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Kim H, Kim Y, Lee D. Small is Beautiful: Electronic Origin and Synthetic Evolution of Single-Benzene Fluorophores. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:140-152. [PMID: 38126345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusSingle-benzene fluorophores (SBFs) are small molecules that produce visible light by using only one benzene ring as the sole aromatic core. This Account centers around the chemistry of a new class of SBF that we accidentally discovered but rationally developed and refined afterward. In a failed experiment that took an unintended reaction pathway, we encountered the bright green fluorescence of ortho-diacetylphenylenediamine (o-DAPA). Despite its uninspiring look, reminiscent of textbook examples of simple benzene derivatives, this molecule had neither been synthesized nor isolated before. This discovery led to our studies on the larger DAPA family, including isomeric m-DAPA and p-DAPA. Remarkably, p-DAPA is the lightest red fluorophore, with a molecular weight of only 192. While o- and p-DAPA are emissive, m-DAPA rapidly undergoes internal conversion, facilitated by sequential proton transfer reactions in the excited state.Leveraging the synthetic utility of the amine group, we carried out straightforward single-step modifications to create a full-color SBF library from p-DAPA as the common precursor. During the course of the investigation, we made another fortuitous discovery. With increasing acidity of the N-H group, the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer reaction is promoted, opening up additional pathways for emission to occur at even longer wavelengths. Tipping the balance between the two excited-state tautomers enabled the first example of a single-benzene white-light emitter. We demonstrated the practical utility of these molecules in white light-emitting devices and live cell imaging.According to the particle-in-a-box model, it is difficult to expect a molecule with only one small aromatic ring to produce long-wavelength emission. SBFs rise to this challenge by exploiting electron donor-acceptor pairs around the benzene core, which lowers the energy of light absorption. However, this answers only half of the question. Where do the exceptionally large spectral shifts in the light emission of SBFs originate from? Chemists have long been curious about the molecular mechanisms underlying the dramatic spectral shifts observed in SBFs. Prevailing paradigms invoke the charge transfer (CT) between electron donor and acceptor groups in the excited state. However, without a large π-skeleton for effective charge separation, how could benzene support a CT-type excited state? Our experimental and theoretical studies have revealed that large excited-state antiaromaticity (ESAA) of the benzene core itself is responsible for this remarkable phenomenon. The core matters, not the periphery. With appropriate molecular design, large and extended π-conjugation is no longer a prerequisite for long-wavelength light emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heechan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826 Seoul, Korea
| | - Younghun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826 Seoul, Korea
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826 Seoul, Korea
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Tanaka H, Taniguchi M. Self-Assembled Monolayers of Gemini-Type Amphiphilic Hexabenzocoronenes on Gold: Contribution of Their Triethylene Glycol Side Chains to Self-Assembly Formation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:15078-15084. [PMID: 37824836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
We report on a two-dimensional self-assembled structure of a supramolecule with hydrophilic oligoethylene glycol (EG) units, which are capable of stronger electrostatic interactions than van der Waals (vdW) interactions between alkyl chains. For this purpose, hexabenzocoronene (HBC) with two hydrophobic dodecyl chains on one side of the HBC core and two hydrophilic triethylene glycol (TEG) chains on the other side of the HBC core (HBCGemini) and HBCGemini with a trinitrofluorenone (TNF) added to the end of one TEG chain (HBCTNFGemini) were employed. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) revealed the presence of multiple two-dimensional self-assembled structures in each of HBCGemini and HBCTNFGemini deposited on the gold substrate in vacuum. The role of polar functional groups in these observations is discussed based on semiempirical molecular orbital simulations. Two types of 2D organized structures of HBC-TEG were observed: one with rectangular and relatively dense unit cells and the other with nearly square and relatively sparse unit cells. In both organized structures, the phenyl group TEG units and alkyl chains were considered to be the main molecular interactions with each other. On the other hand, in HBCTNFGemini, three types of organized structures were observed, which could be explained by the mechanism of interdigitation of the TEG-containing side-chain moieties to form a dimeric core. The EG units are more flexible than the alkyl chains and thus can interact flexibly with the hydrophobic HBC core, and the glycol side chains facilitate the intermolecular interactions as well as the alkyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tanaka
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Masateru Taniguchi
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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Abstract
