Ni-bipyridine complexes forms under the reaction conditions, and the rate constant for photoreduction increases when more than one ligand is bound. Oxidative addition of an aryl iodide was observed indirectly via oxidation of the resulting iodide by Ir(IV)(ppy)3. Intriguingly, the persistence of the Ir(IV)/Ni(I) ion pair formed in the oxidative quenching step was found to be necessary to simulate the observed kinetics. Both bromide and iodide anions were found to reduce the oxidized form of the PC back to its neutral state. These mechanistic insights inspired the addition of a chloride salt additive, which was found to alter Ni speciation, leading to a 36-fold increase in the initial turnover frequency, enabling the coupling of aryl chlorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron H Chrisman
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Max Kudisch
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Katherine O Puffer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Trevor K Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Yisrael M L Lamb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, Colorado 81301, United States
| | - Chern-Hooi Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- New Iridium LLC, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Randolph Escobar
- Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Pall Thordarson
- School of Chemistry, The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the UNSW RNA Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeffrey W Johannes
- Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Garret M Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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10
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Bortolato T, Simionato G, Vayer M, Rosso C, Paoloni L, Benetti EM, Sartorel A, Lebœuf D, Dell’Amico L. The Rational Design of Reducing Organophotoredox Catalysts Unlocks Proton-Coupled Electron-Transfer and Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Mechanisms. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1835-1846. [PMID: 36608266 PMCID: PMC9881005 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis has become a prominent tool in the arsenal of organic chemists to develop and (re)imagine transformations. However, only a handful of versatile organic photocatalysts (PCs) are available, hampering the discovery of new reactivities. Here, we report the design and complete physicochemical characterization of 9-aryl dihydroacridines (9ADA) and 12-aryl dihydrobenzoacridines (12ADBA) as strong reducing organic PCs. Punctual structural variations modulate their molecular orbital distributions and unlock locally or charge-transfer (CT) excited states. The PCs presenting a locally excited state showed better performances in photoredox defunctionalization processes (yields up to 92%), whereas the PCs featuring a CT excited state produced promising results in atom transfer radical polymerization under visible light (up to 1.21 Đ, and 98% I*). Unlike all the PC classes reported so far, 9ADA and 12ADBA feature a free NH group that enables a catalytic multisite proton-coupled electron transfer (MS-PCET) mechanism. This manifold allows the reduction of redox-inert substrates including aryl, alkyl halides, azides, phosphate and ammonium salts (Ered up to -2.83 vs SCE) under single-photon excitation. We anticipate that these new PCs will open new mechanistic manifolds in the field of photocatalysis by allowing access to previously inaccessible radical intermediates under one-photon excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Bortolato
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Simionato
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Marie Vayer
- Institut
de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires
(ISIS), CNRS UMR 7006, Université
de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000Strasbourg, France
| | - Cristian Rosso
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Paoloni
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, University
of Padova, Via Marzolo
8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Edmondo M. Benetti
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - David Lebœuf
- Institut
de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires
(ISIS), CNRS UMR 7006, Université
de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000Strasbourg, France,E-mail:
| | - Luca Dell’Amico
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy,E-mail:
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11
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Wu X, Zhu Z, Liu Z, Li X, Zhou T, Zhao X, Wang Y, Shi Y, Yu Q, Zhu WH, Wang Q. Tricyano-Methylene-Pyridine Based High-Performance Aggregation-Induced Emission Photosensitizer for Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227981. [PMID: 36432090 PMCID: PMC9697965 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitizers equipped with high reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capability and bright emission are essential for accurate tumor imaging and precise photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, traditional aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) photosensitizers cannot simultaneously produce desirable ROS and bright fluorescence, resulting in poor image-guided therapy effect. Herein, we report an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) photosensitizer TCM-Ph with a strong donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) structure, which greatly separates the HOMO-LUMO distribution and reduces the ΔEST, thereby increasing the number of triplet excitons and producing more ROS. The AIE photosensitizer TCM-Ph has bright near-infrared emission, as well as a higher ROS generation capacity than the commercial photosensitizers Bengal Rose (RB) and Chlorine e6 (Ce6), and can effectively eliminate cancer cells under image guidance. Therefore, the AIE photosensitizer TCM-Ph has great potential to replace the commercial photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xupeng Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhirong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhenxing Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tijian Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhao
- Research Center of Resources and Environment, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou 213032, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yiqi Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qianqian Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei-Hong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Correspondence:
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12
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Dual electronic effects achieving a high-performance Ni(II) pincer catalyst for CO 2 photoreduction in a noble-metal-free system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2119267119. [PMID: 35998222 PMCID: PMC9436338 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2119267119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A carbazolide-bis(NHC) NiII catalyst (1; NHC, N-heterocyclic carbene) for selective CO2 photoreduction was designed herein by a one-stone-two-birds strategy. The extended π-conjugation and the strong σ/π electron-donation characteristics (two birds) of the carbazolide fragment (one stone) lead to significantly enhanced activity for photoreduction of CO2 to CO. The turnover number (TON) and turnover frequency (TOF) of 1 were ninefold and eightfold higher than those of the reported pyridinol-bis(NHC) NiII complex at the same catalyst concentration using an identical Ir photosensitizer, respectively, with a selectivity of ∼100%. More importantly, an organic dye was applied to displace the Ir photosensitizer to develop a noble-metal-free photocatalytic system, which maintained excellent performance and obtained an outstanding quantum yield of 11.2%. Detailed investigations combining experimental and computational studies revealed the catalytic mechanism, which highlights the potential of the one-stone-two-birds effect.
