1
|
Zhu J, Wang T, An D, Zhang R, Gu Y, Zhou G, Lu X, Liu Y. Facile Synthesis of Donor-Acceptor Heterocycloarenes Based on Pyrazine Derivatives Possessing Intriguing Iodide Ion Capture Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39052980 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated systems have been extensively investigated and play important roles in organic electronics. Incorporating D-A structures into (hetero)cycloarenes endows them tunable electronic properties, while the well-defined cavity remains. However, the synthetic complexity of introducing electron-acceptor moieties into (hetero)cycloarenes limits their development and applications. In this paper, the first family of electronically tunable D-A heterocycloarenes (DAHCn, n = 1-5) based on pyrazine derivatives was facilely synthesized through cyclocondensation reaction from a tetraketone-functionalized heterocycloarene precursor prepared using the ketal-protection strategy. The effect of expanded conjugation and the inserted electron-withdrawing group on the electronic structures of the D-A heterocycloarenes was studied systematically by X-ray crystallographic analysis, various spectroscopic measurements, and theoretical calculations. Interestingly, the presence of an electron-withdrawing group polarizes the inner C(sp2)-H and significantly increases the binding affinities of D-A heterocycloarenes to the iodide anion. Meanwhile, the anion affinity can be further modulated by the type of attached substituents and the distance of polarization. More importantly, the dicyanopyrazine derivative DAHC3 shows the highest binding strength to the iodide ion as a 2:1 sandwich complex (log β2 = 12.3 and ΔG = -69.1 kJ mol-1), which is the strongest iodide receptor using C(sp2)-H hydrogen bonding interactions reported to date. Our finding provides a new strategy to design and synthesize D-A heterocycloarenes and strong anion receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Dongyue An
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuanhe Gu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Lab of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Prajapati B, Kwenda T, Lis T, Chmielewski PJ, Gómez-García CJ, Majewski MA, Stępień M. Difluorenoheteroles: topological control of π conjugation in diradicaloids and mixed-valence radical ions. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10101-10109. [PMID: 38966384 PMCID: PMC11220597 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02459a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Two families of difluorenoheterole diradicaloids were synthesized, featuring isomeric ring systems with distinct conjugation topologies. The two types of difluorenoheteroles contain, respectively, a Chichibabin-like motif (CH) and a newly introduced heteroatom-linked triphenylmethyl dyad (TD-X). Combined experimental and theoretical investigations show that the TD-X systems have reduced quinoidal character but the interaction between formal spin centers is sufficiently strong to ensure a singlet ground state. The singlet-triplet energy gaps in the TD-X difluorenoheteroles are strongly affected by the heterocyclic ring, with values of -4.3 and -0.7 kcal mol-1 determined for the pyrrole- and thiophene-containing analogues, respectively. In cyclic voltammetry experiments, the TD-X systems show diminished energy gaps and superior reversibility in comparison with their CH counterparts. The radical anions and cations obtained from these diradicaloids show extremely red-shifted bands, occasionally with λ max > 3500 nm. Computational studies show that some of these ions adopt distonic structures and may be characterized as class-II mixed-valence species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Prajapati
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Tendai Kwenda
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Piotr J Chmielewski
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Carlos J Gómez-García
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valencia Dr Moliner 50 46100 Burjasot Spain
| | - Marcin A Majewski
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
An D, Zhang R, Zhu J, Wang T, Zhao Y, Lu X, Liu Y. From π-conjugated macrocycles to heterocycloarenes based on benzo[2,1- b:3,4- b']dithiophene (BDTh): size- and geometry-dependent host-guest properties. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4590-4601. [PMID: 38516086 PMCID: PMC10952093 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05074b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
π-Conjugated macrocycles have been highly attractive due to their challenging synthesis, fascinating aesthetic structure and unique physical and chemical properties. Although some progress has been made in synthesis, the study of π-macrocycles with different structural characteristics and supramolecular interactions still faces major challenges. In this paper, two new single-bond linked macrocycles (MS-4T/MS-6T) were reported, and the corresponding vinyl-bridged heterocycloarenes (MF-4T/MF-6T) were synthesized by the periphery fusion strategy. Further studies have indicated that the structure of these four macrocycles is determined by both size and curvature, showing unique variations from nearly planar to bowl and then to saddle. Interestingly, the nearly planar MS-4T with a small size and the rigid saddle-shaped MF-6T show no obvious response to fullerenes C60 or C70, while the bowl-shaped MS-6T and MF-4T demonstrate a strong binding affinity towards fullerenes C60 and C70. What's more, two kinds of co-crystals with capsule-like configurations, MS-6T@C60 and MS-6T@C70, have been successfully obtained, among which the former shows a loose columnar arrangement while the latter displays a unique three-dimensional honeycomb arrangement that is extremely rare in supramolecular complexes. This work systematically studies the π-conjugated macrocycles and provides a new idea for the development of novel host-guest systems and further multifunctional applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyue An