Drawing inspiration from allosteric proteins, a zigzag-shaped π-conjugation was structurally engineered into a tweezer-like ionophore having multiple disparate binding sites. When a soft metal ion binds to the central tridentate ligand motif, the rigid backbone folds, bringing two macrocyclic arms into close proximity. Stabilized by a coordinating anion, the tweezer-like conformation of the resulting metalloligand recruits a hard cation to form a sandwich-like complex with a remarkably enhanced binding affinity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Il Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sungryul Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Nie J, Huang X, Lu G, Winnik MA, Feng C. Living Crystallization-Driven Self-Assembly of Linear and V-Shaped Oligo( p-phenylene ethynylene)-Containing Block Copolymers: Architecture Effect of π-Conjugated Crystalline Segment. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiucheng Nie
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
- School of Physical Science & Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
- School of Physical Science & Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guolin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mitchell A. Winnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Chun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
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Meier D, Schoof B, Wang J, Li X, Walz A, Huettig A, Schlichting H, Rosu F, Gabelica V, Maurizot V, Reichert J, Papageorgiou AC, Huc I, Barth JV. Structural adaptations of electrosprayed aromatic oligoamide foldamers on Ag(111). Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8938-8941. [PMID: 35851385 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03286d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic foldamers are promising for applications such as molecular recognition and molecular machinery. For many of these, defect free, 2D-crystaline monolayers are needed. To this end, submonolayers were prepared in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) on Ag(111) via electrospray controlled ion beam deposition (ES-CIBD). On the surface, the unfolded state is unambiguously identified by real-space single-molecule imaging using scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and it is found to assemble in regular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Meier
- Physics Department E20, Technical University Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Benedikt Schoof
- Physics Department E20, Technical University Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- CBMN (UMR 5248), Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Xuesong Li
- CBMN (UMR 5248), Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Andreas Walz
- Physics Department E20, Technical University Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Annette Huettig
- Physics Department E20, Technical University Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Schlichting
- Physics Department E20, Technical University Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Frédéric Rosu
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie (UAR3033/US001), Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Valérie Gabelica
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie (UAR3033/US001), Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, F-33600 Pessac, France.,ARNA (U1212), Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, CNRS, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Victor Maurizot
- CBMN (UMR 5248), Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Joachim Reichert
- Physics Department E20, Technical University Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
| | | | - Ivan Huc
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence e-conversion, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence e-conversion, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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Ma L, Ma C, Zhang S, Li J, Gan L, Deng K, Duan W, Li X, Zeng Q. Regulation of the Assembled Structure of a Flexible Porphyrin Derivative Containing Tetra Isophthalic Acids by Coronene or Different Pyridines. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:4434-4441. [PMID: 35357166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Based on previous research, a new coassembly formed by a porphyrin derivative (IPETPP), which contains a flexible substituent of m-phthalic acid, is observed with coronene (COR) molecules at a higher concentration. Besides, a fresh IPETPP self-assembly formed at a lower concentration and another new coassembly with COR molecules are obtained. Moreover, the addition of a series of bipyridines alters the diamond arrangement of IPETPP, which enhances the stability of the two-component structures. It is unprecedented that bipyridine derivatives break intermolecular hydrogen bonds containing m-phthalic acid substituents. All the coassemblies are investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. Combined with density functional theory, the formation mechanism of the assembled structures is revealed. These results would contribute to understanding the interfacial crystal behaviors and probably provide an efficient pathway to regulate the binary structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Chunyu Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianqiao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Linlin Gan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Ke Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wubiao Duan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Qingdao Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Material Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Qiu S, Li Y, Xu S, Cai Y, Zhang Y, Li W. Temperature-Induced Structural Phase Transitions in Self-Assembled Hydrogen Bonded Networks at the Liquid/Solid Interface. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024421090247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Ma C, Li J, Zhang S, Duan W, Zeng Q. Progress in self-assemblies of macrocycles at the liquid/solid interface. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:382001. [PMID: 34098536 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac08bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic self-assemblies have gained great interest for diversified structures and potential applications, such as catalysis, magnetism, photovoltaic devices, organic light-emitting diodes. Macrocycles can present regular assembly systems at the liquid/solid interface due to theπ-conjugated structures. Furthermore, suitable guest molecules can be selected for constructing multi-component supramolecular co-assemblies. This review mainly summarizes macrocyclic self-assembly structures with different shapes in recent years. All of the studies are completed with the assistance of scanning tunneling microscope at the liquid/solid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotonng University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotonng University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotonng University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Wubiao Duan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotonng University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingdao Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Center of Material Science and Optoelectonics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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9
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Kim H, Lee Y, Lee H, Hong JI, Lee D. Click-To-Twist Strategy To Build Blue-to-Green Emitters: Bulky Triazoles for Electronically Tunable and Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:12286-12295. [PMID: 33661594 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of a new chemical moiety is the foundation to build new functional materials. For charge-transfer-type thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters, donor, acceptor, and π-spacer are the three key structural components. We invented a "click-to-twist" strategy to prepare a triazole-based acceptor unit that allows for a systematic modulation of the electronic and steric properties to control the excited-state photophysics. Taking the modular approach, six different emitters were prepared by varying the donor strength and π-spacer sterics for mix-and-match. These materials display deep blue to sky blue emissions in solutions, as well as apparent TADF characteristics in doped films. Organic light emitting diodes fabricated with these new TADF materials exhibit high external quantum efficiencies of up to 20.7% and maximum luminance of 6823 cd m-2. Building upon an intuitive and operationally straightforward method to build sterically congested molecules, this work showcases a new strategy to diversify TADF emitters by a mechanism-based design and modular synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsik Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Youngnam Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyeonho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jong-In Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
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10
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Lee M, Kang SI, Song S, Kim H, Lee D. Sharp Turns and Fluorescent Repeats: Modular Construction and Shape-Dependent Electronic Properties of π-Conjugated Chain Molecules. Chempluschem 2021; 86:313-318. [PMID: 33620771 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In search of the design rules for structural ordering of open-chain molecules, we have built a series of zig-zag shaped π-conjugated structures with ring-fused heteroaromatics as sharp turns and tolane-based linear fragments as light-emitting units. Using only a finite number of common building blocks, an efficient "double-elongation" strategy was implemented to construct a series of π-conjugated oligomers with precise length control (55-89 % yields). Our approach takes advantage of the modular nature of the bis(triazolo)benzene synthesis and the masked reactivity of the nitro group. A combination of photophysical and DFT computational studies revealed that the bis(triazolo)benzene-tolane repeat units behave as electronically decoupled light-absorbing/emitting units (λmax,em = 408-422 nm; ΦF = 20-25 % in THF). Such context-independent photophysical properties promise their potential applications in chemical sensing and switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milim Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Il Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Song
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongsik Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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Sengupta S, Mehta G. Macrocyclization via C-H functionalization: a new paradigm in macrocycle synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1851-1876. [PMID: 32101232 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02765c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The growing emphasis on macrocycles in engaging difficult therapeutic targets such as protein-protein interactions and GPCRs via preferential adaptation of bioactive and cell penetrating conformations has provided impetus to the search for de novo macrocyclization strategies that are efficient, chemically robust and amenable to diversity creation. An emerging macrocyclization paradigm based on the C-H activation logic, of particular promise in the macrocyclization of complex peptides, has added a new dimension to this pursuit, enabling efficacious access to macrocycles of various sizes and topologies with high atom and step economy. Significant achievements in macrocyclization methodologies and their applications in the synthesis of bioactive natural products and drug-like molecules, employing strategic variations of C-H activation are captured in this review. It is expected that this timely account will foster interest in newer ways of macrocycle construction among practitioners of organic synthesis and chemical biology to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumitra Sengupta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad-5000 046, Telengana, India.
| | - Goverdhan Mehta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad-5000 046, Telengana, India.
