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Bickelhaupt FM, Fernández I. What defines electrophilicity in carbonyl compounds. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3980-3987. [PMID: 38487236 PMCID: PMC10935700 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05595g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The origin of the electrophilicity of a series of cyclohexanones and benzaldehydes is investigated using the activation strain model and quantitative Kohn-Sham molecular orbital (MO) theory. We find that this electrophilicity is mainly determined by the electrostatic attractions between the carbonyl compound and the nucleophile (cyanide) along the entire reaction coordinate. Donor-acceptor frontier molecular orbital interactions, on which the current rationale behind electrophilicity trends is based, appear to have little or no significant influence on the reactivity of these carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria 28040-Madrid Spain
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2
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Necibi F, Ben Salah S, Hierso J, Fleurat‐Lessard P, Ayachi S, Boubaker T. Nucleophilicity Parameters for Nitroalkyl Anions in Methanol and Structure‐Reactivity Analysis. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feriel Necibi
- Laboratoire de Chimie hétérocyclique Produits Naturels et Réactivité (LR11ES39) Faculté des Sciences Université de Monastir Avenue de l'Environnement 5019 Monastir Tunisie
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (UMR CNRS 6302) Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (UBFC) 9 Avenue Alain Savary 21000 Dijon France
| | - Saida Ben Salah
- Laboratoire de Chimie hétérocyclique Produits Naturels et Réactivité (LR11ES39) Faculté des Sciences Université de Monastir Avenue de l'Environnement 5019 Monastir Tunisie
| | - Jean‐Cyrille Hierso
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (UMR CNRS 6302) Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (UBFC) 9 Avenue Alain Savary 21000 Dijon France
| | - Paul Fleurat‐Lessard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (UMR CNRS 6302) Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (UBFC) 9 Avenue Alain Savary 21000 Dijon France
| | - Sahbi Ayachi
- Laboratoire de physico-chimie des matériaux (LR01ES19) Faculté des Sciences Université de Monastir Avenue de l'Environnement 5019 Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Taoufik Boubaker
- Laboratoire de Chimie hétérocyclique Produits Naturels et Réactivité (LR11ES39) Faculté des Sciences Université de Monastir Avenue de l'Environnement 5019 Monastir Tunisie
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3
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Pal R, Chattaraj PK. Electrophilicity index revisited. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:278-297. [PMID: 35546516 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to be a comprehensive, authoritative, critical, and accessible review of general interest to the chemistry community; because the electrophilicity index is a very useful global reactivity descriptor defined within a conceptual density functional theory framework. Our group has also introduced electrophilicity based new global and local reactivity descriptors and also new associated electronic structure principles, which are important indicators of structure, stability, bonding, reactivity, interactions, and dynamics in a wide variety of physico-chemical systems and processes. This index along with its local counterpart augmented by the associated electronic structure principles could properly explain molecular vibrations, internal rotations and various types of chemical reactions. The concept of the electrophilicity index has been extended to dynamical processes, excited states, confined environment, spin-dependent and temperature-dependent situations, biological activity, site selectivity, aromaticity, charge removal and acceptance, presence of external perturbation through solvents, external electric and magnetic fields, and so forth. Although electrophilicity and its local variant can adequately interpret the behavior of a wide variety of systems and different physico-chemical processes involving them, their predictive potential remains to be explored. An exhaustive review on all these aspects will set the tone of the future research in that direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranita Pal
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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4
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Mayer RJ, Moran J. Quantifying Reductive Amination in Nonenzymatic Amino Acid Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212237. [PMID: 36121198 PMCID: PMC9828492 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid biosynthesis initiates with the reductive amination of α-ketoglutarate with ammonia to produce glutamate. However, the other α-keto acids derived from the glyoxylate and Krebs cycles are converted into amino acids by transamination, rather than by reductive amination. Why is only one amino acid synthesized by reductive amination and not the others? To explore this question, we quantified the inherent reactivities of keto acids in nonenzymatic reduction and reductive amination by using BH3 CN- as a model nucleophile. Biological α-keto acids were found to show pronounced nonenzymatic reactivity differences for the formation of amino acids (α-ketoglutarate<oxaloacetate≈pyruvate≪glyoxylate). Accordingly, the flow of ammonia passes through the least reactive α-keto acid of the Krebs cycle. One possible explanation for this choice is the position of the corresponding amino acid, glutamate, at the top of the thermodynamic landscape for subsequent transamination reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Mayer
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS)CNRS UMR 7006Université de Strasbourg8 Allée Gaspard Monge67000StrasbourgFrance
| | - Joseph Moran
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS)CNRS UMR 7006Université de Strasbourg8 Allée Gaspard Monge67000StrasbourgFrance,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF)75005ParisFrance
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5