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mizuno Y, Nogata A, Suzuki M, Nakayama KI, Hisaki I, Kishi R, Konishi A, Yasuda M. Synthesis and Characterization of Dibenzothieno[ a, f]pentalenes Enabling Large Antiaromaticity and Moderate Open-Shell Character through a Small Energy Barrier for Bond-Shift Valence Tautomerization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20595-20609. [PMID: 37695346 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Experimental and theoretical rationalization of bond-shift valence tautomerization, characterized by double-well potential surfaces, is one of the most challenging topics of study among the rich electronic properties of antiaromatic molecules. Although the pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect (PJTE) is an essential effect to provide attractive characteristics of 4nπ systems, an understanding of the structure-property relationship derived from the PJTE for planar 4nπ electron systems is still in its infancy. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of two regioisomers of the thiophene-fused diareno[a,f]pentalenes 6 and 7. The magnetic and optoelectronic properties characterize these sulfur-doped diareno[a,f]pentalenes as open-shell antiaromatic molecules, in sharp contrast to the closed-shell antiaromatic systems of 3 and 5, in which these main cores consist of the same number of π electrons as 6 and 7. Notably, thiophene-fused 6b and 7b showed pronounced antiaromaticity, the strongest among the previous systems, as well as moderate open-shell characteristics. Our experimental and theoretical investigations concluded that these properties of 6b and 7b are derived from the small energy barrier Ea‡ for the bond-shift valence tautomerization. The energy profile of the single crystal of 6b showed the temperature-dependent structural variations assigned to the dynamic mutual exchange between the two Cs-symmetric structures, which was also supported by changes in the chemical shifts of variable-temperature 1H NMR spectra in the solution phase. Both experimental and computational results revealed the importance of introducing heteroaromatic rings into 4nπ systems for controlling the PJTE and manifesting the antiaromatic and open-shell natures originating from the high-symmetric structure. The findings of this study advance the understanding of antiaromaticity characterized by the PJTE by controlling the energy barrier for bond-shift valence tautomerizations, potentially leading to the rational design of optoelectronic devices based on novel antiaromatic molecules possessing the strong contributions of their high-symmetric geometries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mizuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Nogata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nakayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang J, Zheng A, Xiang Y, Liu J. BN-Embedded Cycloarenes: One-Pot Borylation Synthesis, Photoelectric Properties, and Application in Perovskite Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37338220 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and/or sulfur atoms, into cycloarenes can effectively regulate their molecular geometries and (opto)electronic properties. However, the rarity of cycloarenes and heterocycloarenes limits the further exploitation of their applications. Herein, we designed and synthesized the first examples of boron and nitrogen (BN)-doped cycloarenes (BN-C1 and BN-C2) via one-pot intramolecular electrophilic borylation of imine-based macrocycles. BN-C2 adopts a bowl-shaped conformation, while BN-C1 possesses a planar geometry. Accordingly, the solubility of BN-C2 was significantly improved by replacing two hexagons in BN-C1 with two N-pentagons, due to the creation of distortions away from planarity. Various experiments and theoretical calculations were carried out for heterocycloarenes BN-C1 and BN-C2, demonstrating that the incorporated BN bonds diminish the aromaticity of 1,2-azaborine units and their adjacent benzenoid rings but preserve the dominant aromatic properties of pristine kekulene. Importantly, when two additional electron-rich nitrogen atoms were introduced, the highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of BN-C2 was elaborately lifted compared with that of BN-C1. As a result, the energy-level alignment of BN-C2 with the work function of the anode and the perovskite layer was suitable. Therefore, for the first time, heterocycloarene (BN-C2) was explored as a hole-transporting layer in inverted perovskite solar cell devices, in which the power conversion efficiency reached 14.4%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junting Wang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Aibin Zheng
- BYD Company Limited, No. 3009, BYD Road, Pingshan New District, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Yuren Xiang
- BYD Company Limited, No. 3009, BYD Road, Pingshan New District, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chang D, Zhu J, Sun Y, Chi K, Qiao Y, Wang T, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Lu X. From closed-shell edge-extended kekulenes to open-shell carbonylated cycloarene diradicaloid. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6087-6094. [PMID: 37293645 PMCID: PMC10246668 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01295f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise synthesis of cycloarenes remains a challenging topic in both organic chemistry and materials science due to their unique fully fused macrocyclic π-conjugated structure. Herein, a series of alkoxyl- and aryl-cosubstituted cycloarenes (kekulene and edge-extended kekulene derivatives, K1-K3) were conveniently synthesized and an unexpected transformation of the anthryl-containing cycloarene K3 into a carbonylated cycloarene derivative K3-R was disclosed by controlling the temperature and gas atmosphere of the Bi(OTf)3-catalyzed cyclization reaction. All their molecular structures were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The crystallographic data, NMR measurements, and theoretical calculations reveal their rigid quasi-planar skeletons, dominant local aromaticities, and decreasing intermolecular π-π stacking distance with extension of the two opposite edges. The much lower oxidation potential for K3 by cyclic voltammetry explains its unique reactivity. Moreover, carbonylated cycloarene derivative K3-R shows a remarkable stability, large diradical character, a small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔES-T = -1.81 kcal mol-1), and weak intramolecular spin-spin coupling. Most importantly, it represents the first example of carbonylated cycloarene diradicaloids as well as the first example of radical-acceptor cycloarenes and will shed some light on synthesis of extended kekulenes and conjugated macrocyclic diradicaloids and polyradicaloids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Chang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yutao Sun