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13
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Corbin DA, Cremer C, Newell BS, Patureau FW, Miyake G, Puffer KO. Effects of the Chalcogenide Identity in N‐Aryl Phenochalcogenazine Photoredox Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2022; 14:e202200485. [PMID: 36245968 PMCID: PMC9541587 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Phenochalcogenazines such as phenoxazines and phenothiazines have been widely employed as photoredox catalysts (PCs) in small molecule and polymer synthesis. However, the effect of the chalcogenide in these catalysts has not been fully investigated. In this work, a series of four phenochalcogenazines is synthesized to understand how the chalcogenide impacts catalyst properties and performance. Increasing the size of the chalcogenide is found to distort the PC structure, ultimately impacting the properties of each PC. For example, larger chalcogenides destabilize the PC radical cation, possibly resulting in catalyst degradation. In addition, PCs with larger chalcogenides experience increased reorganization during electron transfer, leading to slower electron transfer. Ultimately, catalyst performance is evaluated in organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization and a photooxidation reaction for C(sp2)−N coupling. Results from these experiments highlight that a balance of PC properties is most beneficial for catalysis, including a long‐lived excited state, a stable radical cation, and a low reorganization energy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Cremer
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Institute of Organic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Brian S. Newell
- Colorado State University Analytical Resources Core UNITED STATES
| | - Frederic W. Patureau
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Instit GERMANY
| | - Garret Miyake
- Colorado State University Chemistry and Biochemistry 301 W. Pitkin Street215 UCB80523United States 80523 Fort Collins UNITED STATES
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14
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Wu C, Corrigan N, Lim CH, Liu W, Miyake G, Boyer C. Rational Design of Photocatalysts for Controlled Polymerization: Effect of Structures on Photocatalytic Activities. Chem Rev 2022; 122:5476-5518. [PMID: 34982536 PMCID: PMC9815102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the use of photocatalysts (PCs) in controlled polymerization has brought new opportunities in sophisticated macromolecular synthesis. However, the selection of PCs in these systems has been typically based on laborious trial-and-error strategies. To tackle this limitation, computer-guided rational design of PCs based on knowledge of structure-property-performance relationships has emerged. These rational strategies provide rapid and economic methodologies for tuning the performance and functionality of a polymerization system, thus providing further opportunities for polymer science. This review provides an overview of PCs employed in photocontrolled polymerization systems and summarizes their progression from early systems to the current state-of-the-art. Background theories on electronic transitions are also introduced to establish the structure-property-performance relationships from a perspective of quantum chemistry. Typical examples for each type of structure-property relationships are then presented to enlighten future design of PCs for photocontrolled polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Wu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | | | - Chern-Hooi Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- New Iridium Incorporated, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Garret Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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15
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Kientz M, Lowe G, McCarthy BG, Miyake GM, Bonin J, Robert M. Phenoxazine Sensitized CO2‐to‐CO Reduction with an Iron Porphyrin Catalyst: A Redox Properties‐Catalytic Performance Study. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kientz
- Université de Paris Faculté Sociétés et Humanités: Universite de Paris Faculte Societes et Humanites Chemistry FRANCE
| | - Grace Lowe
- Université de Paris Faculté Sociétés et Humanités: Universite de Paris Faculte Societes et Humanites Chemistry FRANCE
| | | | | | - Julien Bonin
- Université de Paris Chemistry Laboratoire d'Electrochimie MoléculaireUMR 7591 - Bât. Lavoisier15 Rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf 75205 Paris Cedex 13 FRANCE
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16
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Corbin DA, Miyake GM. Photoinduced Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (O-ATRP): Precision Polymer Synthesis Using Organic Photoredox Catalysis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:1830-1874. [PMID: 34842426 PMCID: PMC9815475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of photoinduced organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) has received considerable attention since its introduction in 2014. Expanding on many of the advantages of traditional ATRP, O-ATRP allows well-defined polymers to be produced under mild reaction conditions using organic photoredox catalysts. As a result, O-ATRP has opened access to a range of sensitive applications where the use of a metal catalyst could be of concern, such as electronics, certain biological applications, and the polymerization of coordinating monomers. However, key limitations of this method remain and necessitate further investigation to continue the development of this field. As such, this review details the achievements made to-date as well as future research directions that will continue to expand the capabilities and application landscape of O-ATRP.
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17
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Wang X, Pan G, Ren H, Li J, Xu B, Tian W. Reversible Photoswitching between Fluorescence and Room Temperature Phosphorescence by Manipulating Excited State Dynamics in Molecular Aggregates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Qianjin Street No. 2699 Changchun 130012 China
| | - Guocui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Qianjin Street No. 2699 Changchun 130012 China
| | - Haoxuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Qianjin Street No. 2699 Changchun 130012 China
| | - Jiashu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Qianjin Street No. 2699 Changchun 130012 China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Qianjin Street No. 2699 Changchun 130012 China
| | - Wenjing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Qianjin Street No. 2699 Changchun 130012 China
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18
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Lv M, Lu X, Jiang Y, Sandoval‐Salinas ME, Casanova D, Sun H, Sun Z, Xu J, Yang Y, Chen J. Near‐Unity Triplet Generation Promoted via Spiro‐Conjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Xicun Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism School of Pharmacy Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yanrong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - María E. Sandoval‐Salinas
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 Donostia, Euskadi Spain
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB) Universitat de Barcelona 08028 Barcelona, Catalunya Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 Donostia, Euskadi Spain
- IKERBASQUE—Basque Foundation for Science 48009 Bilbao, Euskadi Spain
| | - Haitao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Zhenrong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Jianhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics Shanxi University Taiyuan Shanxi 030006 China
| | - Youjun Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism School of Pharmacy Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jinquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics Shanxi University Taiyuan Shanxi 030006 China
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19
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Wu Z, Jung K, Wu C, Ng G, Wang L, Liu J, Boyer C. Selective Photoactivation of Trithiocarbonates Mediated by Metal Naphthalocyanines and Overcoming Activation Barriers Using Thermal Energy. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:995-1005. [PMID: 35005982 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metal naphthalocyanines (MNcs) were demonstrated to be efficient photocatalysts to activate photoinduced electron-transfer reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization, enabling well-controlled polymerization of (meth)acrylates under near-infrared (λ = 780 nm) light. Owing to their lower redox potential compared to previously explored photocatalysts, the activation of trithiocarbonate RAFT agents exhibited a unique selectivity that was dependent on the nature of the R group. Specifically, MNcs were capable in activating tertiary R group trithiocarbonates, whereas no activation of the trithiocarbonate possessing a secondary R group was observed. The combination of density functional theory calculations and experimental studies have revealed new mechanistic insights into the factors governing a PET-RAFT mechanism and explained this unique selectivity of MNcs toward tertiary carbon trithiocarbonates. Interestingly, by increasing the reaction temperature moderately (i.e., ∼15 °C), the energy barrier prohibiting the photoactivation of the trithiocarbonate with a secondary R group was overcome, enabling their successful activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for Graphene Applied Technology Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.,Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Kenward Jung
