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Asai D, Tahara K. Synthesis and Reactivity of an X-Shaped Molecule: Reversible Formation and Cleavage of a Four-Membered Ring in Response to External Stimuli. Org Lett 2024; 26:4898-4903. [PMID: 38836760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
We herein report the synthesis and reactivity of an X-shaped molecule featuring three four-membered rings (4MRs) arranged in a ladder configuration. This molecule exhibits a reversible opening and closure of the central 4MR upon exposure to light irradiation and thermal treatment. The central 4MR of this molecule is also cleaved via electrochemical and chemical reductions. The stimuli-responsiveness of the X-shaped molecule is attributed to the small energy gap difference between its open and closed states, stemming from the antiaromatic character of its precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Asai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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2
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Mizrahi A, Bhowmik S, Manna AK, Sinha W, Kumar A, Saphier M, Mahammed A, Patra M, Fridman N, Zilbermann I, Kronik L, Gross Z. Electronic Coupling and Electrocatalysis in Redox Active Fused Iron Corroles. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20725-20733. [PMID: 36512733 PMCID: PMC9799712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated arrays composed of corrole macrocycles are increasingly more common, but their chemistry still lags behind that of their porphyrin counterparts. Here, we report on the insertion of iron(III) into a β,β-fused corrole dimer and on the electronic effects that this redox active metal center has on the already rich coordination chemistry of [H3tpfc] COT, where COT = cyclo-octatetraene and tpfc = tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole. Synthetic manipulations were performed for the isolation and full characterization of both the 5-coordinate [FeIIItpfc(py)]2COT and 6-coordinate [FeIIItpfc(py)2]2COT, with one and two axial pyridine ligands per metal, respectively. X-Ray crystallography reveals a dome-shaped structure for [FeIIItpfc(py)]2COT and a perfectly planar geometry which (surprisingly at first) is also characterized by shorter Fe-N (corrole) and Fe-N (pyridine) distances. Computational investigations clarify that the structural phenomena are due to a change in the iron(III) spin state from intermediate (S = 3/2) to low (S = 1/2), and that both the 5- and 6-coordinated complexes are enthalpically favored. Yet, in contrast to iron(III) porphyrins, the formation enthalpy for the coordination of the first pyridine to Fe(III) corrole is more negative than that of the second pyridine coordination. Possible interactions between the two corrole subunits and the chelated iron ions were examined by UV-Vis spectroscopy, electrochemical techniques, and density functional theory (DFT). The large differences in the electronic spectra of the dimer relative to the monomer are concluded to be due to a reduced electronic gap, owing to the extensive electron delocalization through the fusing bridge. A cathodic sweep for the dimer discloses two redox processes, separated by 230 mV. The DFT self-consistent charge density for the neutral and cationic states (1- and 2-electron oxidized) reveals that the holes are localized on the macrocycle. A different picture emerges from the reduction process, where both the electrochemistry and the calculated charge density point toward two consecutive electron transfers with similar energetics, indicative of very weak electron communication between the two redox active iron(III) sites. The binuclear complex was determined to be a much better catalyst for the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) than the analogous mononuclear corrole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mizrahi
- Chemistry
Department, Nuclear Research Centre Negev, Beer-Sheva84190, Israel,Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion Institute
of Technology, Haifa3200003, Israel
| | - Susovan Bhowmik
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion Institute
of Technology, Haifa3200003, Israel,Bankura
Sammilani College (W.B), Bankura722102, India
| | - Arun K. Manna
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot76100, Israel
| | - Woormileela Sinha
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion Institute
of Technology, Haifa3200003, Israel,Department
of Chemistry, BITS PilaniK K Birla Goa Campus, NH17B, Zuarinagar, Goa403726, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion Institute
of Technology, Haifa3200003, Israel
| | - Magal Saphier
- Chemistry
Department, Nuclear Research Centre Negev, Beer-Sheva84190, Israel
| | - Atif Mahammed
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion Institute
of Technology, Haifa3200003, Israel
| | | | - Natalia Fridman
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion Institute
of Technology, Haifa3200003, Israel
| | - Israel Zilbermann
- Chemistry
Department, Nuclear Research Centre Negev, Beer-Sheva84190, Israel,Chemistry
Department, Ben-Gurion University of the
Negev, Beer-Sheva84105, Israel,
| | - Leeor Kronik
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot76100, Israel,
| | - Zeev Gross
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion Institute
of Technology, Haifa3200003, Israel,
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3
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Ishizuka T, Kojima T. Recent Development of π-Expanded Porphyrin Derivatives by Peripheral Ring Fusion. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2022. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.80.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Ishizuka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Takahiko Kojima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba
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4
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Borissov A, Maurya YK, Moshniaha L, Wong WS, Żyła-Karwowska M, Stępień M. Recent Advances in Heterocyclic Nanographenes and Other Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds. Chem Rev 2022; 122:565-788. [PMID: 34850633 PMCID: PMC8759089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review surveys recent progress in the chemistry of polycyclic heteroaromatic molecules with a focus on structural diversity and synthetic methodology. The article covers literature published during the period of 2016-2020, providing an update to our first review of this topic (Chem. Rev. 2017, 117 (4), 3479-3716).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet
Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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5
