1
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Zhang K, Fu B, Zou G, Yang W, Yan S, Tian T, Zhou X. Determination of 5-formyluracil via oxime-based nucleotide-metal coordination. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200355. [PMID: 35849116 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this article, a small chemical molecule was synthesized, and its ability to regulate activities of DNA polymerase was tested. In addition, we also used isothermal amplification technology to detect the content of 5-formyluracil sites in irradiated genomic DNA, which confirmed its capability for the detection of 5-formyluracil content in general samples. This study presents the first example of the determination of 5fU based on coordination chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Zhang
- Wuhan University, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, CHINA
| | - Boshi Fu
- Wuhan University, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, CHINA
| | - Guangrong Zou
- Wuhan University, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, CHINA
| | - Wei Yang
- Wuhan University, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, CHINA
| | - Shen Yan
- Wuhan University, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, CHINA
| | - Tian Tian
- Wuhan University, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, CHINA
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Wuhan University, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Luojia Shan, 430072, Wuhan, CHINA
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2
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Qualitative and quantitative detection of aldehydes in DNA with 2-amino benzamidoxime derivative. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Ito Y, Hari Y. Synthesis of Nucleobase-Modified Oligonucleotides by Post-Synthetic Modification in Solution. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202100325. [PMID: 35119181 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotides containing modified nucleobases have applications in various technologies. In general, to synthesize oligonucleotides with different nucleobase structures, each modified phosphoramidite monomer needs to be prepared over multiple steps and then introduced onto the oligonucleotides, which is time-consuming and inefficient. Post-synthetic modification is a powerful strategy for preparing many types of modified oligonucleotides, especially nucleobase-modified ones. Depending on the stage of modification, post-synthetic modification can be divided into two stages: "solid-phase modification," wherein an oligonucleotide attaches to the resin, and "solution-phase modification," wherein an oligonucleotide detaches itself from the resin. In this review, we focus on post-synthetic modification in solution for the synthesis of nucleobase-modified oligonucleotides, except the modifications to linkers for conjugation. Moreover, the reactions are summarized for each modified position of the nucleobases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hari
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
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4
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Xiao F, Wang Q, Zhang K, Liu C, Zou G, Zhou X. Oxime formation coordination-directed detection of genome-wide thymine oxides with nanogram-scale sample input. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9074-9078. [PMID: 36091206 PMCID: PMC9365094 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03013f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a convenient strategy to quantify 5-formyluracil (5fU) and 5-hydroxymethyluracil (5hmU) in biological samples, using only 40 ng of sample input on a laboratory real-time PCR instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers-Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers-Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Kaiyuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers-Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Chaoxing Liu
- University of California, Riverside Department of Chemistry, USA
| | - Guangrong Zou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers-Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers-Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
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5
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Chang Z, Mao S, Zheng YY, Sheng J. Synthesis and Functionality Study of Photoswitchable Hydrazone Oligodeoxynucleotides. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e295. [PMID: 34792862 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a detailed procedure for the chemical synthesis and characterization of photoswitchable hydrazone phosphoramidite and its incorporation into oligodeoxynucleotides. The synthesis starts with commercially available deoxyuridine, followed by conversion of the 4-oxo into a 4-chloro moiety via Appel reaction to install the key hydrazone group in the absence of base. The hydrazone phosphoramidite building block is compatible with the conventional amidite chemistry protocols for solid-phase synthesis of oligodeoxynucleotides. Our method expands the current nucleotide pool by adding a novel, functional DNA building block that is suitable for a broad spectrum of applications, including the regulation of DNA-enzyme interactions and DNA synthesis by irradiation with cell-friendly blue light. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of photoswitchable hydrazone phosphoramidite Basic Protocol 2: Synthesis and purification of oligodeoxynucleotides containing the hydrazone photoswitch Basic Protocol 3: Primer extension assay for functionality studies of hydrazone cytidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Chang
- Department of Chemistry and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
| | - Song Mao
- Department of Chemistry and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
| | - Ya Ying Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
| | - Jia Sheng
- Department of Chemistry and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
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6