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Kai Chi
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yanjun Qiao
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang N, Yang L, Li W, Zhu J, Chi K, Chang D, Qiao Y, Wang T, Zhao Y, Lu X, Liu Y. Alkyl-Substituted N,S-Embedded Heterocycloarenes with a Planar Aromatic Configuration for Hosting Fullerenes and Organic Field-Effect Transistors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21521-21529. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Longfei Yang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kai Chi
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dongdong Chang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yanjun Qiao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dishi O, Rahav Y, Carmieli R, Gidron O. A Macrocyclic Furan with Accessible Oxidation States: Switching Between Aromatic and Antiaromatic Global Ring Currents. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202082. [PMID: 35932151 PMCID: PMC9826138 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic furans are predicted to switch between global aromaticity and antiaromaticity, depending on their oxidation states. However, the macrocyclic furans reported to date are stabilized by electron withdrawing groups, which result in inaccessible oxidation states. To circumvent this problem, a post-macrocyclization approach was applied to introduce methylene-substituted macrocyclic furans, which display an extremely low oxidation potential of -0.23 vs. Fc/Fc+ , and are partially oxidized in ambient conditions. Additional oxidation to the dication results in aromaticity switching to a global 30πe- aromatic state, as indicated by the formation of a strong diatropic current observed in the 1 H NMR spectrum. NICS and ACID calculations support this trend and provide evidence for a different pathway for the global current in the neutral and dicationic states. According to these findings, macrocyclic furans can be rendered as promising p-type materials with stable oxidation states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Or Dishi
- Institute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of JerusalemEdmond J. Safra CampusJerusalem9190401Israel
| | - Yuval Rahav
- Institute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of JerusalemEdmond J. Safra CampusJerusalem9190401Israel
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Chemical Research Support UnitWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot7610001Israel
| | - Ori Gidron
- Institute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of JerusalemEdmond J. Safra CampusJerusalem9190401Israel
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mirzaei S, Espinoza Castro VM, Hernández Sánchez R. Nonspherical anion sequestration by C-H hydrogen bonding. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2026-2032. [PMID: 35308854 PMCID: PMC8849022 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc07041j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic arenes laid the foundations of supramolecular chemistry and their study established the fundamentals of noncovalent interactions. Advancing their frontier, here we designed rigidified resorcin[4]arenes that serve as hosts for large nonspherical anions. In one synthetic step, we vary the host's anion affinity properties by more than seven orders of magnitude. This is possible by engineering electropositive aromatic C–H bond donors in an idealized square planar geometry embedded within the host's inner cavity. The hydrogen atom's electropositivity is tuned by introducing fluorine atoms as electron withdrawing groups. These novel macrocycles, termed fluorocages, are engineered to sequester large anions. Indeed, experimental data shows an increase in the anion association constant (Ka) as the number of F atoms increase. The observed trend is rationalized by DFT calculations of Hirshfeld Charges (HCs). Most importantly, fluorocages in solution showed weak-to-medium binding affinity for large anions like [PF6]− (102< Ka <104 M−1), and high affinity for [MeSO3]− (Ka >106). Fluorocages: new class of rigidified host utilizing nontraditional C–H hydrogen bonds to capture the nonspherical anions.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saber Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Ave. Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Victor M Espinoza Castro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Ave. Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Raúl Hernández Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Ave. Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Miyoshi H, Sugiura R, Kishi R, Spisak SN, Wei Z, Muranaka A, Uchiyama M, Kobayashi N, Chatterjee S, Ie Y, Hisaki I, Petrukhina MA, Nishinaga T, Nakano M, Tobe Y. Dianion and Dication of Tetracyclopentatetraphenylene as Decoupled Annulene‐within‐an‐Annulene Models. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Miyoshi
- Division of Frontier Materials Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sugiura
- Division of Chemical Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Division of Chemical Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB) Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Sarah N. Spisak
- Department of Chemistry University of Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry University of Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR) Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR) Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The Universiy of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Nagao Kobayashi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology Shinshu University Ueda 386-8567 Japan
| | - Shreyam Chatterjee
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN) Osaka University Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047 Japan
| | - Yutaka Ie
