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Ajayi TM, Shirato N, Rojas T, Wieghold S, Cheng X, Latt KZ, Trainer DJ, Dandu NK, Li Y, Premarathna S, Sarkar S, Rosenmann D, Liu Y, Kyritsakas N, Wang S, Masson E, Rose V, Li X, Ngo AT, Hla SW. Characterization of just one atom using synchrotron X-rays. Nature 2023; 618:69-73. [PMID: 37259001 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06011-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of X-rays by Roentgen in 1895, its use has been ubiquitous, from medical and environmental applications to materials sciences1-5. X-ray characterization requires a large number of atoms and reducing the material quantity is a long-standing goal. Here we show that X-rays can be used to characterize the elemental and chemical state of just one atom. Using a specialized tip as a detector, X-ray-excited currents generated from an iron and a terbium atom coordinated to organic ligands are detected. The fingerprints of a single atom, the L2,3 and M4,5 absorption edge signals for iron and terbium, respectively, are clearly observed in the X-ray absorption spectra. The chemical states of these atoms are characterized by means of near-edge X-ray absorption signals, in which X-ray-excited resonance tunnelling (X-ERT) is dominant for the iron atom. The X-ray signal can be sensed only when the tip is located directly above the atom in extreme proximity, which confirms atomically localized detection in the tunnelling regime. Our work connects synchrotron X-rays with a quantum tunnelling process and opens future X-rays experiments for simultaneous characterizations of elemental and chemical properties of materials at the ultimate single-atom limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope M Ajayi
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena Institute, Physics & Astronomy Department, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Nozomi Shirato
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Tomas Rojas
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah Wieghold
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Xinyue Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Kyaw Zin Latt
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Daniel J Trainer
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Naveen K Dandu
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sineth Premarathna
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena Institute, Physics & Astronomy Department, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Sanjoy Sarkar
- Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena Institute, Physics & Astronomy Department, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Rosenmann
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Yuzi Liu
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Nathalie Kyritsakas
- Molecular Tectonics Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, UMR UDS-CNRS 7140, Institut le Bel, Strasbourg, France
| | - Shaoze Wang
- Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena Institute, Physics & Astronomy Department, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Eric Masson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Volker Rose
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA.
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Anh T Ngo
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Saw-Wai Hla
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA.
- Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena Institute, Physics & Astronomy Department, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
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2
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Wäckerlin C. On-Surface Hydrogen/Deuterium Isotope Exchange in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8446-8449. [PMID: 33440054 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen plays important roles in the on-surface synthesis of carbon-based materials in ultra-high vacuum. The complex interplay between hydrogen and surface-adsorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is tracked by in situ time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) combined with isotope labeling. In situ deuterium labeling of prototypical PAHs, coronene (CR) and 7-armchair graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), on Au(111) is achieved by annealing either in D2 gas or in the vapor of perdeuterio-acenaphthene. By following the mass spectra of in situ deuterated CR mixed with hydrogen-CR, it is demonstrated that PAHs adsorbed at hot Au(111) surfaces continuously exchange hydrogen atoms. Also, D2 present during the Ullmann coupling step leads to incorporation of deuterium and to shorter GNRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wäckerlin
- Surface Science and Coating Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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3
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Song H, Liu Z, Guan Z, Yang F, Xia D, Li D. Efficient persulfate non-radical activation of electron-rich copper active sites induced by oxygen on graphitic carbon nitride. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:143127. [PMID: 33162135 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) non-radical reactions possess high catalytic activity for specific pollutants under complex water environments. However, the synthesis of high-performance catalysts and the discussion of non-radical reaction mechanisms are still unsatisfactory. Here, a novel and efficient non-radical catalyst (O-CuCN) was successfully assembled using the scheme of Copper (Cu) and oxygen (O) co-doping. The O element with great electronegativity induces graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) to act as a medium to change the phase properties and electron density distribution of g-C3N4, and provides a support for the targeting of Cu. Cu is introduced into g-C3N4 as an active site in the phase structure, and an electron-rich center with the Cu site is formed, which forms a metastable intermediate after the adsorption of PMS by Cu as the active site. The new catalyst O-CuCN has outstanding activity in the PMS system, and its degradation rate for bisphenol A (BPA) is increased by more than 20 times compared to that of g-C3N4, and it has excellent environmental tolerance and stability. This work demonstrates that the formation of metastable intermediates and the initiation of effective non-radical reactions can be achieved by constructing differentiated electron density structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Song
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, PR China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, PR China
| | - Zeyu Guan
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, PR China
| | - Dongsheng Xia
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, PR China
| | - Dongya Li
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, PR China; Engineering Research Center Clean Production of Textile Dyeing and Printing, Ministry of Education, 430073, PR China.
