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Jacob HL, Weyer N, Leibold M, Bruhn C, Siemeling U. Ferrocene-Based N-Heterocyclic Silylenes: Monomeric Silanechalcogenones, Silanimines, Silirenes, and Insertion Products with P 4. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400850. [PMID: 38656583 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The stable ferrocene-based N-heterocyclic silylenes fc[(N{B})2Si] (A; fc=1,1'-ferrocenylene, {B}=(HCNDipp)2B, Dipp=2,6-diisopropylphenyl) and fc[(NDipp)2Si] (B) are compared in a study focussing on their reactivity towards a range of small to moderately sized molecular substrates, viz. P4, S8, Se8, MesN3 (Mes=mesityl), RC≡CH, and RC≡CR (R=Ph, SiMe3). The Dipp-substituted congener B exhibits a more pronounced ambiphilicity and is sterically less congested than its 1,3,2-diazaborolyl-substituted relative A, in line with the higher reactivity of the former. The difference in reactivity is obviously due more to electronic than to steric reasons, as is illustrated by the fact that both A and B react with the comparatively bulky substrate MesN3 under mild conditions to afford the corresponding silanimine fc[(N{B})2Si=NMes] and fc[(NDipp)2Si=NMes], respectively. The heavier ketone analogues fc[(N{B})2Si=E] (E=S, Se, Te) are readily available from A and the corresponding chalcogen. In contrast, the reaction of the more reactive silylene B with elemental sulfur or selenium is unspecific, affording product mixtures. However, fc[(NDipp)2Si=Se] is selectively prepared from B and (Et2N)3PSe; the Te analogue is also accessible, but crystallises as head-to-tail dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes L Jacob
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Nadine Weyer
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Michael Leibold
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Clemens Bruhn
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Ulrich Siemeling
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
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2
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Sonego JM, de Diego SI, Szajnman SH, Gallo-Rodriguez C, Rodriguez JB. Organoselenium Compounds: Chemistry and Applications in Organic Synthesis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300030. [PMID: 37378970 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Selenium, originally described as a toxin, turns out to be a crucial trace element for life that appears as selenocysteine and its dimer, selenocystine. From the point of view of drug developments, selenium-containing drugs are isosteres of sulfur and oxygen with the advantage that the presence of the selenium atom confers antioxidant properties and high lipophilicity, which would increase cell membrane permeation leading to better oral bioavailability. In this article, we have focused on the relevant features of the selenium atom, above all, the corresponding synthetic approaches to access a variety of organoselenium molecules along with the proposed reaction mechanisms. The preparation and biological properties of selenosugars, including selenoglycosides, selenonucleosides, selenopeptides, and other selenium-containing compounds will be treated. We have attempted to condense the most important aspects and interesting examples of the chemistry of selenium into a single article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Sonego
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sheila I de Diego
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio H Szajnman
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carola Gallo-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan B Rodriguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3
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Lee VY. Organogermanium Analogues of Alkenes, Alkynes, 1,3-Dienes, Allenes, and Vinylidenes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041558. [PMID: 36838546 PMCID: PMC9960162 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, the latest achievements in the field of multiply bonded organogermanium derivatives, mostly reported within the last two decades, are presented. The isolable Ge-containing analogues of alkenes, alkynes, 1,3-dienes, allenes, and vinylidenes are discussed, and for each class of unsaturated organogermanium compounds, the most representative examples are given. The synthetic approaches toward homonuclear multiply bonded combinations solely consisting of germanium atoms, and their heteronuclear variants containing germanium and other group 14 elements, both acyclic and cyclic, are discussed. The peculiar structural features and nonclassical bonding nature of the abovementioned compounds are discussed based on their spectroscopic and structural characteristics, in particular their crystallographic parameters (double bond length, trans-bending at the doubly bonded centers, and twisting about the double bond). The prospects for the practical use of the title compounds in synthetic and catalytic fields are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ya Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Ibaraki, Japan
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Yagura S, Hayakawa N, Kuroda A, Ota K, Tanishita R, Urasaki G, Nakahodo T, Nakai H, Hoshino M, Hashizume D, Matsuo T. A series of ( E)-1,2-diaryldigermenes incorporating bulky Eind groups: structural characteristics and absorption properties. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:18633-18641. [PMID: 36448427 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03427a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of (E)-1,2-diaryldigermenes, (Eind)ArGeGeAr(Eind) [Ar = phenyl (2), thiophen-2-yl (3), 9,9-dimethyl-2-fluorenyl (4) and 2,2'-bithiophen-5-yl (5)], supported by the fused-ring bulky 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7-octaethyl-s-hydrindacen-4-yl (Eind) groups, have been obtained as yellow-orange to red crystalline solids by the reaction of 1,2-dibromodigermene, (Eind)BrGeGeBr(Eind) (1), with ArLi. In the crystals of 2-5, the digermene cores show a flexible nature adopting a trans-bent geometry with the trans-bent angles (θ) between the Ge-Ge vector and the CEind-Ge-CAr plane of 34.04(12)° (2), 38.3(3)° and 38.8(3)° (3), 33.69(12)° (4) and 39.30(13)° (5). In the UV-vis spectra, strong π-π* absorptions have been observed with an absorption maximum at 451 nm (ε = 1.3 × 104) (2), 455 nm (ε = 9.7 × 103) (3), 480 nm (ε = 1.3 × 104) (4) and 497 nm (ε = 1.4 × 104) (5), retaining the GeGe double bond in solution. The absorption data and DFT calculations provide evidence for the intrinsic π-conjugation between the GeGe chromophore and aromatic rings involving the narrowing of the HOMO-LUMO gaps (ΔE) with the extension of the carbon π-electron systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Yagura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Naoki Hayakawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Airi Kuroda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Kei Ota