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN) Osaka University Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047 Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Division of Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES) Hokkaido University Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020 Japan
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry University of Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Tohru Nishinaga
- Graduate School of Science Tokyo Metropolitan University Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Division of Chemical Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB) Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN) Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI) Osaka University Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Division of Frontier Materials Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN) Osaka University Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047 Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 1001 Ta Hsueh Road Hsinchu 30030 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhu J, Li W, Zhang N, An D, Zhao Y, Lu X, Liu Y. Size-dependent properties and unusual reactivity of novel nonplanar heterocycloarenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11174-11182. [PMID: 36320458 PMCID: PMC9516946 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03167a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The solution-phase synthesis of (hetero)cycloarenes with a well-defined size and geometric structure remains a challenging topic in organic chemistry and materials science. Herein, two novel nonplanar N,S-heterocycloarenes (PTZ1 and PTZ2) containing two/three alternate phenothiazine-co-phenanthrene units were conveniently synthesized. The smaller size heterocycloarene PTZ1 adopts a unique butterfly-shaped geometry and shows moderate supramolecular host–guest interactions with both fullerenes C60 and C70; whereas the higher homologue PTZ2 has a saddle-shaped conformation and demonstrates no obvious encapsulation with C60 or C70. Meanwhile, benefiting from the relatively ordered molecular packing, the thin film of PTZ1 behaved as a p-type semiconductor, while the more distorted PTZ2 does not display any field-effect characteristics. Particularly, upon the oxidation of heterocycloarene PTZ1 by Oxone, an unusual bis(sulfone-co-orthoquinone) product PTZ1-Oxi with an arc-shaped geometry is obtained and identified by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Our findings markedly expand the known chemistry of (hetero)cycloarenes and open a new path for their further functionalization. Two novel fully fused heterocycloarenes consisting of nonplanar phenothiazine building units have been designed and successfully synthesized, which show size-dependent properties and unusual reactivity.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Dongyue An
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Miyoshi H, Sugiura R, Kishi R, Spisak SN, Wei Z, Muranaka A, Uchiyama M, Kobayashi N, Chatterjee S, Ie Y, Hisaki I, Petrukhina MA, Nishinaga T, Nakano M, Tobe Y. Dianion and Dication of Tetracyclopentatetraphenylene as Decoupled Annulene-within-an-Annulene Models. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202115316. [PMID: 34873811 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The dianion and dication of tetramesityl-substituted tetracyclopentatetraphenylene, a circulene consisting of alternating five- and six-membered rings, have been generated by reduction with alkali metals and oxidation with antimony(V) halides, respectively. They are theoretically predicted to adopt double annulenoid structures called annulene-within-an-annulene models in which the outer and inner conjugation circuits are significantly decoupled. The theoretical structures were experimentally proven by X-ray crystallographic analyses and the electronic configurations were supported by MCD spectra. Based on the 13 C NMR chemical shifts, negative and positive charges are shown to be located mainly at the outer periphery, indicating that the dianion and dication have delocalized 22-π and 18-π electron outer perimeters, respectively, and 8-π electron structure at the inner ring. Notably, the dianion has an open-shell character, whereas the dication has a closed-shell ground state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Miyoshi
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sugiura
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Sarah N Spisak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Universiy of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nagao Kobayashi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, 386-8567, Japan
| | - Shreyam Chatterjee
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ie
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Tohru Nishinaga
- Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu, 30030, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dishi O, Malakar P, Shimon LJW, Ruhman S, Gidron O. Ring Size Determines the Conformation, Global Aromaticity and Photophysical Properties of Macrocyclic Oligofurans. Chemistry 2021; 27:17794-17801. [PMID: 34747542 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In π-conjugated macrocycles, there is a trade-off between the global and local expression of effects such as aromaticity, with the outcome of the trade-off determined by the geometry and aromaticity of the constituent units. Compared with other aromatic rings, the aromatic character of furan is relatively small, and therefore global effects in macrocyclic furans are expected to be more pronounced. Following our introduction of macrocyclic oligofuran, we present the first synthesis of a series of π-conjugated bifuran macrocycles of various ring sizes, from trimer to hexamer, and characterize them using both computational and experimental methods. The properties of macrocyclic oligofurans change considerably with size: The smaller trimer is rigid, weakly emissive and planar as revealed by its single crystal structure, and displays global antiaromaticity. In contrast, the larger pentamer and hexamer are flexible, emissive, have non-planar structures, and exhibit local aromaticity. The results are supported by NICS and ACID calculations that indicate the global antiaromaticity of planar furan macrocycles, and by transient absorption measurements showing sharp absorption band for the trimer and only the internal conversion decay pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Or Dishi