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Chenyu Wu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Gervase Ng
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for Graphene Applied Technology Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jingquan Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for Graphene Applied Technology Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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20
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Wang X, Pan G, Ren H, Li J, Xu B, Tian W. Reversible Photoswitching between Fluorescence and Room Temperature Phosphorescence by Manipulating Excited State Dynamics in Molecular Aggregates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114264. [PMID: 34850516 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of fluorescence-phosphorescence pathways in organic molecular aggregate remains a challenge due to the complicated singlet-triplet excited state dynamics process. Herein, we demonstrated a successful example (o-BFT) to realize photoreversible fluorescence and room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) switching based on an effective strategy of integrating a phosphor (dibenzofuran) with a photoswitch (dithienylbenzothiophene). o-BFT exhibited dual emission of fluorescence and RTP in both powder and doping polymer film. Notably, the long-lived RTP of o-BFT could be repeatedly erased and restored through reversible photocyclization and decyclization under alternate ultraviolet and visible photoirradiation. In-depth theoretical and spectroscopic investigations revealed that the triplet inactivation was dominated by a photo-controlled triplet-to-singlet Förster resonance energy transfer from light-activated o-BFT to photoisomer c-BFT. Yet, the initial fluorescence could be preserved in this process to afford a photoreversible fluorescence-RTP switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No. 2699, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Guocui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No. 2699, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Haoxuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No. 2699, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jiashu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No. 2699, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No. 2699, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Wenjing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No. 2699, Changchun, 130012, China
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21
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Godin R, Durrant JR. Dynamics of photoconversion processes: the energetic cost of lifetime gain in photosynthetic and photovoltaic systems. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:13372-13409. [PMID: 34786578 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00577d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The continued development of solar energy conversion technologies relies on an improved understanding of their limitations. In this review, we focus on a comparison of the charge carrier dynamics underlying the function of photovoltaic devices with those of both natural and artificial photosynthetic systems. The solar energy conversion efficiency is determined by the product of the rate of generation of high energy species (charges for solar cells, chemical fuels for photosynthesis) and the energy contained in these species. It is known that the underlying kinetics of the photophysical and charge transfer processes affect the production yield of high energy species. Comparatively little attention has been paid to how these kinetics are linked to the energy contained in the high energy species or the energy lost in driving the forward reactions. Here we review the operational parameters of both photovoltaic and photosynthetic systems to highlight the energy cost of extending the lifetime of charge carriers to levels that enable function. We show a strong correlation between the energy lost within the device and the necessary lifetime gain, even when considering natural photosynthesis alongside artificial systems. From consideration of experimental data across all these systems, the emprical energetic cost of each 10-fold increase in lifetime is 87 meV. This energetic cost of lifetime gain is approx. 50% greater than the 59 meV predicted from a simple kinetic model. Broadly speaking, photovoltaic devices show smaller energy losses compared to photosynthetic devices due to the smaller lifetime gains needed. This is because of faster charge extraction processes in photovoltaic devices compared to the complex multi-electron, multi-proton redox reactions that produce fuels in photosynthetic devices. The result is that in photosynthetic systems, larger energetic costs are paid to overcome unfavorable kinetic competition between the excited state lifetime and the rate of interfacial reactions. We apply this framework to leading examples of photovoltaic and photosynthetic devices to identify kinetic sources of energy loss and identify possible strategies to reduce this energy loss. The kinetic and energetic analyses undertaken are applicable to both photovoltaic and photosynthetic systems allowing for a holistic comparison of both types of solar energy conversion approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Godin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada. .,Clean Energy Research Center, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Okanagan Institute for Biodiversity, Resilience, and Ecosystem Services, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James R Durrant
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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22
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Lv M, Lu X, Jiang Y, Sandoval-Salinas ME, Casanova D, Sun H, Sun Z, Xu J, Yang Y, Chen J. Near-Unity Triplet Generation Promoted via Spiro-Conjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113190. [PMID: 34791747 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
An intersystem crossing (ISC) rate constant of 1.0×1011 s-1 was previously registered with a spiro-bis-benzophenone scaffold. Triplet generation efficiency could be further enhanced by stabilizing the spiro-charge-transfer (CT) state and rationally designing spiro-compounds (SCTs) that consist of electron-rich diphenyl ether as the spiro-CT donor and electron-deficient dinaphthyl ketone as the spiro-CT acceptor. Through fine-tuning of the energy level between the CT and high energy triplet states, near-unity triplet generation quantum yield was achieved and the underlying ISC mechanism is revealed by using ultrafast spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. Potential triplet sensitizing application was demonstrated in SCTs. Our findings suggest that a spiro-bichromophoric molecular system with an enhanced spiro-charge transfer warrants efficient triplet generation and is a powerful strategy of heavy-atom-free triplet sensitizers with predictable ISC properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xicun Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yanrong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - María E Sandoval-Salinas
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,IKERBASQUE-Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Haitao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Zhenrong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jianhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Youjun Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jinquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
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23
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Cheng J, Huang L, Xiao H, Jiang S. One-Pot Transformation of Hypervalent Iodines into Diversified Phenoxazine Analogues as Promising Photocatalysts. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15792-15799. [PMID: 34648296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A facile and efficient quinoline-fused 4H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazine has been successfully fabricated through an oxidative O-arylation, Pd-catalyzed double N-arylation of 4-hydroxyquinoline derivatives and trivalent aryl iodides. Diversified fused heterocycles could be easily constructed in overall high isolated yields with great substrate scope. The afforded heteroatom-"doped" phenoxazine 3 demonstrated high molar absorptivities and excellent stability and redox reversibility. These phenoxazine analogues therefore could be utilized as promising catalysts in the photoredox catalyzed perfluoroalkylation of heteroarenes and photopromoted radical polymerization (OATRP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Liangsen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Hongxiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Shulin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