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Mao S, Chang Z, Ying Zheng Y, Shekhtman A, Sheng J. DNA Functionality with Photoswitchable Hydrazone Cytidine*. Chemistry 2021; 27:8372-8379. [PMID: 33872432 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A new family of hydrazone modified cytidine phosphoramidite building block was synthesized and incorporated into oligodeoxynucleotides to construct photoswitchable DNA strands. The E-Z isomerization triggered by the irradiation of blue light with a wavelength of 450 nm was investigated and confirmed by 1 H NMR spectroscopy and HPLC in the contexts of both nucleoside and oligodeoxynucleotide. The light activated Z form isomer of this hydrazone-cytidine with a six-member intramolecular hydrogen bond was found to inhibit DNA synthesis in the primer extension model by using Bst DNA polymerase. In addition, the hydrazone modification caused the misincorporation of dATP together with dGTP into the growing DNA strand with similar selectivity, highlighting a potential G to A mutation. This work provides a novel functional DNA building block and an additional molecular tool that has potential chemical biology and biomedicinal applications to control DNA synthesis and DNA-enzyme interactions using the cell friendly blue light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Mao
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, 1222, USA.,The RNA Institute, University at Albany State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, 1222, USA
| | - Zhihua Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, 1222, USA.,The RNA Institute, University at Albany State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, 1222, USA
| | - Ya Ying Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, 1222, USA.,The RNA Institute, University at Albany State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, 1222, USA
| | - Alexander Shekhtman
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, 1222, USA
| | - Jia Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, 1222, USA.,The RNA Institute, University at Albany State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, 1222, USA
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7
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Luo Y, Chen CH, Zhu F, Mo DL. Synthesis of α-aminooxy amides through [3 + 3] cycloaddition and Sc(OTf) 3-catalyzed double C-N bond cleavage in a one-pot reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:8209-8218. [PMID: 33043956 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01788d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Various α-aminooxy amides bearing a quaternary carbon at the α-position were prepared in good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions from N-vinyl nitrones and α-bromohydroxamates. The N-vinyl nitrones tolerate a wide range of N-vinyl fluorenone nitrones and N-vinyl isatin nitrones. Mechanistic studies show that the reaction initially proceeds through [3 + 3] cycloaddition between N-vinyl nitrones and aza-oxyallyl cations generated from α-bromohydroxamates to afford six-membered N,O-heterocycles, followed by double C-N bond cleavage in the presence of the Sc(OTf)3 catalyst. A selective N-O bond cleavage of the obtained α-aminooxy amides is also realized under Fe/NH4Cl conditions. Furthermore, gram-scalable preparations of α-aminooxy amides are easily achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Chun-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Fan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Dong-Liang Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China.
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8
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Xing X, Sato S, Wong NK, Hidaka K, Sugiyama H, Endo M. Direct observation and analysis of TET-mediated oxidation processes in a DNA origami nanochip. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:4041-4051. [PMID: 32170318 PMCID: PMC7192588 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation and demethylation play a key role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression; however, a series of oxidation reactions of 5-methyl cytosine (5mC) mediated by ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes driving demethylation process are yet to be uncovered. To elucidate the relationship between the oxidative processes and structural factors of DNA, we analysed the behavior of TET-mediated 5mC-oxidation by incorporating structural stress onto a substrate double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) using a DNA origami nanochip. The reactions and behaviors of TET enzymes were systematically monitored by biochemical analysis and single-molecule observation using atomic force microscopy (AFM). A reformative frame-like DNA origami was established to allow the incorporation of dsDNAs as 5mC-containing substrates in parallel orientations. We tested the potential effect of dsDNAs present in the tense and relaxed states within a DNA nanochip on TET oxidation. Based on enzyme binding and the detection of oxidation reactions within the DNA nanochip, it was revealed that TET preferred a relaxed substrate regardless of the modification types of 5-oxidated-methyl cytosine. Strikingly, when a multi-5mCG sites model was deployed to further characterize substrate preferences of TET, TET preferred the fully methylated site over the hemi-methylated site. This analytical modality also permits the direct observations of dynamic movements of TET such as sliding and interstrand transfer by high-speed AFM. In addition, the thymine DNA glycosylase-mediated base excision repair process was characterized in the DNA nanochip. Thus, we have convincingly established the system's ability to physically regulate enzymatic reactions, which could prove useful for the observation and characterization of coordinated DNA demethylation processes at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Xing
- Department of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Nai-Kei Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Kumi Hidaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida-ushinomiyacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masayuki Endo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida-ushinomiyacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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9