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Lops C, Pengo P, Pasquato L. Highly Efficient Darzens Reactions Mediated by Phosphazene Bases under Mild Conditions. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200179. [PMID: 36207800 PMCID: PMC9547082 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The highly basic and poorly nucleophilic phosphazene base P1‐t‐Bu promotes the Darzens condensation of α‐halo esters with aromatic aldehydes affording α,β‐epoxy esters in nearly quantitative yields under mild conditions and in short reaction times. The more basic P4‐t‐Bu phosphazene was found useful with low reactivity aldehydes. These reactions can be performed in aprotic organic solvents of low polarity, thus minimizing the hydrolysis of α,β‐epoxy esters which often accompanies the base‐promoted Darzens condensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Lops
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of TriesteVia L. Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly,Aptuit – an Evotec CompanyVia A. Fleming 437135VeronaItaly
| | - Paolo Pengo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of TriesteVia L. Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Lucia Pasquato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of TriesteVia L. Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
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6
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Solvent effect, quantification and correlation analysis of the nucleophilicities of cyclic secondary amines. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Kumar Rout S, Kastrati A, Jangra H, Schwärzer K, Sunagatullina AS, Garny M, Lima F, Brocklehurst CE, Karaghiosoff K, Zipse H, Knochel P. Reliable Functionalization of 5,6‐Fused Bicyclic N‐Heterocycles Pyrazolopyrimidines and Imidazopyridazines via Zinc and Magnesium Organometallics. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200733. [PMID: 35384103 PMCID: PMC9321601 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DFT‐calculations allow prediction of the reactivity of uncommon N‐heterocyclic scaffolds of pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines and imidazo[1,2‐b]pyridazines and considerably facilitate their functionalization. The derivatization of these N‐heterocycles was realized using Grignard reagents for nucleophilic additions to 5‐chloropyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines and TMP2Zn ⋅ 2 MgCl2
⋅ 2 LiCl allowed regioselective zincations. In the case of 6‐chloroimidazo[1,2‐b]pyridazine, bases such as TMP2Zn ⋅ MgCl2
⋅ 2 LiCl, in the presence or absence of BF3
⋅ OEt2, led to regioselective metalations at positions 3 or 8. Subsequent functionalizations were achieved with TMPMgCl ⋅ LiCl, producing various polysubstituted derivatives (up to penta‐substitution). X‐ray analysis confirmed the regioselectivity for key functional heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar Rout
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Agonist Kastrati
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Harish Jangra
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Kuno Schwärzer
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Alisa S. Sunagatullina
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Maximilien Garny
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Fabio Lima
- Global Discovery Chemistry Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research 4057 Basel Switzerland
| | - Cara E. Brocklehurst
- Global Discovery Chemistry Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research 4057 Basel Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
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8
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Tavakoli M, Mood A, Van Vranken D, Baldi P. Quantum Mechanics and Machine Learning Synergies: Graph Attention Neural Networks to Predict Chemical Reactivity. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:2121-2132. [PMID: 35020394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of scalable quantitative measures of reactivity that cover the full range of functional groups in organic chemistry, ranging from highly unreactive C-C bonds to highly reactive naked ions. Measuring reactivity experimentally is costly and time-consuming, and no single method has sufficient dynamic range to cover the astronomical size of chemical reactivity space. In previous quantum chemistry studies, we have introduced Methyl Cation Affinities (MCA*) and Methyl Anion Affinities (MAA*), using a solvation model, as quantitative measures of reactivity for organic functional groups over the broadest range. Although MCA* and MAA* offer good estimates of reactivity parameters, their calculation through Density Functional Theory (DFT) simulations is time-consuming. To circumvent this problem, we first use DFT to calculate MCA* and MAA* for more than 2,400 organic molecules thereby establishing a large data set of chemical reactivity scores. We then design deep learning methods to predict the reactivity of molecular structures and train them using this curated data set in combination with different representations of molecular structures. Using 10-fold cross-validation, we show that graph attention neural networks applied to a relational model of molecular structures produce the most accurate estimates of reactivity, achieving over 91% test accuracy for predicting the MCA* ± 3.0 or MAA* ± 3.0, over 50 orders of magnitude. Finally, we demonstrate the application of these reactivity scores to two tasks: (1) chemical reaction prediction and (2) combinatorial generation of reaction mechanisms. The curated data sets of MCA* and MAA* scores is available through the ChemDB chemoinformatics web portal at cdb.ics.uci.edu under Chemical Reactivities data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadamin Tavakoli
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Aaron Mood
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - David Van Vranken
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Pierre Baldi
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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9
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Macchia A, Summa FF, Di Mola A, Tedesco C, Pierri G, Ofial AR, Monaco G, Massa A. Base-Promoted Cascade Reactions for the Synthesis of 3,3-Dialkylated Isoindolin-1-ones and 3-Methyleneisoindolin-1-ones. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15128-15138. [PMID: 34613731 PMCID: PMC8576826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Cascade reactions
of ortho-carbonyl-substituted
benzonitriles with ((chloromethyl)sulfonyl)benzenes as pronucleophiles
led to new isoindolin-1-ones with a tetrasubstituted C-3 position
or to (Z)-3-(sulfonyl-methylene)isoindolin-1-ones.