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Partha Malakar
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Linda J W Shimon
- Chemical Research Support Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Sanford Ruhman
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Ori Gidron
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Prajapati B, Dang D, Chmielewski PJ, Majewski MA, Lis T, Gómez‐García CJ, Zimmerman PM, Stępień M. An Open‐Shell Coronoid with Hybrid Chichibabin–Schlenk Conjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Prajapati
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Duy‐Khoi Dang
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan 930 N. University Ave Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Piotr J. Chmielewski
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Marcin A. Majewski
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Carlos J. Gómez‐García
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Instituto de Ciencia Molecular Universidad de Valencia 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan 930 N. University Ave Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Stępień M, Prajapati B, Dang DK, Chmielewski PJ, Majewski MA, Lis T, Gómez-García CJ, Zimmerman PM. An Open-Shell Coronoid with Hybrid Chichibabin-Schlenk Conjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22496-22504. [PMID: 34382721 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A hexaradicaloid molecule with alternating Kekulé and non-Kekulé connectivities between adjacent spin centers was obtained by fusing two classic conjugation motifs, found respectively in the Chichibabin and Schlenk hydrocarbons, into a coronoid structure. 1 H NMR, ESR and SQUID experiments, combined with computational analyses reveal that the system has a singlet ground state, characterized by a significant hexaradicaloid character ( γ 0 = 0.826, γ 1 = γ 2 = 0.773). It possesses multiple thermally accessible high-spin states (up to the septet), with uniform energy gaps of ca 1.0 kcal/mol between consecutive multiplicities. In line with its open-shell character, the coronoid has a small electronic bandgap of ca. 0.8 eV and undergoes two consecutive one-electron oxidations at low potentials, yielding cationic forms with extended near-infrared absorption. The hexaradicaloid, which combines open-shell and macrocyclic contributions to its π conjugation, provides an example of a design strategy for multistate spin switches and redox-amphoteric NIR dyes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Stępień
- University of Wroclaw, Department of Chemistry, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wroclaw, POLAND
| | | | - Duy-Khoi Dang
- University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Department of Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | | | | | - Tadeusz Lis
- Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Wydział Chemii, POLAND
| | - Carlos J Gómez-García
- Universidad de Valencia, Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, SPAIN
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Department of Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jirásek M, Anderson HL, Peeks MD. From Macrocycles to Quantum Rings: Does Aromaticity Have a Size Limit? Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3241-3251. [PMID: 34347441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThe ring currents of aromatic and antiaromatic molecules are remarkable emergent phenomena. A ring current is a quantum-mechanical feature of the whole system, and its existence cannot be inferred from the properties of the individual components of the ring. Hückel's rule states that when an aromatic molecule with a circuit of [4n + 2] π electrons is placed in a magnetic field, the field induces a ring current that creates a magnetic field opposing the external field inside the ring. In contrast, antiaromatic rings with 4n π electrons exhibit ring currents in the opposite direction. This rule bears the name of Erich Hückel, and it grew from his molecular orbital theory, but modern formulations of Hückel's rule incorporate contributions from others, particularly William Doering and Ronald Breslow. It is often assumed that aromaticity is restricted to small molecular rings with up to about 22 π electrons. This Account outlines the discovery of global ring currents in large macrocycles with circuits of up to 162 π electrons. The largest aromatic rings yet investigated are cyclic porphyrin oligomers, which exhibit global ring currents after oxidation, reduction or optical excitation but not in the neutral ground state. The global aromaticity in these porphyrin nanorings leads to experimentally measurable aromatic stabilization energies in addition to magnetic effects that can be studied by NMR spectroscopy. Wheel-like templates can be bound inside these nanorings, providing excellent control over the molecular geometry and allowing the magnetic shielding to be probed inside the nanoring. The ring currents in these systems are well-reproduced by density functional theory (DFT), although the choice of DFT functional often turns out to be critical. Here we review recent contributions to this field and present a simple method for determining the ring current susceptibility (in nA/T) in any aromatic or antiaromatic ring from experimental NMR data by classical Biot-Savart calculations. We use this method to quantify the ring currents in a variety of aromatic rings. This survey confirms that Hückel's rule reliably predicts the direction of the ring current, and it reveals that the ring current susceptibility is surprisingly insensitive to the size of the ring. The investigation of aromaticity in even larger molecular rings is interesting because ring currents are also observed when mesoscopic metal rings are placed in a magnetic field at low temperatures. The striking similarity between the ring currents in molecules and mesoscopic metal rings arises because the effects have a common origin: a field-dependent phase shift in the electronic wave function. The main difference is that the magnetic flux through mesoscopic rings is much greater because of their larger areas, so their persistent currents are nonlinear and oscillatory with the applied field, whereas the flux through aromatic molecules is so small that their response is approximately linear in the applied field. We discuss how nonlinearity is expected to emerge in large molecular nanorings at high magnetic fields. The insights from this work are fundamentally important for understanding aromaticity and for bridging the gap between chemistry and mesoscopic physics, potentially leading to new functions in molecular electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jirásek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Martin D Peeks