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24
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Chen S, Li YN, Xiang SH, Li S, Tan B. Electrochemical phenothiazination of naphthylamines and its application in photocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8512-8515. [PMID: 34351332 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03276c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
N-Phenylphenothiazine as an inexpensive, highly reductive and oxygen tolerant organophotocatalyst has exhibited potential in various challenging photochemical transformations. Here we report a general and straightforward method to access structurally diverse N-phenylphenothiazine derivatives by means of a novel electrochemical tool. The introduction of a 2-naphthylamine moiety with an extended π-system and an amine group led to the variation of spectral characterization. Photochemical verification experiments demonstrated that the formed N-arylation products with good efficacy and chemo/site-control displayed competitive catalytic activity in challenging transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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25
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Wang X, Martínez-Fernández L, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Improta R, Kohler B, Xu J, Chen J. Solvent-Dependent Stabilization of a Charge Transfer State is the Key to Ultrafast Triplet State Formation in an Epigenetic DNA Nucleoside. Chemistry 2021; 27:10932-10940. [PMID: 33860588 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
2'-Deoxy-5-formylcytidine (5fdCyd), a naturally occurring nucleoside found in mammalian DNA and mitochondrial RNA, exhibits important epigenetic functionality in biological processes. Because it efficiently generates triplet excited states, it is an endogenous photosensitizer capable of damaging DNA, but the intersystem crossing (ISC) mechanism responsible for ultrafast triplet state generation is poorly understood. In this study, time-resolved mid-IR spectroscopy and quantum mechanical calculations reveal the distinct ultrafast ISC mechanisms of 5fdCyd in water versus acetonitrile. Our experiment indicates that in water, ISC to triplet states occurs within 1 ps after 285 nm excitation. PCM-TD-DFT computations suggest that this ultrafast ISC is mediated by a singlet state with significant cytosine-to-formyl charge-transfer (CT) character. In contrast, ISC in acetonitrile proceeds via a dark 1 nπ* state with a lifetime of ∼3 ps. CT-induced ISC is not favored in acetonitrile because reaching the minimum of the gateway CT state is hampered by intramolecular hydrogen bonding, which enforces planarity between the aldehyde group and the aromatic group. Our study provides a comprehensive picture of the non-radiative decay of 5fdCyd in solution and new insights into the factors governing ISC in biomolecules. We propose that the intramolecular CT state observed here is a key to the excited-state dynamics of epigenetic nucleosides with modified exocyclic functional groups, paving the way to study their effects in DNA strands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Lara Martínez-Fernández
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IADCHEM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yuyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Roberto Improta
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy
| | - Bern Kohler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Jianhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China
| | - Jinquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China
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26
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Zhang Y, Jiang D, Fang Z, Zhu N, Sun N, He W, Liu C, Zhao L, Guo K. Photomediated core modification of organic photoredox catalysts in radical addition: mechanism and applications. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9432-9441. [PMID: 34349917 PMCID: PMC8279010 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02258j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dihydrophenazines and their analogues have been widely used as strong reducing photoredox catalysts in radical chemistry, such as organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP). However, when dihydrophenazines were employed as organic photoredox catalysts (OPCs) to mediate O-ATRP, the initiator efficiency was nonquantitative due to cross-coupling between dihydrophenazines and radical species. Here, a new kind of core modification for dihydrophenazines, phenoxazines and phenothiazines was developed through this cross-coupling process. Mechanistic studies suggested that the radical species would be more likely to couple with OPC' radical cations rather than the ground-state OPC. Core modification of OPCs could stabilize the radical ions in an oxidative quenching catalytic cycle. Significantly, core modifications of OPCs could lower the energy of light required for photoexcitation. Compared with their noncore-modified counterparts, all the core-modified dihydrophenazines and phenoxazines exhibited efficient performance in controlling O-ATRP for the synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate) with higher initiator efficiencies under the irradiation of simulated sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China +86 2558139901 +86 25581399301
| | - Dandan Jiang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China +86 2558139901 +86 25581399301
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Ning Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China +86 2558139901 +86 25581399301
| | - Naixian Sun
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China +86 2558139901 +86 25581399301
| | - Wei He
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China +86 2558139901 +86 25581399301
| | - Chengkou Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China +86 2558139901 +86 25581399301
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China +86 2558139901 +86 25581399301
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China
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27
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Tong Y, Liu Y, Chen Q, Mo Y, Ma Y. Long-Lived Triplet Excited-State Bichromophoric Iridium Photocatalysts for Controlled Photo-Mediated Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Tong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yitian Mo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuguo Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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28
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Sneha M, Bhattacherjee A, Lewis-Borrell L, Clark IP, Orr-Ewing AJ. Structure-Dependent Electron Transfer Rates for Dihydrophenazine, Phenoxazine, and Phenothiazine Photoredox Catalysts Employed in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7840-7854. [PMID: 34237215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Organic photocatalysts (PCs) are gaining popularity in applications of photoredox catalysis, but few studies have explored their modus operandi. We report a detailed mechanistic investigation of the electron transfer activation step of organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) involving electronically excited organic PCs and a radical initiator, methyl 2-bromopropionate (MBP). This study compares nine N-aryl modified PCs possessing dihydrophenazine, phenoxazine, or phenothiazine core chromophores. Transient electronic and vibrational absorption spectroscopies over subpicosecond to nanosecond and microsecond time intervals, respectively, track spectroscopic signatures of both the reactants and products of photoinduced electron transfer in N,N-dimethylformamide, dichloromethane, and toluene solutions. The rate coefficients for electron transfer exhibit a range of values up to ∼1010 M-1 s-1 influenced systematically by the PC structures. These rate coefficients are an order of magnitude smaller for catalysts with charge transfer character in their first excited singlet (S1) or triplet (T1) states than for photocatalysts with locally excited character. The latter species show nearly diffusion-limited rate coefficients for the electron transfer to MBP. The derived kinetic parameters are used to model the contributions to electron transfer from the S1 state of each PC for different concentrations of MBP. Comparisons of singlet and triplet reactivity for one of the phenoxazine PCs reveal that the rate coefficient kET(T1) = (2.7 ± 0.3) × 107 M-1 s-1 for electron transfer from the T1 state is 2 orders of magnitude lower than that from the S1 state, kET(S1) = (2.6 ± 0.4) × 109 M-1 s-1. The trends in bimolecular electron transfer rate coefficients are accounted for using a modified Marcus theory for dissociative electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Sneha
