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Schatz D, Baumert ME, Kersten MC, Schneider FM, Nielsen MB, Hansmann MM, Wegner HA. para-Aminoazobenzenes-Bipolar Redox-Active Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202405618. [PMID: 38869230 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Azobenzenes (ABs) are versatile compounds featured in numerous applications for energy storage systems, such as solar thermal storages or phase change materials. Additionally, the reversible one-electron reduction of these diazenes to the nitrogen-based radical anion has been used in battery applications. Although the oxidation of ABs is normally irreversible, 4,4'-diamino substitution allows a reversible 2e- oxidation, which is attributed to the formation of a stable bis-quinoidal structure. Herein, we present a system that shows a bipolar redox behaviour. In this way, ABs can serve not only as anolytes, but also as catholytes. The resulting redox potentials can be tailored by suitable amine- and ring-substitution. For the first time, the solid-state structure of the oxidized form could be characterized by X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Schatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
- Center of Materials Research (ZfM/LaMa), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Marcel E Baumert
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology (CCB), Technical University of Dortmund, Otto-Hahn Str. 6., 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marie C Kersten
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
- Center of Materials Research (ZfM/LaMa), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Finn M Schneider
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
- Center of Materials Research (ZfM/LaMa), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | | | - Max M Hansmann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology (CCB), Technical University of Dortmund, Otto-Hahn Str. 6., 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
- Center of Materials Research (ZfM/LaMa), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Gießen, Germany
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2
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Li Y, Li N, Li G, Qiao Y, Zhang M, Zhang L, Guo QH, He G. The Green Box: Selenoviologen-Based Tetracationic Cyclophane for Electrochromism, Host-Guest Interactions, and Visible-Light Photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9118-9128. [PMID: 37015020 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
The novel selenoviologen-based tetracationic cyclophanes (green boxes 3 and 5) with rigid electron-deficient cavities are synthesized via SN2 reactions in two steps. The green boxes exhibit good redox properties, narrow energy gaps, and strong absorption in the visible range (370-470 nm), especially for the green box 5 containing two selenoviologen (SeV2+) units. Meanwhile, the femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) reveals that the green boxes have a stabilized dicationic biradical, high efficiency of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), and long-lived charge separation state due to the formation of cyclophane structure. Based on the excellent photophysical and redox properties, the green boxes are applied to electrochromic devices (ECDs) and visible-light-driven hydrogen production with a high H2 generation rate (34 μmol/h), turnover number (203), and apparent quantum yield (5.33 × 10-2). In addition, the host-guest recognitions are demonstrated between the green boxes and electron-rich guests (e.g., G1:1-naphthol and G2:platinum(II)-tethered naphthalene) in MeCN through C-H···π and π···π interactions. As a one-component system, the host-guest complexes of green box⊃G2 are successfully applied to visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen production due to the intramolecular electron transfer (IET) between platinum(II) of G2 and SeV2+ of the green box, which provides a simplified system for solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Li
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, P. R. China
| | - Naiyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, P. R. China
| | - Guoping Li
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, P. R. China
| | - Yi Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710126, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Hui Guo
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Gang He
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, P. R. China
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Radical Pairing Interactions and Donor-Acceptor Interactions in Cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) Inclusion Complexes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052057. [PMID: 36903306 PMCID: PMC10004262 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding molecular interactions in mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) is challenging because they can be either donor-acceptor interactions or radical pairing interactions, depending on the charge states and multiplicities in the different components of the MIMs. In this work, for the first time, the interactions between cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (abbreviated as CBPQTn+ (n = 0-4)) and a series of recognition units (RUs) were investigated using the energy decomposition analysis approach (EDA). These RUs include bipyridinium radical cation (BIPY•+), naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide) radical anion (NDI•-), their oxidized states (BIPY2+ and NDI), neutral electron-rich tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and neutral bis-dithiazolyl radical (BTA•). The results of generalized Kohn-Sham energy decomposition analysis (GKS-EDA) reveal that for the CBPQTn+···RU interactions, correlation/dispersion terms always have large contributions, while electrostatic and desolvation terms are sensitive to the variation in charge states in CBPQTn+ and RU. For all the CBPQTn+···RU interactions, desolvation terms always tend to overcome the repulsive electrostatic interactions between the CBPQT cation and RU cation. Electrostatic interaction is important when RU has the negative charge. Moreover, the different physical origins of donor-acceptor interactions and radical pairing interactions are compared and discussed. Compared to donor-acceptor interactions, in radical pairing interactions, the polarization term is always small, while the correlation/dispersion term is important. With regard to donor-acceptor interactions, in some cases, polarization terms could be quite large due to the electron transfer between the CBPQT ring and RU, which responds to the large geometrical relaxation of the whole systems.