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Casanova D. Restricted active space configuration interaction methods for strong correlation: Recent developments. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Donostia Spain
- Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Miyoshi H, Hisaki I, Tobe Y. Crystal Structures of Tetramesityl‐Substituted Tetracyclopenta[
def,jkl,pqr,vwx
]tetraphenylene. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Miyoshi
- Division of Frontier Materials Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 560-8531 Toyonaka Osaka Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES) Hokkaido University 001-0020 Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Division of Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 560-8531 Toyonaka Osaka Japan
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Division of Frontier Materials Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 560-8531 Toyonaka Osaka Japan
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research Osaka University 567-0047 Ibaraki Osaka Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 1001 Ta Hsueh Road 30010 Hsinchu Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lu X, An D, Han Y, Zou Y, Qiao Y, Zhang N, Chang D, Wu J, Liu Y. A cyclopenta-fused dibenzo[ b, d]thiophene- co-phenanthrene macrocyclic tetraradicaloid. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3952-3957. [PMID: 34163665 PMCID: PMC8179481 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06185a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A cyclopenta-fused macrocyclic tetraradicaloid, MC4-S, containing alternating phenanthrene (Phen) and dibenzo[b,d]thiophene (DBTh) units was synthesized and isolated in single-crystal form. Compared with its all-carbon isoelectronic structure, CPTP-M, the incorporation of two sulfur atoms leads to a smaller radical character and a larger singlet–triplet energy gap. X-ray crystallographic analysis reveals that the spin–spin coupling through the DBTh unit is stronger than that through the Phen moiety. In addition, the electron-rich sulfur atoms also raise the energies of both the HOMO and LUMO in MC4-S, but the overall optical and electronic energy gaps are close to that of the CPTP-M. MC4-S displays global anti-aromaticity according to the NMR measurements and theoretical calculations (NICS, ACID and 2D ICSS), with a 36π ring current circuit along the all-carbon periphery excluding the two sulphur atoms. Its dication becomes globally aromatic due to the existence of a dominant 34π-conjugation pathway. This study sheds some light on the effect of heteroatoms on the electronic properties of open-shell polyradicaloids. The first member of sulfur-heterocycloarene neutral tetraradicaloids, MC4-S, was synthesized in crystalline form, which displays strong global anti-aromaticity and unique properties.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Dongyue An
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
| | - Ya Zou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
| | - Yanjun Qiao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Dongdong Chang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang GW, Xiang JY, Zhong TT, Zhi XR, Gao C, Huang W, Yuan S, Xie LH, Huang W. Iodide ion receptors: shape-persistent macrocycles of syn/ anti configurations. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00247c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A local induced fit mechanism following a conformational selection in the recognition of iodide anions is reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Wei Zhang
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD)
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing
| | - Jia-Yin Xiang
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD)
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing
| | - Tao-Tao Zhong
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD)
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing
| | - Xin-Ru Zhi
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD)
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing
| | - Chuang Gao
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD)
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing
| | - Wei Huang
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD)
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD)
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing
| | - Ling-Hai Xie
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD)
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing
| | - Wei Huang
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD)
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kiel GR, Bergman HM, Tilley TD. Site-selective [2 + 2 + n] cycloadditions for rapid, scalable access to alkynylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3028-3035. [PMID: 34122806 PMCID: PMC8157499 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06102a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are attractive synthetic building blocks for more complex conjugated nanocarbons, but their use for this purpose requires appreciable quantities of a PAH with reactive functional groups. Despite tremendous recent advances, most synthetic methods cannot satisfy these demands. Here we present a general and scalable [2 + 2 + n] (n = 1 or 2) cycloaddition strategy to access PAHs that are decorated with synthetically versatile alkynyl groups and its application to seven structurally diverse PAH ring systems (thirteen new alkynylated PAHs in total). The critical discovery is the site-selectivity of an Ir-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition, which preferentially cyclizes tethered diyne units with preservation