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Gu K, Yu C, Zhou W, Liu C. In Operando Visualization of Elementary Turnovers in Photocatalytic Organic Synthesis. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:717-724. [PMID: 38214912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
We report the in operando visualization of the photocatalytic turnovers on single eosin Y (EY) through a redox-induced photoblinking phenomenon. The photocatalytic cyclization of thiobenzamide (TB) catalyzed by EY was investigated. The analysis of the intensity-versus-time trajectories of single EYs revealed the kinetics and dynamics of the elementary photocatalytic turnovers and the heterogeneity of the activity of individual EYs. The quenching turnover time showed a fast population and a slow population, which could be attributed to the singlet and triplet states of photoexcited EY. The slow quenching turnovers were more dominant at higher TB concentrations. The activity heterogeneity of EYs was studied over a series of reactant concentrations. Excess quenching reagent was found to decrease the percentage of active EYs. The method can be broadly applied to studying the elementary processes of photocatalytic organic reactions in operando.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Christina Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Wenqiao Zhou
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Chunming Liu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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2
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Dery S, Friedman B, Shema H, Gross E. Mechanistic Insights Gained by High Spatial Resolution Reactivity Mapping of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous (Electro)Catalysts. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6003-6038. [PMID: 37037476 PMCID: PMC10176474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of high spatial resolution microscopy and spectroscopy tools enabled reactivity analysis of homogeneous and heterogeneous (electro)catalysts at previously unattainable resolution and sensitivity. These techniques revealed that catalytic entities are more heterogeneous than expected and local variations in reaction mechanism due to divergences in the nature of active sites, such as their atomic properties, distribution, and accessibility, occur both in homogeneous and heterogeneous (electro)catalysts. In this review, we highlight recent insights in catalysis research that were attained by conducting high spatial resolution studies. The discussed case studies range from reactivity detection of single particles or single molecular catalysts, inter- and intraparticle communication analysis, and probing the influence of catalysts distribution and accessibility on the resulting reactivity. It is demonstrated that multiparticle and multisite reactivity analyses provide unique knowledge about reaction mechanism that could not have been attained by conducting ensemble-based, averaging, spectroscopy measurements. It is highlighted that the integration of spectroscopy and microscopy measurements under realistic reaction conditions will be essential to bridge the gap between model-system studies and real-world high spatial resolution reactivity analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Dery
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Barak Friedman
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Hadar Shema
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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3
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Chizallet C, Bouchy C, Larmier K, Pirngruber G. Molecular Views on Mechanisms of Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Reactions in Zeolites. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6107-6196. [PMID: 36996355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The Brønsted acidity of proton-exchanged zeolites has historically led to the most impactful applications of these materials in heterogeneous catalysis, mainly in the fields of transformations of hydrocarbons and oxygenates. Unravelling the mechanisms at the atomic scale of these transformations has been the object of tremendous efforts in the last decades. Such investigations have extended our fundamental knowledge about the respective roles of acidity and confinement in the catalytic properties of proton exchanged zeolites. The emerging concepts are of general relevance at the crossroad of heterogeneous catalysis and molecular chemistry. In the present review, emphasis is given to molecular views on the mechanism of generic transformations catalyzed by Brønsted acid sites of zeolites, combining the information gained from advanced kinetic analysis, in situ, and operando spectroscopies, and quantum chemistry calculations. After reviewing the current knowledge on the nature of the Brønsted acid sites themselves, and the key parameters in catalysis by zeolites, a focus is made on reactions undergone by alkenes, alkanes, aromatic molecules, alcohols, and polyhydroxy molecules. Elementary events of C-C, C-H, and C-O bond breaking and formation are at the core of these reactions. Outlooks are given to take up the future challenges in the field, aiming at getting ever more accurate views on these mechanisms, and as the ultimate goal, to provide rational tools for the design of improved zeolite-based Brønsted acid catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Chizallet
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-Point de l'Echangeur de Solaize, BP 3, Solaize 69360, France
| | - Christophe Bouchy
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-Point de l'Echangeur de Solaize, BP 3, Solaize 69360, France
| | - Kim Larmier
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-Point de l'Echangeur de Solaize, BP 3, Solaize 69360, France
| | - Gerhard Pirngruber
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-Point de l'Echangeur de Solaize, BP 3, Solaize 69360, France
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4