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Chen X, Chen H, Fraser Stoddart J. The Story of the Little Blue Box: A Tribute to Siegfried Hünig. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211387. [PMID: 36131604 PMCID: PMC10099103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The tetracationic cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene), also known as the little blue box, constitutes a modular receptor that has facilitated the discovery of many host-guest complexes and mechanically interlocked molecules during the past 35 years. Its versatility in binding small π-donors in its tetracationic state, as well as forming trisradical tricationic complexes with viologen radical cations in its doubly reduced bisradical dicationic state, renders it valuable for the construction of various stimuli-responsive materials. Since the first reports in 1988, the little blue box has been featured in over 500 publications in the literature. All this research activity would not have been possible without the seminal contributions carried out by Siegfried Hünig, who not only pioneered the syntheses of viologen-containing cyclophanes, but also revealed their rich redox chemistry in addition to their ability to undergo intramolecular π-dimerization. This Review describes how his pioneering research led to the design and synthesis of the little blue box, and how this redox-active host evolved into the key component of molecular shuttles, switches, and machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Yang Chen
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
- School of ChemistryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
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Jiao Y, Mao H, Qiu Y, Wu G, Chen H, Zhang L, Han H, Li X, Zhao X, Tang C, Chen XY, Feng Y, Stern CL, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Mechanical Bond-Assisted Full-Spectrum Investigation of Radical Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23168-23178. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Haochuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yunyan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Guangcheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Han Han
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chun Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiao-Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L. Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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6
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Fadler RE, Flood AH. Rigidity and Flexibility in Rotaxanes and Their Relatives; On Being Stubborn and Easy-Going. Front Chem 2022; 10:856173. [PMID: 35464214 PMCID: PMC9022846 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.856173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaxanes are an emerging class of molecules composed of two building blocks: macrocycles and threads. Rotaxanes, and their pseudorotaxane and polyrotaxane relatives, serve as prototypes for molecular-level switches and machines and as components in materials like elastic polymers and 3D printing inks. The rigidity and flexibility of these molecules is a characteristic feature of their design. However, the mechanical properties of the assembled rotaxane and its components are rarely examined directly, and the translation of these properties from molecules to bulk materials is understudied. In this Review, we consider the mechanical properties of rotaxanes by making use of concepts borrowed from physical organic chemistry. Rigid molecules have fewer accessible conformations with higher energy barriers while flexible molecules have more accessible conformations and lower energy barriers. The macrocycles and threads become rigidified when threaded together as rotaxanes in which the formation of intermolecular interactions and increased steric contacts collectively reduce the conformational space and raise barriers. Conversely, rotational and translational isomerism in rotaxanes adds novel modes of flexibility. We find that rigidification in rotaxanes is almost universal, but novel degrees of flexibility can be introduced. Both have roles to play in the function of rotaxanes.