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Aditi Bhattacherjee
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Luke Lewis-Borrell
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Ian P Clark
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Andrew J Orr-Ewing
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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29
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Buglak AA, Charisiadis A, Sheehan A, Kingsbury CJ, Senge MO, Filatov MA. Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship Modelling for the Prediction of Singlet Oxygen Generation by Heavy-Atom-Free BODIPY Photosensitizers*. Chemistry 2021; 27:9934-9947. [PMID: 33876842 PMCID: PMC8362084 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heavy-atom-free sensitizers forming long-living triplet excited states via the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) process have recently attracted attention due to their potential to replace costly transition metal complexes in photonic applications. The efficiency of SOCT-ISC in BODIPY donor-acceptor dyads, so far the most thoroughly investigated class of such sensitizers, can be finely tuned by structural modification. However, predicting the triplet state yields and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation quantum yields for such compounds in a particular solvent is still very challenging due to a lack of established quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) models. In this work, the available data on singlet oxygen generation quantum yields (ΦΔ ) for a dataset containing >70 heavy-atom-free BODIPY in three different solvents (toluene, acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran) were analyzed. In order to build reliable QSPR model, a series of new BODIPYs were synthesized that bear different electron donating aryl groups in the meso position, their optical and structural properties were studied along with the solvent dependence of singlet oxygen generation, which confirmed the formation of triplet states via the SOCT-ISC mechanism. For the combined dataset of BODIPY structures, a total of more than 5000 quantum-chemical descriptors was calculated including quantum-chemical descriptors using density functional theory (DFT), namely M06-2X functional. QSPR models predicting ΦΔ values were developed using multiple linear regression (MLR), which perform significantly better than other machine learning methods and show sufficient statistical parameters (R=0.88-0.91 and q2 =0.62-0.69) for all three solvents. A small root mean squared error of 8.2 % was obtained for ΦΔ values predicted using MLR model in toluene. As a result, we proved that QSPR and machine learning techniques can be useful for predicting ΦΔ values in different media and virtual screening of new heavy-atom-free BODIPYs with improved photosensitizing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Buglak
- Faculty of PhysicsSaint-Petersburg State UniversityUniversiteteskaya Emb. 7–9199034St. PetersburgRussia
| | - Asterios Charisiadis
- Chair of Organic Chemistry School of Chemistry Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College Dublin The University of Dublin152-160Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
| | - Aimee Sheehan
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesTechnological University DublinCity Campus, Kevin StreetDublin 8Ireland
| | - Christopher J. Kingsbury
- Chair of Organic Chemistry School of Chemistry Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College Dublin The University of Dublin152-160Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS)Technical University of MunichLichtenberg-Str. 2a85748GarchingGermany
| | - Mikhail A. Filatov
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesTechnological University DublinCity Campus, Kevin StreetDublin 8Ireland
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30
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Zhang Z, Chen W, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Tian Y, Fang L, Ba X. Photoredox Organocatalysts with Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence for Visible-Light-Driven Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Weiping Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yuewei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yuelan Tian
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Liping Fang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Xinwu Ba
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
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31
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Corbin DA, McCarthy BG, van de Lindt Z, Miyake GM. Radical Cations of Phenoxazine and Dihydrophenazine Photoredox Catalysts and Their Role as Deactivators in Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2021; 54:4726-4738. [PMID: 34483367 PMCID: PMC8411649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Radical cations of photoredox catalysts used in organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) have been synthesized and investigated to gain insight into deactivation in O-ATRP. The stability and reactivity of these compounds were studied in two solvents, N,N-dimethylacetamide and ethyl acetate, to identify possible side reactions in O-ATRP and to investigate the ability of these radical cations to deactivate alkyl radicals. A number of other factors that could influence deactivation in O-ATRP were also probed, such as ion pairing with the radical cations, radical cation oxidation potential, and halide oxidation potential. Ultimately, these studies enabled radical cations to be employed as reagents during O-ATRP to demonstrate improvements in polymerization control with increasing radical cation concentrations. In the polymerization of acrylates, this approach enabled superior molecular weight control, a decrease in polymer dispersity from 1.90 to 1.44, and an increase in initiator efficiency from 78 to 102%. This work highlights the importance of understanding the mechanism and side reactions of O-ATRP, as well as the importance of catalyst radical cations for successful O-ATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Corbin
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Blaine G McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Zach van de Lindt
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Garret M Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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32
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Qiu W, Cai X, Li M, Chen Z, Wang L, Xie W, Liu K, Liu M, Su SJ. Achieving Purely Organic Room-Temperature Phosphorescence Mediated by a Host-Guest Charge Transfer State. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:4600-4608. [PMID: 33971716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Strategies for developing purely organic materials exhibiting both high efficiency and persistent room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) have remained ambiguous and challenging. Herein, we propose that introducing an intermediate charge transfer (CT) state into the donor-acceptor binary molecular system holds promise for accomplishing this goal. Guest materials showing gradient ionization potentials were selected to fine-tune the intermolecularly formed CT state when doped into the same host material with a large electron affiliation potential. Such a CT intermediate state accelerates the population of the triplet exciton to benefit phosphorescent emission and decreases the phosphorescence lifetime via quenching the long-lived triplet excitons. As a result, a "trade-off" between a long phosphorescence lifetime (595 ms) and a high phosphorescent quantum yield (27.5%) can be obtained by tuning the host-guest energy gap offset. This finding highlights the key role of CT in RTP emission and provides new guidance for developing novel RTP systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Mengke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zijian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Liangying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Kunkun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, P. R. China
- South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, P. R. China
- TCL China Star Optoelectronics Technology Company, Ltd., Shenzhen 518132, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Jian Su
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, P. R. China
- South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Dongguan 523808, China
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33
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34