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12
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Binaphthyl-Based Macrocycles as Optical Sensors for Aromatic Diphenols. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030514. [PMID: 31991660 PMCID: PMC7038072 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of several rigid, homochiral organic macrocycles possessing, respectively, average molecular D2 and D3 symmetries, is described. They have been obtained from aromatic dicarboxylic acids, in combination with an axially-chiral, suitable dibenzylic alcohol, derived from 1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diol (BINOL) using one-pot esterification reactions in good isolated yields. NMR and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies detect the structural and shape variability in the scaffolds, reflected both in terms of the changes in chemical shifts and the shape of selected proton resonances, and in terms of the variation of the CD signature related to the dihedral angle defined by the binaphthyl units embedded in the rigid cyclic skeleton. The D2 cyclic adducts are able to form stable complexes with aromatic diphenols, with binding strengths that are dependent on small variations in the spacing units, and therefore on the shapes of the internal cavities of the cyclic structures.
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13
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Advances in self-assembly and regulation of aromatic carboxylic acid derivatives at HOPG interface. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Dobscha JR, Castillo HD, Li Y, Fadler RE, Taylor RD, Brown AA, Trainor CQ, Tait SL, Flood AH. Sequence-Defined Macrocycles for Understanding and Controlling the Build-up of Hierarchical Order in Self-Assembled 2D Arrays. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17588-17600. [PMID: 31503483 PMCID: PMC7461245 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anfinsen's dogma that sequence dictates structure is fundamental to understanding the activity and assembly of proteins. This idea has been applied to all manner of oligomers but not to the behavior of cyclic oligomers, aka macrocycles. We do this here by providing the first proofs that sequence controls the hierarchical assembly of nonbiological macrocycles, in this case, at graphite surfaces. To design macrocycles with one (AAA), two (AAB), or three (ABC) different carbazole units, we needed to subvert the synthetic preferences for one-pot macrocyclizations. We developed a new stepwise synthesis with sequence-defined targets made in 11, 17, and 22 steps with 25, 10, and 5% yields, respectively. The linear build up of primary sequence (1°) also enabled a thermal Huisgen cycloaddition to proceed regioselectively for the first time using geometric control. The resulting macrocycles are planar (2° structure) and form H-bonded dimers (3°) at surfaces. Primary sequences encoded into the suite of tricarb macrocycles were shown by scanning-tunneling microscopy (STM) to impact the next levels of supramolecular ordering (4°) and 2D crystalline polymorphs (5°) at solution-graphite interfaces. STM imaging of an AAB macrocycle revealed the formation of a new gap phase that was inaccessible using only C3-symmetric macrocycles. STM imaging of two additional sequence-controlled macrocycles (AAD, ABE) allowed us to identify the factors driving the formation of this new polymorph. This demonstration of how sequence controls the hierarchical patterning of macrocycles raises the importance of stepwise syntheses relative to one-pot macrocyclizations to offer new approaches for greater understanding and control of hierarchical assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Dobscha
- Molecular Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Henry D. Castillo
- Molecular Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Molecular Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Rachel E. Fadler
- Molecular Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Rose D. Taylor
- Molecular Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Andrew A. Brown
- Molecular Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Colleen Q. Trainor
- Molecular Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Steven L. Tait
- Molecular Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Molecular Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Zhang D, Ronson TK, Güryel S, Thoburn JD, Wales DJ, Nitschke JR. Temperature Controls Guest Uptake and Release from Zn 4L 4 Tetrahedra. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14534-14538. [PMID: 31478658 PMCID: PMC6753657 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
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We report the preparation of triazatruxene-faced
tetrahedral cage 1, which exhibits two diastereomeric
configurations (T1 and T2) that differ in
the handedness of the
ligand faces relative to that of the octahedrally coordinated metal
centers. At lower temperatures, T1 is favored, whereas T2 predominates at higher temperatures. Host–guest
studies show that T1 binds small aliphatic guests, whereas T2 binds larger aromatic molecules, with these changes in
binding preference resulting from differences in cavity size and degree
of enclosure. Thus, by a change in temperature the cage system can
be triggered to eject one bound guest and take up another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Tanya K Ronson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Songül Güryel
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - John D Thoburn
- Department of Chemistry , Randolph-Macon College , Ashland , Virginia 23005 , United States
| | - David J Wales
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R Nitschke
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
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16