of other (peripheral) alkynyl groups. The potential for generalization of the site-selectivity to other [2 + 2 + n] reactions is demonstrated by identification of a Cp2Zr-mediated [2 + 2 + 1]/metallacycle transfer sequence for synthesis of an alkynylated, selenophene-annulated PAH. The new PAHs are excellent synthons for macrocyclic conjugated nanocarbons. As a proof of concept, four were subjected to alkyne metathesis catalysis to afford large, PAH-containing arylene ethylene macrocycles, which possess a range of cavity sizes reaching well into the nanometer regime. Notably, these high-yielding macrocyclizations establish that synthetically convenient pentynyl groups can be effective for metathesis since the 4-octyne byproduct is sequestered by 5 Å MS. Most importantly, this work is a demonstration of how site-selective reactions can be harnessed to rapidly build up structural complexity in a practical, scalable fashion. An orthogonal [2 + 2 + n] cycloaddition/alkyne metathesis reaction sequence enables streamlined access to conjugated macrocyclic nanocarbons.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R Kiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Harrison M Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - T Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley California 94720 USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Aromaticity can be defined by the ability of a molecule to sustain a ring current when placed in a magnetic field. Hückel’s rule states that molecular rings with [4n+2] π-electrons are aromatic, with an induced magnetisation that opposes the external field inside the ring, whereas those with 4n π-electrons are antiaromatic, with the opposite magnetisation. This rule reliably predicts the behaviour of small molecules, typically with fewer than 22 π-electrons (n = 5). It is not clear whether aromaticity has a size limit, or whether Hückel’s rule extends to much larger macrocycles. Here, we present evidence for global aromaticity in porphyrin nanorings with circuits of up to 162 π-electrons (n = 40); aromaticity is controlled by changing the constitution, oxidation state and conformation. Whenever a ring current is observed, its direction is correctly predicted by Hückel’s rule. The largest ring currents occur when the porphyrins units have fractional oxidation states.
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Wang J, Zhuang G, Chen M, Lu D, Li Z, Huang Q, Jia H, Cui S, Shao X, Yang S, Du P. Selective Synthesis of Conjugated Chiral Macrocycles: Sidewall Segments of (−)/(+)‐(12,4) Carbon Nanotubes with Strong Circularly Polarized Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials) University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Guilin Zhuang
- College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology 18, Chaowang Road Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310032 China
| | - Muqing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials) University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Dapeng Lu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials) University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Chemical Physics Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials) University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Hongxing Jia
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials) University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Shengsheng Cui
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials) University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Xiang Shao
- Department of Chemical Physics Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials) University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials) University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang J, Zhuang G, Chen M, Lu D, Li Z, Huang Q, Jia H, Cui S, Shao X, Yang S, Du P. Selective Synthesis of Conjugated Chiral Macrocycles: Sidewall Segments of (-)/(+)-(12,4) Carbon Nanotubes with Strong Circularly Polarized Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1619-1626. [PMID: 31710148 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have unusual physical properties that are valuable for nanotechnology and electronics, but the chemical synthesis of chirality- and diameter-specific CNTs and π-conjugated CNT segments is still a great challenge. Reported here are the selective syntheses, isolations, characterizations, and photophysical properties of two novel chiral conjugated macrocycles ([4]cyclo-2,6-anthracene; [4]CAn2,6 ), as (-)/(+)-(12,4) carbon nanotube segments. These conjugated macrocyclic molecules were obtained using a bottom-up assembly approach and subsequent reductive elimination reaction. The hoop-shaped molecules can be directly viewed by a STM technique. In addition, chiral enantiomers with (-)/(+) helicity of the [4]CAn2,6 were successfully isolated by HPLC. The new tubular CNT segments exhibit large absorption and photoluminescence redshifts compared to the monomer unit. The carbon enantiomers are also observed to show strong circularly polarized luminescence (glum ≈0.1). The results reported here expand the scope of materials design for bottom-up synthesis of chiral macrocycles and enrich existing knowledge of their optoelectronic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
| | - Guilin Zhuang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310032, China
| | - Muqing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
| | - Dapeng Lu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Chemical Physics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
| | - Hongxing Jia
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
| | - Shengsheng Cui
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
| | - Xiang Shao
- Department of Chemical Physics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yu D, Mou H, Fu H, Lan X, Wang Y, Mu T. “Inverted” Deep Eutectic Solvents Based on Host‐Guest Interactions. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:4183-4188. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongkun Yu
- Department of ChemistryRenmin University of China Beijing 100872 China
| | - Hongyu Mou
- Department of ChemistryRenmin University of China Beijing 100872 China
| | - Hui Fu
- College of ScienceChina University of Petroleum Qingdao 266580 Shandong China