The reactions start from readily available materials, are carried
out under mild conditions, and do not require metal catalysis. Promoted
only by the cheap and environmentally benign K2CO3 as the base, up to six elemental steps can be combined in a single
pot. Hence, a sequential one-pot cascade/β-elimination/alkylation
furnished useful intermediates for the synthesis of aristolactam natural
products. The observed selectivity and the mechanism were investigated
by DFT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Macchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Francesco F Summa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonia Di Mola
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Consiglia Tedesco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pierri
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Armin R Ofial
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Guglielmo Monaco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonio Massa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli", Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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10
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Zhang J, Yang JD, Cheng JP. Recent progress in reactivity study and synthetic application of N-heterocyclic phosphorus hydrides. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 8:nwaa253. [PMID: 34691616 PMCID: PMC8288402 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
N-heterocyclic phosphines (NHPs) have recently emerged as a new group of promising catalysts for metal-free reductions, owing to their unique hydridic reactivity. The excellent hydricity of NHPs, which rivals or even exceeds those of many metal-based hydrides, is the result of hyperconjugative interactions between the lone-pair electrons on N atoms and the adjacent σ*(P–H) orbital. Compared with the conventional protic reactivity of phosphines, this umpolung P–H reactivity leads to hydridic selectivity in NHP-mediated reductions. This reactivity has therefore found many applications in the catalytic reduction of polar unsaturated bonds and in the hydroboration of pyridines. This review summarizes recent progress in studies of the reactivity and synthetic applications of these phosphorus-based hydrides, with the aim of providing practical information to enable exploitation of their synthetically useful chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Dong Yang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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11
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Huang S, Kim K, Musgrave GM, Sharp M, Sinha J, Stansbury JW, Musgrave CB, Bowman CN. Determining Michael Acceptor Reactivity from Kinetic, Mechanistic, and Computational Analysis for the Base-catalyzed Thiol-Michael Reaction. Polym Chem 2021; 12:3619-3628. [PMID: 34484433 PMCID: PMC8409055 DOI: 10.1039/d1py00363a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A combined experimental and computational study of the reactivities of seven commonly used Michael acceptors paired with two thiols within the framework of photobase-catalyzed thiol-Michael reactions is reported. The rate coefficients of the propagation (kP), reverse propagation (k-P), chain-transfer (kCT), and overall reaction (koverall) were experimentally determined and compared with the well-accepted electrophilicity parameters of Mayr and Parr, and DFT-calculated energetics. Both Mayr's and Parr's electrophilicity parameters predict the reactivities of these structurally varying vinyl functional groups well, covering a range of overall reaction rate coefficients from 0.5 to 6.2 s-1. To gain insight into the individual steps, the relative energies have been calculated using DFT for each of the stationary points along this step-growth reaction between ethanethiol and the seven alkenes. The free energies of the individual steps reveal the underlying factors that control the reaction barriers for propagation and chain transfer. Both the propagation and chain transfer steps are under kinetic control. These results serve as a useful guide for Michael acceptor selection to design and predict thiol-Michael-based materials with appropriate kinetic and material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
| | - Kangmin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
| | - Grant M Musgrave
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
| | - Marcus Sharp
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
| | - Jasmine Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Stansbury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- School of Dental Medicine, Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Charles B Musgrave
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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12
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Rammah M, Mahdhaoui F, Gabsi W, Boubaker T. Quantification of the Electrophilic Reactivities of Benzotriazoles and Structure‐Reactivity Relationships. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Rammah
- Laboratoire C.H.P.N.R Faculté des Sciences de Monastir Université de Monastir Avenue de l'Environnement 5019 Monastir Tunisia
| | - Faouzi Mahdhaoui
- Laboratoire C.H.P.N.R Faculté des Sciences de Monastir Université de Monastir Avenue de l'Environnement 5019 Monastir Tunisia
| | - Wahiba Gabsi
- Laboratoire C.H.P.N.R Faculté des Sciences de Monastir Université de Monastir Avenue de l'Environnement 5019 Monastir Tunisia
| | - Taoufik Boubaker
- Laboratoire C.H.P.N.R Faculté des Sciences de Monastir Université de Monastir Avenue de l'Environnement 5019 Monastir Tunisia