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Gong X, Çağlayan M, Ye Y, Liu K, Gascon J, Dutta Chowdhury A. First-Generation Organic Reaction Intermediates in Zeolite Chemistry and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14275-14345. [PMID: 35947790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Zeolite chemistry and catalysis are expected to play a decisive role in the next decade(s) to build a more decentralized renewable feedstock-dependent sustainable society owing to the increased scrutiny over carbon emissions. Therefore, the lack of fundamental and mechanistic understanding of these processes is a critical "technical bottleneck" that must be eliminated to maximize economic value and minimize waste. We have identified, considering this objective, that the chemistry related to the first-generation reaction intermediates (i.e., carbocations, radicals, carbenes, ketenes, and carbanions) in zeolite chemistry and catalysis is highly underdeveloped or undervalued compared to other catalysis streams (e.g., homogeneous catalysis). This limitation can often be attributed to the technological restrictions to detect such "short-lived and highly reactive" intermediates at the interface (gas-solid/solid-liquid); however, the recent rise of sophisticated spectroscopic/analytical techniques (including under in situ/operando conditions) and modern data analysis methods collectively compete to unravel the impact of these organic intermediates. This comprehensive review summarizes the state-of-the-art first-generation organic reaction intermediates in zeolite chemistry and catalysis and evaluates their existing challenges and future prospects, to contribute significantly to the "circular carbon economy" initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Gong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Mustafa Çağlayan
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yiru Ye
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Kun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Jorge Gascon
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Chen W, Yi X, Liu Z, Tang X, Zheng A. Carbocation chemistry confined in zeolites: spectroscopic and theoretical characterizations. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4337-4385. [PMID: 35536126 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00966d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acid-catalyzed reactions inside zeolites are one type of broadly applied industrial reactions, where carbocations are the most common intermediates of these reaction processes, including methanol to olefins, alkene/aromatic alkylation, and hydrocarbon cracking/isomerization. The fundamental research on these acid-catalyzed reactions is focused on the stability, evolution, and lifetime of carbocations under the zeolite confinement effect, which greatly affects the efficiency, selectivity and deactivation of zeolite catalysts. Therefore, a profound understanding of the carbocations confined in zeolites is not only beneficial to explain the reaction mechanism but also drive the design of new zeolite catalysts with ideal acidity and cages/channels. In this review, we provide both an in-depth understanding of the stabilization of carbocations by the pore confinement effect and summary of the advanced characterization methods to capture carbocations in zeolites, including UV-vis spectroscopy, solid-state NMR, fluorescence microscopy, IR spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Also, we clarify the relationship between the activity and stability of carbocations in zeolite-catalyzed reactions, and further highlight the role of carbocations in various hydrocarbon conversion reactions inside zeolites with diverse frameworks and varying acidic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.
| | - Xianfeng Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaomin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.
| | - Anmin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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6
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Abstract
Catalysis is at the core of chemistry and has been essential to make all the goods surrounding us, including fuels, coatings, plastics and other functional materials. In the near future, catalysis will also be an essential tool in making the shift from a fossil-fuel-based to a more renewable and circular society. To make this reality, we have to better understand the fundamental concept of the active site in catalysis. Here, we discuss the physical meaning - and deduce the validity and, therefore, usefulness - of some common approaches in heterogeneous catalysis, such as linking catalyst activity to a 'turnover frequency' and explaining catalytic performance in terms of 'structure sensitivity' or 'structure insensitivity'. Catalytic concepts from the fields of enzymatic and homogeneous catalysis are compared, ultimately realizing that the struggle that one encounters in defining the active site in most solid catalysts is likely the one we must overcome to reach our end goal: tailoring the precise functioning of the active sites with respect to many different parameters to satisfy our ever-growing needs. This article ends with an outlook of what may become feasible within the not-too-distant future with modern experimental and theoretical tools at hand.
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7
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Dong B, Mansour N, Huang TX, Huang W, Fang N. Single molecule fluorescence imaging of nanoconfinement in porous materials. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:6483-6506. [PMID: 34100033 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01568g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review covers recent progress in using single molecule fluorescence microscopy imaging to understand the nanoconfinement in porous materials. The single molecule approach unveils the static and dynamic heterogeneities from seemingly equal molecules by removing the ensemble averaging effect. Physicochemical processes including mass transport, surface adsorption/desorption, and chemical conversions within the confined space inside porous materials have been studied at nanometer spatial resolution, at the single nanopore level, with millisecond temporal resolution, and under real chemical reaction conditions. Understanding these physicochemical processes provides the ability to quantitatively measure the inhomogeneities of nanoconfinement effects from the confining properties, including morphologies, spatial arrangement, and trapping domains. Prospects and limitations of current single molecule imaging studies on nanoconfinement are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA.
