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Gao M, Lu S, Xu B. C-H functionalization enabled by multiple isocyanides. Chem Soc Rev 2024. [PMID: 39228343 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00028e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Past decades have witnessed significant advance of isocyanides as a class of versatile organic synthons as well as their broad applications in multi-component reactions (MCRs) and other tandem reactions. Reactions involving multiple isocyanides allow the construction of molecules with further diversification and complexity, while C-H functionalization emphasizes the advantages of high atom economy, broad substrate availability and great synthetic efficiency. This promising synergistic strategy of C-H functionalization involving multiple isocyanides provides a variety of valuable synthetic methods for organic chemists' toolbox and offers considerable potential in pharmaceutical chemistry and materials science as well. The present review outlines in detail various reaction types of C-H functionalization enabled by multiple isocyanides, and the relevant mechanistic rationale is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchun Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Shaohang Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Organ Repair (Ministry of Education), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Zhuo Q, Yang J, Zhou X, Shima T, Luo Y, Hou Z. Dinitrogen Cleavage and Multicoupling with Isocyanides in a Dititanium Dihydride Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10984-10992. [PMID: 38578866 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Dinitrogen (N2) activation and functionalization through N-N bond cleavage and N-C bond formation are of great interest and importance but remain highly challenging. We report here for the first time N2 cleavage and selective multicoupling with isocyanides in a dititanium dihydride framework. The reaction of a dinitrogen dititanium dihydride complex [{(acriPNP)Ti}2(μ-η1:η2-N2)(μ-H)2] (1) with an excess (four or more equivalents) of p-methoxyphenyl isocyanide at room temperature gave a novel amidoamidinatoguanidinate complex [(acriPNP)Ti{NC(═NR)NC(═NR)CH2NR}Ti(acriPNP)(CNR)] (2, acriPNP = 4,5-bis(diisopropylphosphino)-2,7,9,9-tetramethyl-9H-acridin-10-ide; R = p-MeOC6H4) through N2 splitting and coupling with three isocyanide molecules. When 1 equiv of p-methoxyphenyl isocyanide was used to react with 1 at -30 °C, the hydrogenation of the isocyanide unit by the two hydride ligands in 1 took place, affording an amidomethylene-bridged dititanium dinitrogen complex [{(acriPNP)Ti}2(μ-η1:η2-N2){μ-η1:η2-CH2N(p-MeOC6H4)}] (3), which upon reaction with another equivalent of p-methoxyphenyl isocyanide at room temperature gave an amidomethylene/nitrido/carbodiimido complex [(acriPNP)Ti(N═C═NR)(μ-N)(μ-η1:η2-CH2NR)Ti(acriPNP)] (4) through N2 cleavage and N═C bond formation. Further reaction of 4 with 1 equiv of p-methoxyphenyl isocyanide led to an unprecedented four-component (carbodiimido, nitrido, isocyanide, and amidomethylene) coupling, yielding an amidoamidinatoguanidinate complex [{(acriPNP)Ti}2{NC(═NR)NC(═NR)CH2NR}] (5), which on reaction with another equivalent of p-methoxyphenyl isocyanide afforded the isocyanide-coordinated analogue 2. The reaction of 1 with 2-naphthyl isocyanide also took place in a similar multicoupling fashion. Moreover, the cross-coupling reactions of the p-methoxyphenyl isocyanide-derived amidomethylene/nitrido/carbodiimido complex 4 with 2-naphthyl isocyanide, cyclohexyl isocyanide, and tert-butyl isocyanide were also achieved, which afforded the corresponding amidoamidinatoguanidinate products consisting of two different isocyanides. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further elucidated the mechanistic details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingde Zhuo
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jimin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhou
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takanori Shima
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- PetroChina Petrochemical Research Institute, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Mena M, Pérez-Redondo A, Varela-Izquierdo V, Yélamos C. X-Ray Crystal Structures of Two Monopentamethylcyclopentadienylhafnium(IV) Complexes. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774521030184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chen J, Chen T, Norton JR, Rauch M. Insertion of Isonitriles into the Zr–CH3 Bond of Cp*2Zr(CH3)2 and Electrophilic Cleavage of the Remaining Methyl Group. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jack R. Norton
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael Rauch
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
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