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13
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Uhlig T, Fengler C, Seifert A, Taubert F, Kaßner L, Hähnle HJ, Hamers C, Wilhelm M, Spange S, Sommer M. Reversible and Stable Hemiaminal Hydrogels from Polyvinylamine and Highly Reactive and Selective Bis( N-acylpiperidone)s. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:389-394. [PMID: 35549062 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble bis(N-acylpiperidone)s with aldehyde-like reactivity are reported to react rapidly with polyvinylamine at room temperature, providing unprecedented clean reaction products. Unlike most amine/ketone reactions that result in arbitrary mixtures of imines, aminals, hemiaminals, or hydrates, in the present study hemiaminals, aminals, or hemiaminal/aminal mixtures are exclusively found. Detailed NMR spectroscopy of solutions, gels, and solids, aided by model reactions, reveals that the hemiaminal/aminal ratio depends on pH, water content, and cross-linking density. Network formation is fully reversible upon changes in pH, with the resulting moduli from rheology spanning almost 3 orders of magnitude. The self-healing ability of the system is probed by rheology as well, demonstrating maintained material properties of fractured and healed samples. The unusually clean, fast, and reversible chemistry highlights bispiperidones as a class of efficient building blocks with unprecedented possibilities in dynamic covalent chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Uhlig
- Institute for Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Christian Fengler
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andreas Seifert
- Institute for Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Florian Taubert
- Institute for Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Lysann Kaßner
- Institute for Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Hamers
- BASF SE Ludwigshafen, Bosch-Straße 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Spange
- Institute for Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institute for Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
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14
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Raissi H, Ayachi H, Mahdhaoui F, Ayachi S, Boubaker T. Relationships between experimental and theoretical scales of electrophilicity of 7-L-4-nitrobenzofurazans. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Hoffmann G, Balcilar M, Tognetti V, Héroux P, Gaüzère B, Adam S, Joubert L. Predicting experimental electrophilicities from quantum and topological descriptors: A machine learning approach. J Comput Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Hoffmann
- Normandy Univ., COBRA UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS Mont St Aignan France
| | | | - Vincent Tognetti
- Normandy Univ., COBRA UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS Mont St Aignan France
| | - Pierre Héroux
- Normandie Univ., UNIROUEN, UNIHAVRE, INSA Rouen, LITIS Rouen France
| | - Benoît Gaüzère
- Normandie Univ., UNIROUEN, UNIHAVRE, INSA Rouen, LITIS Rouen France
| | - Sébastien Adam
- Normandie Univ., UNIROUEN, UNIHAVRE, INSA Rouen, LITIS Rouen France
| | - Laurent Joubert
- Normandy Univ., COBRA UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS Mont St Aignan France
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16
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Salah SB, Necibi F, Goumont R, Boubaker T. Electrophilicities of 4‐Nitrobenzochalcogenadiazoles. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saida Ben Salah
- Laboratoire C.H.P.N.R Faculté des Sciences de Monastir Université de Monastir Avenue de l'Environnement 5019 Monastir Tunisia
| | - Feriel Necibi
- Laboratoire C.H.P.N.R Faculté des Sciences de Monastir Université de Monastir Avenue de l'Environnement 5019 Monastir Tunisia
| | - Régis Goumont
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles UMR 8180 Université de Versailles 45, Avenue des Etats-Unis 78035 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Taoufik Boubaker
- Laboratoire C.H.P.N.R Faculté des Sciences de Monastir Université de Monastir Avenue de l'Environnement 5019 Monastir Tunisia
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Sietmann J, Wahl JM. Enantioselective Desymmetrization of Cyclobutanones: A Speedway to Molecular Complexity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6964-6974. [PMID: 31550067 PMCID: PMC7984208 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyclobutanones hold a privileged role in enantioselective desymmetrization because their inherent ring strain allows for a variety of unusual reactions to occur. Current strategies include α-functionalization, rearrangement, and C-C bond activation to directly convert cyclobutanones into a wide range of enantiomerically enriched compounds, including many biologically significant scaffolds. This Minireview provides an overview of state-of-the-art methods that generate complexity from prochiral cyclobutanones in a single operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sietmann
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterInstitute of Organic ChemistryCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Johannes M. Wahl
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterInstitute of Organic ChemistryCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
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18
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Li Z, Mayer RJ, Ofial AR, Mayr H. From Carbodiimides to Carbon Dioxide: Quantification of the Electrophilic Reactivities of Heteroallenes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8383-8402. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Robert J. Mayer