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8
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Abstract
AbstractNanoporous solids, including microporous, mesoporous and hierarchically structured porous materials, are of scientific and technological interest because of their high surface-to-volume ratio and ability to impose shape- and size-selectivity on molecules diffusing through them. Enormous efforts have been put in the mechanistic understanding of diffusion–reaction relationships of nanoporous solids, with the ultimate goal of developing materials with improved catalytic performance. Single-molecule localization microscopy can be used to explore the pore space via the trajectories of individual molecules. This ensemble-free perspective directly reveals heterogeneities in diffusion and diffusion-related reactivity of individual molecules, which would have been obscured in bulk measurements. In this article, we review developments in the spatial and temporal characterization of nanoporous solids using single-molecule localization microscopy. We illustrate various aspects of this approach, and showcase how it can be used to follow molecular diffusion and reaction behaviors in nanoporous solids.
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9
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Solid-state 31P NMR mapping of active centers and relevant spatial correlations in solid acid catalysts. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:3527-3555. [PMID: 32968252 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Solid acid catalysts are used extensively in various advanced chemical and petrochemical processes. Their catalytic performance (namely, activity, selectivity, and reaction pathway) mostly depends on their acid properties, such as type (Brønsted versus Lewis), location, concentration, and strength, as well as the spatial correlations of their acid sites. Among the diverse methods available for acidity characterization, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) techniques have been recognized as the most valuable and reliable tool, especially in conjunction with suitable probe molecules that possess observable nuclei with desirable properties. Taking 31P probe molecules as an example, both trimethylphosphine (TMP) and trimethylphosphine oxide (TMPO) adsorb preferentially to the acid sites on solid catalysts and thus are capable of providing qualitative and quantitative information for both Brønsted and Lewis acid sites. This protocol describes procedures for (i) the pretreatment of typical solid acid catalysts, (ii) adoption and adsorption of various 31P probe molecules, (iii) considerations for one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D, respectively) NMR acquisition, (iv) relevant data analysis and spectral assignment, and (v) methodology for NMR mapping with the assistance of theoretical calculations. Users familiar with SSNMR experiments can complete 31P-1H heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR), 31P-31P proton-driven spin diffusion (PDSD), and double-quantum (DQ) homonuclear correlation with this protocol within 2-3 d, depending on the complexity and the accessible acid sites of the solid acid samples.
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10
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Rodriguez-Gomez A, Chowdhury AD, Caglayan M, Bau JA, Abou-Hamad E, Gascon J. Non-oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane over supported vanadium oxide: nature of the active sites and coke formation. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01174f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We combine Raman spectroscopy, EPR, XPS, temperature programmed reduction, XRD, 51V MAS ssNMR, TEM and N2-physisorption to unravel structure–activity relationships during the non-oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane over a V based catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Rodriguez-Gomez
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)
- Advanced Catalytic Materials
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 23955
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Abhishek Dutta Chowdhury
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)
- Advanced Catalytic Materials
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 23955
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Caglayan
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)
- Advanced Catalytic Materials
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 23955
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Jeremy A. Bau
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)
- Advanced Catalytic Materials
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 23955
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Edy Abou-Hamad
- Core Labs
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 23955
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Jorge Gascon
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)
- Advanced Catalytic Materials
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 23955
- Saudi Arabia
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11
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Dutta Chowdhury A, Yarulina I, Abou-Hamad E, Gurinov A, Gascon J. Surface enhanced dynamic nuclear polarization solid-state NMR spectroscopy sheds light on Brønsted-Lewis acid synergy during the zeolite catalyzed methanol-to-hydrocarbon process. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8946-8954. [PMID: 32190235 PMCID: PMC7068724 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02215e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
After a prolonged effort over two decades, the reaction mechanism of the zeolite-catalyzed methanol-to-hydrocarbon (MTH) process is now well-understood: the so-called 'direct mechanism' (via direct coupling of two methanol molecules) is responsible for the formation of the initial carbon-carbon bonds, while the hydrocarbon pool (HCP)-based dual cycle mechanism is responsible for the formation of reaction products. While most of the reaction events occur at zeolite Brønsted acid sites, the addition of Lewis acid sites (i.e., via the introduction of alkaline earth cations like calcium) has been shown to inhibit the formation of deactivating coke species and hence increase the catalyst lifetime. With the aim to have an in-depth mechanistic understanding, herein, we employ magic angle spinning surface-enhanced dynamic nuclear polarization solid-state NMR spectroscopy to illustrate that the inclusion of Lewis acidity prevents the formation of carbene/ylide species on the zeolite, directly affecting the equilibrium between arene and olefin cycles of the HCP mechanism and hence regulating the ultimate product selectivity and catalyst lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Dutta Chowdhury
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST Catalysis Center , Advanced Catalytic Materials , Thuwal 23955 , Saudi Arabia . ;
| | - Irina Yarulina
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST Catalysis Center , Advanced Catalytic Materials , Thuwal 23955 , Saudi Arabia . ;
| | - Edy Abou-Hamad
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST Core Labs , Thuwal 23955 , Saudi Arabia .