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Rhota Tanishita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Genya Urasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Tsukasa Nakahodo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Hidetaka Nakai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Manabu Hoshino
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Matsuo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
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5
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Correia Bicho BA, Guthardt R, Bruhn C, Großhennig D, Orth T, Pfeiffer F, Siemeling U. N
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tert
‐Alkyl‐Substituted N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes with a 1,1’‐Ferrocenediyl Backbone. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A. Correia Bicho
- Institute of Chemistry University of Kassel Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40 34132 Kassel Germany
| | - Robin Guthardt
- Institute of Chemistry University of Kassel Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40 34132 Kassel Germany
| | - Clemens Bruhn
- Institute of Chemistry University of Kassel Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40 34132 Kassel Germany
| | - David Großhennig
- Institute of Chemistry University of Kassel Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40 34132 Kassel Germany
| | - Till Orth
- Institute of Chemistry University of Kassel Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40 34132 Kassel Germany
| | - Florian Pfeiffer
- Institute of Chemistry University of Kassel Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40 34132 Kassel Germany
| | - Ulrich Siemeling
- Institute of Chemistry University of Kassel Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40 34132 Kassel Germany
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6
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Ananikov VP, Ledovskaya MS, Voronin VV, Rodygin KS. Acetylene and Ethylene: Universal C2 Molecular Units in Cycloaddition Reactions. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1654-2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAcetylene and ethylene are the smallest molecules that contain an unsaturated carbon–carbon bond and can be efficiently utilized in a large variety of cycloaddition reactions. In this review, we summarize the application of these C2 molecular units in cycloaddition chemistry and highlight their amazing synthetic opportunities.1 Introduction2 Fundamental Features and Differences of Cycloaddition Reactions Involving Acetylene and Ethylene3 (2+1) Cycloaddition4 [2+2] Cycloaddition5 (3+2) Cycloaddition6 [4+2] Cycloaddition7 (2+2+1) Cycloaddition8 [2+2+2] Cycloaddition9 The Use of Acetylene and Ethylene Cycloaddition for Deuterium and 13C Labeling10 Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine P. Ananikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
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7
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Ota K, Kinjo R. Heavier element-containing aromatics of [4 n+2]-electron systems. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10594-10673. [PMID: 34369490 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01354d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While the implication of the aromaticity concept has been dramatically expanded to date since its emergence in 1865, the classical [4n+2]/4n-electron counting protocol still plays an essential role in evaluating the aromatic nature of compounds. Over the last few decades, a variety of heavier heterocycles featuring the formal [4n+2] π-electron arrangements have been developed, which allows for assessing their aromatic nature. In this review, we present recent developments of the [4n+2]-electron systems of heavier heterocycles involving group 13-15 elements. The synthesis, spectroscopic data, structural parameters, computational data, and reactivity are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ota
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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8
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Ohno R, Numata Y, Konaka S, Yagura S, Kuroda A, Harada M, Fujita N, Hayakawa N, Nakai H, Rosas-Sánchez A, Hashizume D, Matsuo T. Synthesis and Characterization of a Series of Diarylgermylenes and Dihalodigermenes Having Fused-Ring Bulky “Rind” Groups. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Ohno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Numata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Konaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shogo Yagura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Airi Kuroda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Mao Harada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Naoki Hayakawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Nakai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Alfredo Rosas-Sánchez
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Matsuo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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9
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Yang MC, Su MD. A mechanistic study of the activation of small molecules (H 2 and C 2H 2) by group 14 analogues of selenophene. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01077d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the reactivity influenced by group 14 elements (E = C, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb), which are used as substituents in heterocyclic five-membered rings, was theoretically examined by using density functional theory (B3PW91/def2-SVP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiayi University
- Chiayi 60004
- Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiayi University
- Chiayi 60004
- Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry
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10
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Recent developments in the synthesis of Se-heterocycles applying elemental selenium (microreview). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-019-02559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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11
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Sugahara T, Guo JD, Hashizume D, Sasamori T, Tokitoh N. Reversible Isomerizations between 1,4-Digermabenzenes and 1,4-Digerma-Dewar-benzenes: Air-Stable Activators for Small Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:2263-2267. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Sugahara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Jing-Dong Guo
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sasamori
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, Yamanohata 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8501, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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