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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19
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Mood A, Tavakoli M, Gutman E, Kadish D, Baldi P, Van Vranken DL. Methyl Anion Affinities of the Canonical Organic Functional Groups. J Org Chem 2020; 85:4096-4102. [PMID: 31995384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Calculated methyl anion affinities are known to correlate with experimentally determined Mayr E parameters for individual organic functional group classes but not between neutral and cationic organic electrophiles. We demonstrate that methyl anion affinities calculated with a solvation model (MAA*) give a linear correlation with Mayr E parameters for a broad range of functional groups. Methyl anion affinities (MAA*), plotted on the log scale of Mayr E, provide insights into the full range of electrophilicity of organic functional groups. On the Mayr E scale, the electrophilicity toward the methyl anion spans 180 orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Mood
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Mohammadamin Tavakoli
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Eugene Gutman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Dora Kadish
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Pierre Baldi
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - David L Van Vranken
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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20
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Sietmann J, Wiest JM. Enantioselektive Desymmetrisierung von Cyclobutanonen: Eine Schnellstraße zu molekularer Komplexität. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sietmann
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterOrganisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Johannes M. Wiest
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterOrganisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
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21
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22
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23
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24
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Di Mola A, Macchia A, Tedesco C, Pierri G, Palombi L, Filosa R, Massa A. Synthetic Strategies and Cascade Reactions of 2‐Cyanobenzophenones for the Access to Diverse 3,3‐Disubstituted Isoindolinones and 3‐Aryl‐3‐Hydroxyisoindolinones. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201901045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Di Mola
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”Università degli studi di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II 84084- Fisciano (SA) Italy
| | - Antonio Macchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”Università degli studi di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II 84084- Fisciano (SA) Italy
| | - Consiglia Tedesco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”Università degli studi di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II 84084- Fisciano (SA) Italy
| | - Giovanni Pierri
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”Università degli studi di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II 84084- Fisciano (SA) Italy
| | - Laura Palombi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”Università degli studi di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II 84084- Fisciano (SA) Italy
| | - Rosanna Filosa
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Sannio Tech. P.zza San G. Moscati 8, SS Appia km 256 Apollosa (BN) Italy
| | - Antonio Massa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”Università degli studi di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II 84084- Fisciano (SA) Italy
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Synthesis and Organocatalytic Asymmetric Nitro-aldol Initiated Cascade Reactions of 2-Acylbenzonitriles Leading to 3,3-Disubstituted Isoindolinones. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9040327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we investigated two strategies for the synthesis of the challenging ketones 2-acylbenzonitriles and we report their use as electrophiles in asymmetric organocatalytic cascade reactions with nitromethane. Promising results were obtained in the presence of chiral bifunctional ammonium salts under phase transfer conditions, which led to novel 3,3-disubstituted isoindolinones in quantitative yields and moderate enantioselectivity.
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Jangra H, Chen Q, Fuks E, Zenz I, Mayer P, Ofial AR, Zipse H, Mayr H. Nucleophilicity and Electrophilicity Parameters for Predicting Absolute Rate Constants of Highly Asynchronous 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions of Aryldiazomethanes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16758-16772. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harish Jangra
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Quan Chen
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Elina Fuks
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Ivo Zenz
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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Hoffmann G, Tognetti V, Joubert L. Can molecular and atomic descriptors predict the electrophilicity of Michael acceptors? J Mol Model 2018; 24:281. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3802-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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