| | - Andrei Gurinov
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST Core Labs , Thuwal 23955 , Saudi Arabia .
| | - Jorge Gascon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST Catalysis Center , Advanced Catalytic Materials , Thuwal 23955 , Saudi Arabia . ;
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12
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Effect of confinement space on adsorption energy and electronic structure of molecule-metal pairs. Struct Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01396-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Ramirez A, Dutta Chowdhury A, Dokania A, Cnudde P, Caglayan M, Yarulina I, Abou-Hamad E, Gevers L, Ould-Chikh S, De Wispelaere K, van Speybroeck V, Gascon J. Effect of Zeolite Topology and Reactor Configuration on the Direct Conversion of CO2 to Light Olefins and Aromatics. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Ramirez
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Advanced Catalytic Materials, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abhishek Dutta Chowdhury
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Advanced Catalytic Materials, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abhay Dokania
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Advanced Catalytic Materials, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pieter Cnudde
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Mustafa Caglayan
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Advanced Catalytic Materials, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irina Yarulina
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Advanced Catalytic Materials, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Edy Abou-Hamad
- Imaging and Characterization Core Laboratories, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lieven Gevers
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Advanced Catalytic Materials, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy Ould-Chikh
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Advanced Catalytic Materials, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kristof De Wispelaere
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | | | - Jorge Gascon
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Advanced Catalytic Materials, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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Chowdhury AD, Lucini Paioni A, Whiting GT, Fu D, Baldus M, Weckhuysen BM. Unraveling the Homologation Reaction Sequence of the Zeolite-Catalyzed Ethanol-to-Hydrocarbons Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3908-3912. [PMID: 30681254 PMCID: PMC6519145 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Although industrialized, the mechanism for catalytic upgrading of bioethanol over solid-acid catalysts (that is, the ethanol-to-hydrocarbons (ETH) reaction) has not yet been fully resolved. Moreover, mechanistic understanding of the ETH reaction relies heavily on its well-known "sister-reaction" the methanol-to-hydrocarbons (MTH) process. However, the MTH process possesses a C1 -entity reactant and cannot, therefore, shed any light on the homologation reaction sequence. The reaction and deactivation mechanism of the zeolite H-ZSM-5-catalyzed ETH process was elucidated using a combination of complementary solid-state NMR and operando UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, coupled with on-line mass spectrometry. This approach establishes the existence of a homologation reaction sequence through analysis of the pattern of the identified reactive and deactivated species. Furthermore, and in contrast to the MTH process, the deficiency of any olefinic-hydrocarbon pool species (that is, the olefin cycle) during the ETH process is also noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Dutta Chowdhury
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Lucini Paioni
- NMR Spectroscopy groupBijvoet Center for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Gareth T. Whiting
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Donglong Fu
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy groupBijvoet Center for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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15
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Chowdhury AD, Lucini Paioni A, Whiting GT, Fu D, Baldus M, Weckhuysen BM. Unraveling the Homologation Reaction Sequence of the Zeolite‐Catalyzed Ethanol‐to‐Hydrocarbons Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Dutta Chowdhury
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Lucini Paioni
- NMR Spectroscopy groupBijvoet Center for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht University Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Gareth T. Whiting
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Donglong Fu
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy groupBijvoet Center for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht University Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis GroupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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