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Li SY, Yang XQ, Chen T, Wang D, Wang SF, Wan LJ. Tri-Stable Structural Switching in 2D Molecular Assembly at the Liquid/Solid Interface Triggered by External Electric Field. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6751-6759. [PMID: 31188581 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A tri-stable structural switching between different polymorphisms is presented in the 2D molecular assembly of a 5-(benzyloxy)isophthalic acid derivative (BIC-C12) at the liquid/solid interface. The assembled structure of BIC-C12 is sensitive to the applied voltage between the STM tip and the sample surface. A compact lamellar structure is exclusively observed at positive sample bias, while a porous honeycomb structure or a quadrangular structure is preferred at negative sample bias. Selective switching between the lamellar structure and the honeycomb structure or the quadrangular structure is realized by controlling the polarity and magnitude of the sample bias. The transition between the honeycomb structure and the quadrangular structure is, however, absent in the assembly. This tri-stable structural switching is closely related to the molecular concentration in the liquid phase. This result provides insights into the effect of external electric field on molecular assembly and benefits the design and construction of switchable molecular architectures on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Chemistry , Northeast Normal University , Changchun 130024 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
- Hubei University , Wuhan 400062 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Fu Wang
- Hubei University , Wuhan 400062 , People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
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17
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Zhu X, Zhang S, Xiao H, Li C, Huang W, Fang Q, Li X, Zhang M, Cheng F, Tu B, Geng Y, Song J, Zeng Q. Bilayer Adsorption of Porphyrin Molecules Substituted with Carboxylic Acid atop the NN4A Network Revealed by STM and DFT. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:4428-4434. [PMID: 30852903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up technology is a bridge connecting a two-dimensional (2D) monolayer structure with a three-dimensional (3D) bulk structure. From 2D to 3D, it helps us to understand the driving force of an organization process to control the molecular arrangement in the 3D phase. Here, we aimed at the fabrication of multilayer nanostructures on solid substrates. Bis(3,5-diacidic)diazobenzene (NN4A) was chosen as one molecule because of its photosensitive azo group and carboxylic group possessing hydrogen bonding effect, while porphyrin molecules composed of different numbers and positions of carboxylic acid groups were used as the other component. It was found that the porphyrin molecules could adopt different adsorption configurations because of the influence of carboxylic groups, leading to different subsequent coassemblies on the solid surface. The NN4A/porphyrin systems underwent structural transformation when NN4A molecules were adsorbed on the highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface with predeposited porphyrin. This work displayed an efficient method on the construction of multilayer nanostructures in the molecular surface engineering and provided a new way to construct 3D structures based on the molecular design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Hongjun Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Assembly Organic Functional Molecules , Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081 , China
| | - Weiming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Assembly Organic Functional Molecules , Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081 , China
| | - Qiaojun Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- Key Laboratory of Organo Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Gannan Normal University , Ganzhou 34100 , China
| | - Min Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering , Dongguan University of Technology , Dongguan 523808 , P. R. China
| | - Faliang Cheng
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering , Dongguan University of Technology , Dongguan 523808 , P. R. China
| | - Bin Tu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Yanfang Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Jianxin Song
- Key Laboratory of Assembly Organic Functional Molecules , Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081 , China
| | - Qingdao Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190 , China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering , Dongguan University of Technology , Dongguan 523808 , P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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18
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Kang SI, Lee M, Lee D. Weak Links To Differentiate Weak Bonds: Size-Selective Response of π-Conjugated Macrocycle Gels to Ammonium Ions. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5980-5986. [PMID: 30888168 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular-level host-guest interactions can drive gel-to-sol phase transitions of the bulk material. Using supramolecular gels constructed from π-conjugated aza-crown macrocycles, we have investigated the effects of guest chemical structures on the kinetics of gel disassembly. While ammonium ions bind only weakly to the individual macrocycles in solution, gel-to-sol transitions of self-assembled macrocycles occur readily under ambient conditions. This net signal amplification process was monitored conveniently by time-dependent spectroscopic studies to reveal a straightforward correlation between the response rate and shape/size of the guest species. Well-designed weak links thus respond to subtle differences in weak bonds and translate them into visually discernible macroscopic signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Il Kang
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu , Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Milim Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu , Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu , Seoul 08826 , Korea
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19
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De los Santos ZA, Yusin G, Wolf C. Enantioselective sensing of carboxylic acids with a bis(urea)oligo(phenylene)ethynylene foldamer. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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