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Zhao PF, Liu A, Wei MG, Liu ZQ. Construction of 3D Antioxidants with Nucleosides as the Core: Inhibition of DNA Oxidation. J Org Chem 2019; 84:15854-15864. [PMID: 31804824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Zhao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - An Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of the Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming-Guang Wei
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of the Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zai-Qun Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Zhou Q, Li K, Li LL, Yu KK, Zhang H, Shi L, Chen H, Yu XQ. Combining Wittig Olefination with Photoassisted Domino Reaction To Distinguish 5-Formylcytosine from 5-Formyluracil. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9366-9370. [PMID: 31321977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In view of the important epigenetic functions of 5-formylcytosine (5fC), the development of quantitative detection methods for 5fC is a long-standing issue. In this regard, how to distinguish 5fC from 5-formyluracil to achieve higher accuracy is particularly difficult because the latter one is more reactive. Herein, we reported a phosphorus ylide, YC-CN, and introduced a triple domino reaction to fluorescently switch on 5fC with excellent selectivity, which also enable us to quantify 5fC mutations induced by γ-irradiation. This Wittig-initiated covalent labeling strategy provide a novel strategy for qualitative and quantitative detection of 5fC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R. China
| | - Kun Li
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R. China
| | - Ling-Ling Li
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R. China
| | - Kang-Kang Yu
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Tennessee Health Science Centre , Memphis , Tennessee 38163 , United States
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R. China
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11
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Meng L, Zhang S, Jia X, Lv L, Yuan Y. Transition-metal-free sp3 C–H activation of 2-methylquinoline with terminal alkynes for synthesis of 3-(quinolin-2-yl)isoxazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Zou G, Peng S, Liu C, Zhou X. Detection and Application of 5-Formylcytosine and 5-Formyluracil in DNA. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:1016-1024. [PMID: 30666870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acids contain a variety of different base modifications, such as decoration at the fifth position of cytosine, which is one of the most important epigenetic modifications. Nucleic acid epigenetics mediate a wide variety of biological processes, including embryonic development and gene regulation, genomic imprinting, differentiation, and X-chromosome inactivation. Furthermore, the modification level can be aberrantly expressed in distinct sets of tissue that can indicate different tumor onsets and canceration. Thus, the analysis of modified nucleobases may contribute to the understanding of epigenetic modification-related biological processes and the correlation of modified nucleobase patterns with disease states for clinical diagnosis and treatment. In addition to 5-methylcytosine, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, 5-formylcytosine, and 5-carboxycytosine are found in organisms at a low content but are nevertheless extremely important chemical modifications, and 5-hydroxyuracil and 5-formyluracil compounds are also present. 5-Formyluracil is found in bacteriophages, prokaryotes, and mammalian cells. The 5-formyluracil content is higher in certain cancer tissues than in the normal tissues adjacent to the tumor. The content of 5-formyluracil in different cell tissues may have cell type specificity. With the continuous use of chemical tools, new detection technologies have greatly advanced the research on natural pyrimidine modifications. These modifications dynamically regulate the gene expression in eukaryotes and prokaryotes and provide mechanistic insights into the occurrence of diseases. Natural pyrimidine modifications act not only as intermediates for DNA demethylation or oxidative damage products but also as modulators of gene expression. Therefore, the development of more effective chemical tools will help us better understand the dynamic changes of natural pyrimidine modifications in vivo. In this Account, we summarize the recent advanced techniques for the detection of 5-formylpyrimidine (5-formylcytosine and 5-formyluracil) and highlight their great potential as biomarkers in biomedical applications. Focusing on the great urgency for the detection of epigenetic modifications, our group developed a series of methods for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of 5-formylpyrimidine in the past few years, aiming at facilitating the accurate detection and mapping of these epigenetic modifications. By the construction of probes, 5-formylpyrimidine can be selectively labeled. Using mass spectrometry, the epigenetic modifications can be quantified. Upon treatment under specific conditions, 5-formylcytosine can be recognized at single-base resolution. With this Account, we anticipate providing chemical and biological researchers with some insight to unlock the complex mechanism involved in 5-formylpyrimidine-related biological processes and stimulate more collaborative research interests from the different fields of materials, biological, medicine, and chemistry to promote the translational research of epigenetics in tumor diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafen Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Guangrong Zou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Peng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Chaoxing Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
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