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4
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Li L, Mahapatra S, Liu D, Lu Z, Jiang N. On-Surface Synthesis and Molecular Engineering of Carbon-Based Nanoarchitectures. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3578-3585. [PMID: 33606498 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis via covalent coupling of adsorbed precursor molecules on metal surfaces has emerged as a promising strategy for the design and fabrication of novel organic nanoarchitectures with unique properties and potential applications in nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, spintronics, catalysis, etc. Surface-chemistry-driven molecular engineering (i.e., bond cleavage, linkage, and rearrangement) by means of thermal activation, light irradiation, and tip manipulation plays critical roles in various on-surface synthetic processes, as exemplified by the work from the Ernst group in a prior issue of ACS Nano. In this Perspective, we highlight recent advances in and discuss the outlook for on-surface syntheses and molecular engineering of carbon-based nanoarchitectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Sayantan Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Dairong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Zhongyi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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5
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Wäckerlin C. On‐Surface Hydrogen/Deuterium Isotope Exchange in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wäckerlin
- Surface Science and Coating Technologies Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
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6
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Copper-oxygen synergistic electronic reconstruction on g-C3N4 for efficient non-radical catalysis for peroxydisulfate and peroxymonosulfate. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Wäckerlin C, Gallardo A, Mairena A, Baljozović M, Cahlík A, Antalík A, Brabec J, Veis L, Nachtigallová D, Jelínek P, Ernst KH. On-Surface Hydrogenation of Buckybowls: From Curved Aromatic Molecules to Planar Non-Kekulé Aromatic Hydrocarbons. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16735-16742. [PMID: 32687321 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Functionalization of surfaces with derivatives of Buckminsterfullerene fragment molecules seems to be a promising approach toward bottom-up fabrication of carbon nanotube modified electrode surfaces. The modification of a Cu(100) surface with molecules of the buckybowl pentaindenocorannulene has been studied by means of scanning tunneling microscopy, carbon monoxide-modified noncontact atomic force microscopy, time-of-flight secondary mass spectrometry, and quantum chemical calculations. Two different adsorbate modes are identified, in which the majority is oriented such that the bowl cavity points away from the surface and the convex side is partially immersed into a four-atom vacancy in the Cu(100) surface. A minority is oriented such that the convex side points away from the surface with the five benzo tabs oriented basically parallel to the surface. Thermal annealing leads to hydrogenation and planarization of the molecules in two steps under specific C-C bond cleavage. The benzo tabs of the convex side up species serve as a hydrogen source. The final product has an open-shell electron structure that is quenched on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wäckerlin
- Surface Science and Coating Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Aurelio Gallardo
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Anaïs Mairena
- Surface Science and Coating Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Miloš Baljozović
- Surface Science and Coating Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Aleš Cahlík
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 78/7, 115 19 Praha 1, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Antalík
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Dolejškova 3, 18223 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brabec
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Dolejškova 3, 18223 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Veis
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Dolejškova 3, 18223 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Nachtigallová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Surface Science and Coating Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic
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Li J, Lampart S, Siegel JS, Ernst K, Wäckerlin C. Graphene Grown from Flat and Bowl Shaped Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Cu(111). Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2354-2359. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Li
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstr. 129 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Samuel Lampart
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Jay S. Siegel
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyTianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin- 3000072 China
| | - Karl‐Heinz Ernst
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstr. 129 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences Cukrovarnická 10 162 00 Praha 6 Czech Republic
| | - Christian Wäckerlin
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstr. 129 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences Cukrovarnická 10 162 00 Praha 6 Czech Republic
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Mairena A, Baljozovic M, Kawecki M, Grenader K, Wienke M, Martin K, Bernard L, Avarvari N, Terfort A, Ernst KH, Wäckerlin C. The fate of bromine after temperature-induced dehydrogenation of on-surface synthesized bisheptahelicene. Chem Sci 2019; 10:2998-3004. [PMID: 30996879 PMCID: PMC6430192 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04720k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dehydrogenation of bisheptahelicene leads to specific products and induces desorption of the side-product bromine as hydrogen bromide.
The on-surface synthesis of bisheptahelicene by Ullmann coupling of 9-bromoheptahelicene on Au(111) and its temperature-induced dehydrogenation is studied using temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Specific dehydrogenation products of bisheptahelicene after loss of 6, 8 and 10 hydrogen atoms are identified, corresponding to molecules having undergone Diels–Alder transformations and intramolecular C–C coupling reactions. By combining with atomic hydrogen produced by dehydrogenation, the Ullmann coupling side-product bromine desorbs as HBr. H2 desorption emerges only after all Br has desorbed. Such characteristic behavior is explained by a kinetic model which explicitly considers the coverage of transient atomic H on the surface. Heating experiments performed with saturated layers of different Br-containing molecules reveal that the onset of HBr desorption depends strictly on the dehydrogenation step and therefore on the structure of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Mairena
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland . ;
| | - Milos Baljozovic
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland . ;
| | - Maciej Kawecki
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland . ;
| | - Konstantin Grenader
- Department of Chemistry , Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Goethe-University , 60438 Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Martin Wienke
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hamburg , 20146 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Kévin Martin
- Laboratoire Moltech-Anjou , CNRS-Université d'Angers , 49045 Angers , France
| | - Laetitia Bernard
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland . ;
| | - Narcis Avarvari
- Laboratoire Moltech-Anjou , CNRS-Université d'Angers , 49045 Angers , France
| | - Andreas Terfort
- Department of Chemistry , Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Goethe-University , 60438 Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland . ; .,Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , 8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Christian Wäckerlin
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland . ;
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