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Swisher NA, Corbin DA, Miyake GM. Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of N-Alkyl Phenoxazines in Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:453-459. [PMID: 34306819 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Core-modified N-alkyl phenoxazines were synthesized and evaluated as photoredox catalysts (PCs) in organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP). Each PC was characterized and found to strongly absorb UVA and visible light, undergo reversible oxidation to radical cation species, and exhibit high quantum yields of fluorescence (Φf > 77%). PCs found to exhibit intramolecular charge transfer in their excited state were capable of the controlled synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate) with good molecular weight control (I* ~ 100%) and moderately low dispersity (Đ < 1.30).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Swisher
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Daniel A. Corbin
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Garret M. Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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35
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Lattke YM, Corbin DA, Sartor SM, McCarthy BG, Miyake GM, Damrauer NH. Interrogation of O-ATRP Activation Conducted by Singlet and Triplet Excited States of Phenoxazine Photocatalysts. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:3109-3121. [PMID: 33826326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Organocatalyzed ATRP (O-ATRP) is a growing field exploiting organic chromophores as photoredox catalysts (PCs) that engage in dissociative electron-transfer (DET) activation of alkyl-halide initiators following absorption of light. Characterizing DET rate coefficients (kact) and photochemical yields across various reaction conditions and PC photophysical properties will inform catalyst design and efficient use during polymerization. The studies described herein consider a class of phenoxazine PCs, where synthetic handles of core substitution and N-aryl substitution enable tunability of the electronic and spin characters of the catalyst excited state as well as DET reaction driving force (ΔGET0). Using Stern-Volmer quenching experiments through variation of the diethyl 2-bromo-2-methylmalonate (DBMM) initiator concentration, collisional quenching is observed. Eight independent measurements of kact are reported as a function of ΔGET0 for four PCs: four triplet reactants and four singlets with kact values ranging from 1.1 × 108 M-1 s-1, where DET itself controls the rate, to 4.8 × 109 M-1 s-1, where diffusion is rate-limiting. This overall data set, as well as a second one inclusive of five literature values from related systems, is readily modeled with only a single parameter of reorganization energy under the frameworks of the adiabatic Marcus electron-transfer theory and Marcus-Savéant theory of DET. The results provide a predictive map where kact can be estimated if ΔGET0 is known and highlight that DET in these systems appears insensitive to PC reactant electronic and spin properties outside of their impact on the driving force. Next, on the basis of measured kact values in selected PC systems and knowledge of their photophysics, we also consider activation yields specific to the reactant spin states as the DBMM initiator concentration is varied. In N-naphthyl-containing PCs characterized by near-unity intersystem crossing, the T1 is certainly an important driver for efficient DET. However, at DBMM concentrations common to polymer synthesis, the S1 is also active and drives 33% of DET reaction events. Even in systems with low yields of ISC, such as in N-phenyl-containing PCs, reaction yields can be driven to useful values by exploiting the S1 under high DBMM concentration conditions. Finally, we have quantified photochemical reaction quantum yields, which take into account potential product loss processes after electron-transfer quenching events. Both S1 and T1 reactant states produce the PC•+ radical cation with a common yield of 71%, thus offering no evidence for spin selectivity in deleterious back electron transfer. The subunity PC•+ yields suggest that some combination of solvent (DMAc) oxidation and energy-wasting back electron transfer is likely at play and these pathways should be factored in subsequent mechanistic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisrael M Lattke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Daniel A Corbin
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Steven M Sartor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Blaine G McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Garret M Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Niels H Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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36
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Targos K, Williams OP, Wickens ZK. Unveiling Potent Photooxidation Behavior of Catalytic Photoreductants. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4125-4132. [PMID: 33724018 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a photocatalytic system that reveals latent photooxidant behavior from one of the most reducing conventional photoredox catalysts, N-phenylphenothiazine (PTH). This aerobic photochemical reaction engages difficult to oxidize feedstocks, such as benzene, in C(sp2)-N coupling reactions through direct oxidation. Mechanistic studies are consistent with activation of PTH via photooxidation and with Lewis acid cocatalysts scavenging inhibitors inextricably formed in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Targos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Oliver P Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Zachary K Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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37
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Bhattacherjee A, Sneha M, Lewis-Borrell L, Amoruso G, Oliver TAA, Tyler J, Clark IP, Orr-Ewing AJ. Singlet and Triplet Contributions to the Excited-State Activities of Dihydrophenazine, Phenoxazine, and Phenothiazine Organocatalysts Used in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3613-3627. [PMID: 33629835 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical dynamics of three classes of organic photoredox catalysts employed in organocatalyzed atom-transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) are studied using time-resolved optical transient absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The nine catalysts selected for study are examples of N-aryl and core-substituted dihydrophenazine, phenoxazine and phenothiazine compounds with varying propensities for control of polymerization outcomes. Excited singlet-state lifetimes extracted from the spectroscopic measurements are reported in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dichloromethane (DCM), and toluene. Ultrafast (<200 fs to 3 ps) electronic relaxation of the photocatalysts after photoexcitation at near-UV wavelengths (318-390 nm) populates the first singlet excited state (S1). The S1-state lifetimes range from 130 ps to 40 ns with a considerable dependence on the photocatalyst structure and the solvent. The competition between ground electronic state recovery and intersystem crossing controls triplet state populations and is a minor pathway in the dihydrophenazine derivatives but is of greater importance for phenoxazine and phenothiazine catalysts. A comparison of our results with previously reported O-ATRP performances of the various photoredox catalysts shows that high triplet-state quantum yields are not a prerequisite for controlling polymer dispersity. For example, the photocatalyst 5,10-bis(4-cyanophenyl)-5,10-dihydrophenazine, shown previously to exert good polymerization control, possesses the shortest S1-state lifetime (135 ps in DMF and 180 ps in N,N-dimethylacetamide) among the nine examples reported here and a negligible triplet-state quantum yield. The results call for a re-evaluation of the excited-state properties of most significance in governing the photocatalytic behavior of organic photoredox catalysts in O-ATRP reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Bhattacherjee
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Mahima Sneha
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Luke Lewis-Borrell
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Giordano Amoruso
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Thomas A A Oliver
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Jasper Tyler
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Ian P Clark
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Andrew J Orr-Ewing
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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38
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Teets TS, Wu Y, Kim D. Photophysical Properties and Redox Potentials of Photosensitizers for Organic Photoredox Transformations. Synlett 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1390-9065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPhotoredox catalysis has proven to be a powerful tool in synthetic organic chemistry. The rational design of photosensitizers with improved photocatalytic performance constitutes a major advancement in photoredox organic transformations. This review summarizes the fundamental ground-state and excited-state photophysical and electrochemical attributes of molecular photosensitizers, which are important determinants of their photocatalytic reactivity.