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Electrochemical determination of paraquat using a glassy carbon electrode decorated with pillararene-coated nitrogen-doped carbon dots. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Zhao SR, Yuan XY, Chen YX, Lu Y, Zhang M, Liu JK. Enhancing Corrosion Inhibition Performance of ZnO Solid Solution by Doping Variable-Valence Rare-Earth Element Cerium. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Rui Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Xiang Chen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yi Lu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan 643000, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Ku Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan 643000, P. R. China
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9
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Chen X, Mao H, Feng Y, Cai K, Shen D, Wu H, Zhang L, Zhao X, Chen H, Song B, Jiao Y, Wu Y, Stern CL, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Radically Enhanced Dual Recognition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Haochuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Kang Cai
- Department of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Dengke Shen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology Anhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Charlotte L. Stern
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215 China
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10
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Chen XY, Mao H, Feng Y, Cai K, Shen D, Wu H, Zhang L, Zhao X, Chen H, Song B, Jiao Y, Wu Y, Stern CL, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Radically Enhanced Dual Recognition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25454-25462. [PMID: 34342116 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Complexation between a viologen radical cation (V.+ ) and cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) diradical dication (CBPQT2(.+) ) has been investigated and utilized extensively in the construction of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) and artificial molecular machines (AMMs). The selective recognition of a pair of V.+ using radical-pairing interactions, however, remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we report the efficient encapsulation of two methyl viologen radical cations (MV.+ ) in a size-matched bisradical dicationic host - namely, cyclobis(paraquat-2,6-naphthalene)2(.+) , i.e., CBPQN2(.+) . Central to this dual recognition process was the choice of 2,6-bismethylenenaphthalene linkers for incorporation into the bisradical dicationic host. They provide the space between the two bipyridinium radical cations in CBPQN2(.+) suitable for binding two MV.+ with relatively short (3.05-3.25 Å) radical-pairing distances. The size-matched bisradical dicationic host was found to exhibit highly selective and cooperative association with the two MV.+ in MeCN at room temperature. The formation of the tetrakisradical tetracationic inclusion complex - namely, [(MV)2 ⊂CBPQN]4( .+) - in MeCN was confirmed by VT 1 H NMR, as well as by EPR spectroscopy. The solid-state superstructure of [(MV)2 ⊂CBPQN]4( .+) reveals an uneven distribution of the binding distances (3.05, 3.24, 3.05 Å) between the three different V.+ , suggesting that localization of the radical-pairing interactions has a strong influence on the packing of the two MV.+ inside the bisradical dicationic host. Our findings constitute a rare example of binding two radical guests with high affinity and cooperativity using host-guest radical-pairing interactions. Moreover, they open up possibilities of harnessing the tetrakisradical tetracationic inclusion complex as a new, orthogonal and redox-switchable recognition motif for the construction of MIMs and AMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Haochuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Kang Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Dengke Shen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, China
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11
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Broløs L, Kilde MD, Brock‐Nannestad T, Nielsen MB. Dimeric Indenofluorene‐Extended Tetrathiafulvalene Motif for Enhanced Intramolecular Complexation. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Line Broløs
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Martin Drøhse Kilde
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Theis Brock‐Nannestad
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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12
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Guo MY, Li P, Yang SL, Bu R, Piao XQ, Gao EQ. Distinct and Selective Amine- and Anion-Responsive Behaviors of an Electron-Deficient and Anion-Exchangeable Metal-Organic Framework. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:43958-43966. [PMID: 32880426 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Smart materials that respond to chemical stimuli with color or luminescence changes are highly desirable for daily-life and high-tech applications. Here, we report a novel porous metal-organic framework (MOF) that shows multiple, selective, and discriminative responsive properties owing to the combination of different functional ingredients [tripyridinium chromogen, Eu(III) luminophore, cationic framework, and special porous structure]. The MOF contains two interpenetrated three-dimensional cationic coordination networks built of a tetrahedral [Eu4(μ3-OH)4] cluster and a tripyridinium-tricarboxylate zwitterionic linker. It shows reversible and discriminative chromic response to aliphatic amines and aniline through different host-guest interactions between electron-deficient pyridinium and electron-rich amines. The size- and shape-selective response to aliphatic amines is ascribed to the radical formation through host-guest electron transfer, whereas the response to aniline is ascribed to the formation of sandwich-type acceptor-donor-acceptor complexes. The MOF is capable of reversible anion exchange with various anions and shows selective and discriminative ionochromic response to iodide, bromide, and thiocyanate, which is attributed to charge-transfer complexation. The above chromic behaviors are accompanied by efficient quenching of Eu(III) photoluminescence. The MOF represents a multi-stimuli dual-output responsive system. It can be used for discrimination and identification of anions and amines. The potential use in invisible printing, reusable sensory films, and optical switches was demonstrated by the ink and the membrane made of the MOF and organic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yue Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Peng Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Anhui 235000, China
| | - Shuai-Liang Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Ran Bu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xian-Qing Piao
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - En-Qing Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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Lu Y, Liu D, Lin YJ, Li ZH, Jin GX. Self-assembly of metalla[3]catenanes, Borromean rings and ring-in-ring complexes using a simple π-donor unit. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 7:1548-1556. [PMID: 34691487 PMCID: PMC8290965 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research and several stunning breakthroughs in the synthesis of interlocked molecular species, [3]catenanes, Borromean rings and ring-in-ring complexes are exceedingly rare and their targeted synthesis remains a formidable challenge. Herein, a series of Cp*Rh-based homogeneous and heterogeneous interlocked structures have been prepared by coordination-driven self-assembly, not only including metalla[2]catenanes and molecular Borromean rings, but also linear metalla[3]catenanes and ring-in-ring complexes. The interlocked structures are all based on bithiophenyl groups. The bithiophenyl groups effectively enhance the strength of the inter-ring interactions and play a crucial role in the formation of these interlocked structures. By taking advantage of the strong interaction between π-donor (D) and π-acceptor (A) groups, the electron-deficient methylviologen cation was introduced into a cationic metallarectangle based on bithiophenyl groups. Taking inspiration from these results, a cationic metallarectangle based on A units was threaded into a metallarectangle based on D units, leading to a heterogeneous D–A ring-in-ring structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yue-Jian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guo-Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Mrinalini M, Prasanthkumar S. Recent Advances on Stimuli‐Responsive Smart Materials and their Applications. Chempluschem 2019; 84:1103-1121. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madoori Mrinalini
- Polymers & Functional Materials DivisionCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT) Tarnaka Hyderabad- 500007, Telangana India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR) Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Seelam Prasanthkumar
- Polymers & Functional Materials DivisionCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT) Tarnaka Hyderabad- 500007, Telangana India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR) Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
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Xu X, Li S, Liu Q, Liu Z, Yan W, Zhao L, Zhang W, Zhang L, Deng F, Cong H, Deng H. Isolated π-Interaction Sites in Mesoporous MOF Backbone for Repetitive and Reversible Dynamics in Water. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:973-981. [PMID: 30525403 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the introduction of π-interaction sites into a series of chemically robust metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), MOF-526, -527, and -528, with progressively increased pore size, 1.9-3.7 nm, and the inclusion and release of large organic molecules in water. The mesopores in these MOFs lead to fast adsorption kinetics, whereas the π-interaction between isolated porphyrin units in the MOF backbone and polycyclic structure of the organic guests provides excellent reversibility. Specifically, seven large organic dyes were quantitatively captured by the porphyrin units of these MOFs in a 2:1 molar ratio, exhibiting unprecedented kinetics for MOFs [e.g., 4.54 × 105 L/mol for rhodamine B] at an extremely low concentration (10 ppm) in water. Rotational-echo double-resonance NMR experiments revealed that the distance between the guest molecules and porphyrin units in MOFs was in the range from 3.24 to 3.37 Å, confirming the specific π-interaction. Repetitive and reversible dynamics was achieved in these MOFs for 10 complete inclusion-release cycles without any decay in performance, which is ideally suited for the removal and recycle of large polycyclic organic molecules from water. The performance of MOF-526 rivals that of state-of-the-art carbon and polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shenhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan , Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Feng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan , Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China
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