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Miyagawa K, Hisaki I, Fukui N, Shinokubo H. Redox-induced reversible [2 + 2] cycloaddition of an etheno-fused diporphyrin. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5224-5229. [PMID: 34168775 PMCID: PMC8179634 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00438g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
3,5-Ethenoporphyrin is a π-extended porphyrin containing a fused ethene unit between the meso- and β-positions, exhibiting unique contribution of macrocyclic antiaromaticity. We have recently reported that its analogue, etheno-fused diporphyrin, underwent thermal [2 + 2] cycloaddition to furnish X-shaped cyclobutane-linked tetraporphyrins. Here we demonstrate that the cyclobutane-ring formation is dynamically redox-active. Namely, the tetraporphyrin underwent two-step four-electron oxidation to afford two etheno-fused diporphyrin dications. The reduction of the resulting dication regenerated the cyclobutane-linked tetraporphyrin. The dication was sufficiently stable to allow its isolation under ambient conditions. The structure of the dication has been confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Importantly, the simultaneous double C-C bond cleavage in the cyclopropane ring in the tetraporphyrin is exceptional among dynamic redox (dyrex) systems to achieve large structural changes, thus offering new insights for the design of novel redox-active functional organic materials for electrochromic dyes, organic batteries, and organic memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Miyagawa
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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Acharjya A, Pachfule P, Roeser J, Schmitt F, Thomas A. Vinylene-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks by Base-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14865-14870. [PMID: 31340082 PMCID: PMC6851556 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Two 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) linked by vinylene (-CH=CH-) groups (V-COF-1 and V-COF-2) are synthesized by exploiting the electron deficient nature of the aromatic s-triazine unit of C3 -symmetric 2,4,6-trimethyl-s-triazine (TMT). The acidic terminal methyl hydrogens of TMT can easily be abstracted by a base, resulting in a stabilized carbanion, which further undergoes aldol condensation with multitopic aryl aldehydes to be reticulated into extended crystalline frameworks (V-COFs). Both V-COF-1 (with terepthalaldehyde (TA)) and V-COF-2 (with 1,3,5-tris(p-formylphenyl)benzene (TFPB)) are polycrystalline and exhibit permanent porosity and BET surface areas of 1341 m2 g-1 and 627 m2 g-1 , respectively. Owing to the close proximity (3.52 Å) of the pre-organized vinylene linkages within adjacent 2D layers stacked in eclipsed fashion, [2+2] photo-cycloadditon in V-COF-1 formed covalent crosslinks between the COF layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Acharjya
- Department of Chemistry-Functional MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinHardenbergstr. 40BA2, 10623BerlinGermany
| | - Pradip Pachfule
- Department of Chemistry-Functional MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinHardenbergstr. 40BA2, 10623BerlinGermany
| | - Jérôme Roeser
- Department of Chemistry-Functional MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinHardenbergstr. 40BA2, 10623BerlinGermany
| | - Franz‐Josef Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry-Functional MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinHardenbergstr. 40BA2, 10623BerlinGermany
| | - Arne Thomas
- Department of Chemistry-Functional MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinHardenbergstr. 40BA2, 10623BerlinGermany
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7
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Acharjya A, Pachfule P, Roeser J, Schmitt F, Thomas A. Vinylene‐Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks by Base‐Catalyzed Aldol Condensation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Acharjya
- Department of Chemistry-Functional Materials Technische Universität Berlin Hardenbergstr. 40 BA2, 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Pradip Pachfule
- Department of Chemistry-Functional Materials Technische Universität Berlin Hardenbergstr. 40 BA2, 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Jérôme Roeser
- Department of Chemistry-Functional Materials Technische Universität Berlin Hardenbergstr. 40 BA2, 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Franz‐Josef Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry-Functional Materials Technische Universität Berlin Hardenbergstr. 40 BA2, 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Arne Thomas
- Department of Chemistry-Functional Materials Technische Universität Berlin Hardenbergstr. 40 BA2, 10623 Berlin Germany
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Klajn J, Stawski W, Chmielewski PJ, Cybińska J, Pawlicki M. A route to a cyclobutane-linked double-looped system via a helical macrocycle. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4558-4561. [PMID: 30931464 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01201j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The macrocyclic confinements prefers a solid-state prearrangement of two CC linkers that after photocyclisation quantitatively form a cyclobutane linked double-looped structure with perpendicular orientation of macrocyclic arms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Klajn
- Wydział Chemii
- Uniwersytet Wrocławski
- 50-383 Wrocław
- Poland
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9
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Monaco G, Zanasi R. Delocalization energy retrieved from the current density tensor. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:11564-11568. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00117d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The anisotropy of the magnetically induced current density tensor can be computed by its original formulation, known in the literature as ACID, or by its revised definition, AACID, which takes into account the asymmetric nature of the tensor. In polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the excess of the integrated value of AACID over that computed for isolated ethylenes correlate with the Hückel delocalization energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Monaco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”
- Università degli Studi di Salerno
- Fisciano 84084
- Italy
| | - Riccardo Zanasi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”
- Università degli Studi di Salerno
- Fisciano 84084
- Italy
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