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39
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Choi J, Kim H. Spin-Flip Density Functional Theory for the Redox Properties of Organic Photoredox Catalysts in Excited States. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:767-776. [PMID: 33449691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysts (PCs) have contributed to the advancement of organic chemistry by accelerating conventional reactions and enabling new pathways through the use of reactive electrons in excited states. With a number of successful applications, chemists continue to seek new promising organic PCs to achieve their objectives. Instead of labor-intensive manual experimentation, quantum chemical simulations could explore the enormous chemical space more efficiently. The reliability and accuracy of quantum chemical simulations have become important factors for material screening. We designed a theoretical protocol capable of predicting redox properties in excited states with high accuracy for a selected model system of dihydroquinoxalino[2,3-b]quinoxaline derivatives. Herein, three factors were considered as critical to achieving reliable predictions with accurate physics: the solvent medium effect on excited-state geometries, an adequate amount of Hartree-Fock exchange (HFX), and the consideration of double-excitation character in excited states. We determined that it is necessary to incorporate solvent medium during geometry optimizations to obtain planar excited-state structures that are consistent with the experimentally observed modest Stokes shift. While density functionals belonging to the generalized gradient approximation family perform well for the prediction of photoelectrochemical properties, an incorrect description of exciton boundedness (spontaneous dissociation of excitons or extremely weak boundedness) on small organic molecules was predicted. The inclusion of an adequate amount of Hartree-Fock exchange was suggested as one approach to obtain bound excitons, which is physically reasonable. The last consideration is the double-excitation character in S1 states. As revealed by the second-order algebraic diagrammatic construction theory, non-negligible double excitations exist in S1 states in our model systems. Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) is blind to doubly excited states, and this motivated us to use spin-flip DFT (SF-DFT). We established a theoretical protocol that could provide highly accurate estimations of photophysical properties and ground-/excited-state redox properties, focusing on the three factors mentioned above. Geometry optimization with DFT and TDDFT employing the B3LYP functional (20% HFX) in solution and energy refinement by SF-DFT reproduced the experimental redox properties in the excited and ground states remarkably well with mean signed deviations (MSDs) of 0.01 and -0.15 V, respectively. This theoretical protocol is expected to contribute to the understanding of exciton behavior in organic PCs and to the efficient design of new promising PC candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
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40
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Zhang L, Liu R, Huang Z, Xu J. How does the single unit monomer insertion technique promote kinetic analysis of activation and initiation in photo-RAFT processes? Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01413c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The single unit monomer insertion technique provides a simple platform for the kinetic investigation of early stage of photo-RAFT process that comprises photo-activation of initial RAFT agents and addition of RAFT leaving radicals to the monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- School of Chemical Engineering
- UNSW Sydney
- Australia
| | - Ruizhe Liu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- School of Chemical Engineering
- UNSW Sydney
- Australia
| | - Zixuan Huang
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- School of Chemical Engineering
- UNSW Sydney
- Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- School of Chemical Engineering
- UNSW Sydney
- Australia
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41
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Lv M, Yu Y, Sandoval‐Salinas ME, Xu J, Lei Z, Casanova D, Yang Y, Chen J. Engineering the Charge‐Transfer State to Facilitate Spin–Orbit Charge Transfer Intersystem Crossing in Spirobis[anthracene]diones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Yang Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology School of Pharmacy Shanghai 200237 China
| | - María E. Sandoval‐Salinas
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 Donostia Euskadi Spain
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB) Universitat de Barcelona 08028 Barcelona Catalunya Spain
| | - Jianhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics Shanxi University Taiyuan Shanxi 030006 China
| | - Zuhai Lei
- School of Pharmacy Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - David Casanova
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB) Universitat de Barcelona 08028 Barcelona Catalunya Spain
- IKERBASQUE—Basque Foundation for Science 48011 Bilbao Euskadi Spain
| | - Youjun Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology School of Pharmacy Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jinquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics Shanxi University Taiyuan Shanxi 030006 China
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42
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Gualandi A, Nenov A, Marchini M, Rodeghiero G, Conti I, Paltanin E, Balletti M, Ceroni P, Garavelli M, Cozzi PG. Tailored Coumarin Dyes for Photoredox Catalysis: Calculation, Synthesis, and Electronic Properties. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gualandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Artur Nenov
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “T. Montanari” Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Marianna Marchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Giacomo Rodeghiero
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
- Cyanagen Srl Via Stradelli Guelfi 40/C 40138 Bologna Italy
| | - Irene Conti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “T. Montanari” Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Ettore Paltanin
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “T. Montanari” Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Matteo Balletti
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “T. Montanari” Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Cozzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
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43
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McCarthy B, Sartor S, Cole J, Damrauer N, Miyake GM. Solvent Effects and Side Reactions in Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for Enabling the Controlled Polymerization of Acrylates Catalyzed by Diaryl Dihydrophenazines. Macromolecules 2020; 53:9208-9219. [PMID: 34267405 PMCID: PMC8276882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of the effects of a solvent on the photophysical and redox properties of the photoredox catalyst (PC), N,N-di(2-naphthyl)-5,10-dihydrophenazine (PC 1), revealed the opportunity to use tetrahydrofuran (THF) to modulate the reactivity of PC 1 toward achieving a controlled organocatalyzed atom transfer radial polymerization (O-ATRP) of acrylates. Compared with dimethylacetamide (DMAc), in tetrahydrofuran (THF), PC 1 exhibits a higher quantum yield of intersystem crossing (ΦISC = 0.02 in DMAc, 0.30 in THF), a longer singlet excited-state lifetime (τ Singlet = 3.81 ns in DMAc, 21.5 ns in THF), and a longer triplet excited-state lifetime (τ Triplet = 4.3 μs in DMAc, 15.2 μs in THF). Destabilization of 1 •+, the proposed polymerization deactivator, in THF leads to an increase in the oxidation potential of this species by 120 mV (E 1/2 0 = 0.22 V vs SCE in DMAc, 0.34 V vs SCE in THF). The O-ATRP of n-butyl acrylate (n-BA) catalyzed by PC 1 proceeds in a more controlled fashion in THF than in DMAc, producing P(n-BA) with low dispersity, Đ (Đ < 1.2). Model reactions and spectroscopic experiments revealed that two initiator-derived alkyl radicals add to the core of PC 1 to form an alkyl-substituted photocatalyst (2) during the polymerization. PC 2 accesses a polar CT excited state that is ~40 meV higher in energy than PC 1 and forms a slightly more oxidizing radical cation (E 1/2 0 = 0.22 V for 1 •+ and 0.25 V for 2 •+ in DMAc). A new O-ATRP procedure was developed wherein PC 1 is converted to 2 in situ. The application of this method enabled the O-ATRP of a number of acrylates to proceed with moderate to good control (Đ = 1.15-1.45 and I* = 83-127%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Steven Sartor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Justin Cole
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Niels Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Garret M Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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44
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A Rational Approach to Organo‐Photocatalysis: Novel Designs and Structure‐Property Relationships. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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45
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Vega‐Peñaloza A, Mateos J, Companyó X, Escudero‐Casao M, Dell'Amico L. A Rational Approach to Organo‐Photocatalysis: Novel Designs and Structure‐Property Relationships. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:1082-1097. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vega‐Peñaloza
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Javier Mateos
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Xavier Companyó
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | | | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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46
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Engineering the Charge‐Transfer State to Facilitate Spin–Orbit Charge Transfer Intersystem Crossing in Spirobis[anthracene]diones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22179-22184. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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47
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Wang X, Song Y, Pan G, Han W, Wang B, Cui L, Ma H, An Z, Xie Z, Xu B, Tian W. Exploiting radical-pair intersystem crossing for maximizing singlet oxygen quantum yields in pure organic fluorescent photosensitizers. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10921-10927. [PMID: 34094341 PMCID: PMC8162435 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03128c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent photosensitizers (PSs) often encounter low singlet oxygen (1O2) quantum yields and fluorescence quenching in the aggregated state, mainly involving the intersystem crossing process. Herein, we successfully realize maximizing 1O2 quantum yields of fluorescent PSs through promoting radical-pair intersystem crossing (RP-ISC), which serves as a molecular symmetry-controlling strategy of donor–acceptor (D–A) motifs. The symmetric quadrupolar A–D–A molecule PTP exhibits an excellent 1O2 quantum yield of 97.0% with bright near-infrared fluorescence in the aggregated state. Theoretical and ultrafast spectroscopic studies suggested that the RP-ISC mechanism dominated the formation of the triplet for PTP, where effective charge separation and an ultralow singlet–triplet energy gap (0.01 eV) enhanced the ISC process to maximize 1O2 generation. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated the dual function of PTP as a fluorescent imaging agent and an anti-cancer therapeutic, with promising potential applications in both diagnosis and theranostics. Maximizing singlet oxygen quantum yields of a fluorescent photosensitizer for realizing approximately 100% utilization of excitons by precisely controlling the molecular symmetry.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street No. 2699 Changchun 130012 China
| | - Yucong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 PR China
| | - Guocui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street No. 2699 Changchun 130012 China
| | - Wenkun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street No. 2699 Changchun 130012 China
| | - Boyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street No. 2699 Changchun 130012 China
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130000 PR China
| | - Huili Ma
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Zhongfu An
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Zhigang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street No. 2699 Changchun 130012 China
| | - Wenjing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street No. 2699 Changchun 130012 China
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48
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49
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Liu Y, Chen Q, Tong Y, Ma Y. 9,9-Dimethyl Dihydroacridine-Based Organic Photocatalyst for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization from Modifying “Unstable” Electron Donor. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yujie Tong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuguo Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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50
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Sneha M, Lewis-Borrell L, Shchepanovska D, Bhattacherjee A, Tyler J, Orr-Ewing AJ. Solvent-dependent photochemical dynamics of a phenoxazine-based photoredox catalyst. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2020-1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Organic substitutes for ruthenium and iridium complexes are increasingly finding applications in chemical syntheses involving photoredox catalysis. However, the performance of these organic compounds as electron-transfer photocatalysts depends on their accessible photochemical pathways and excited state lifetimes. Here, the UV-induced dynamics of N-phenyl phenoxazine, chosen as a prototypical N-aryl phenoxazine organic photoredox catalyst, are explored in three solvents, N,N-dimethyl formamide, dichloromethane and toluene, using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. Quantum chemistry calculations reveal the locally excited or charge-transfer electronic character of the excited states, and are used to assign the transient electronic and vibrational bands observed. In toluene-d8, complete ground-state recovery is (31 ± 3) % by internal conversion (IC) from the photo-excited state (or from S1 after IC but before complete vibrational relaxation), (13 ± 2) % via direct decay from vibrationally relaxed S1 (most likely radiative decay, with an estimated radiative lifetime of 13 ns) and (56 ± 3) % via the T1 state (with intersystem crossing (ISC) rate coefficient k
ISC = (3.3 ± 0.2) × 108 s−1). In dichloromethane, we find evidence for excited state N-phenyl phenoxazine reaction with the solvent. Excited state lifetimes, ISC rates, and ground-state recovery show only modest variation with changes to the solvent environment because of the locally excited character of the S1 and T1 states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Sneha
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock’s Close , BS8 1TS , Bristol , UK
| | - Luke Lewis-Borrell
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock’s Close , BS8 1TS , Bristol , UK
| | - Darya Shchepanovska
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock’s Close , BS8 1TS , Bristol , UK
| | - Aditi Bhattacherjee
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock’s Close , BS8 1TS , Bristol , UK
| | - Jasper Tyler
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock’s Close , BS8 1TS , Bristol , UK
| | - Andrew J. Orr-Ewing
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock’s Close , BS8 1TS , Bristol , UK
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