| | - Xue Lan
- Department of ChemistryRenmin University of China Beijing 100872 China
| | - Yingxiong Wang
- Institute of Coal ChemistryChinese Academy of Science Taiyuan 030001 Shanxi China
| | - Tiancheng Mu
- Department of ChemistryRenmin University of China Beijing 100872 China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Peeks MD, Jirasek M, Claridge TDW, Anderson HL. Global Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity in Porphyrin Nanoring Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15717-15720. [PMID: 31397538 PMCID: PMC6856819 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Doping, through oxidation or reduction, is often used to modify the properties of π-conjugated oligomers. In most cases, the resulting charge distribution is difficult to determine. If the oligomer is cyclic and doping establishes global aromaticity or antiaromaticity, then it is certain that the charge is fully delocalized over the entire perimeter of the ring. Herein we show that reduction of a six-porphyrin nanoring using decamethylcobaltocene results in global aromaticity (in the 6- state; [90 π]) and antiaromaticity (in the 4- state; [88 π]), consistent with the Hückel rules. Aromaticity is assigned by NMR spectroscopy and density-functional theory calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin D. Peeks
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Michael Jirasek
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | | | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mulay SV, Dishi O, Fang Y, Niazi MR, Shimon LJW, Perepichka DF, Gidron O. A macrocyclic oligofuran: synthesis, solid state structure and electronic properties. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8527-8532. [PMID: 32055302 PMCID: PMC7003964 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03247a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The first π-conjugated macrocyclic system with an oligofuran backbone display planar conformation and forms large π-aggregates, in contrast to the twisted conformation of small macrocyclic oligothiophenes.
We report the first π-conjugated macrocyclic system with an oligofuran backbone. The calculated HOMO–LUMO gap is similar to that of the corresponding linear polymer, indicating a remarkable electron delocalization. The X-ray structure reveals a planar conformation, in contrast to the twisted conformation of macrocyclic oligothiophenes. The intermolecular π–π stacking distance is extremely small (3.17 Å), indicating very strong interactions. The macrocycle forms large π-aggregates in solution and shows a tendency toward highly ordered multilayer adsorption at the solid–liquid interface. The face-on orientation of molecules explains the higher hole mobility observed in the out-of-plane direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandip V Mulay
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Edmond J. Safra Campus , Jerusalem , Israel .
| | - Or Dishi
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Edmond J. Safra Campus , Jerusalem , Israel .
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal , QC H3A 0B8 , Canada .
| | - Muhammad R Niazi
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal , QC H3A 0B8 , Canada .
| | - Linda J W Shimon
- Chemical Research Support Unit , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | | | - Ori Gidron
- Institute of Chemistry , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Edmond J. Safra Campus , Jerusalem , Israel .
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Peeks MD, Jirasek M, Claridge TDW, Anderson HL. Global Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity in Porphyrin Nanoring Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin D. Peeks
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Michael Jirasek
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Timothy D. W. Claridge
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pacholska‐Dudziak E, Latos‐Grażyński L, Białońska A. Shaping a Porphyrinoid Frame by Heteroatoms Extrusion: Formation of an Expanded [22]Triphyrin(6.6.0). Chemistry 2019; 25:10088-10097. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pacholska‐Dudziak
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wroclaw ul. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wroclaw Poland
| | | | - Agata Białońska
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wroclaw ul. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wroclaw Poland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Klein HA, Beer PD. Iodide Discrimination by Tetra-Iodotriazole Halogen Bonding Interlocked Hosts. Chemistry 2019; 25:3125-3130. [PMID: 30624821 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Whilst the exploitation of interlocked host frameworks for anion recognition is widely established, examples incorporating halogen bond donor groups are still relatively rare. Through the integration of a novel tetra(iodotriazole)-pyridinium motif into macrocycle and axle components, a family of halogen bonding catenane and rotaxanes are constructed for anion recognition studies in a competitive aqueous-organic solvent mixture. Importantly, the degree of anion selectivity displayed is dictated by the topological nature and charged state of the respective interlocked host cavity. All the interlocked hosts exhibit iodide anion selectivity over other halides and sulfate, with the level of discrimination being the greatest with the mono-cationic rotaxane. Arising from greater electrostatic interactions working in tandem with halogen bonding and hydrogen bonding, the di-cationic rotaxane displays stronger anion association at the expense of a relatively lower degree of iodide selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry A Klein
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Paul D Beer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Majewski MA, Chmielewski PJ, Chien A, Hong Y, Lis T, Witwicki M, Kim D, Zimmerman PM, Stępień M. 5,10-Dimesityldiindeno[1,2- a:2',1'- i]phenanthrene: a stable biradicaloid derived from Chichibabin's hydrocarbon. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3413-3420. [PMID: 30996930 PMCID: PMC6429611 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00170k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A diindenophenanthrene biradicaloid, formally derived from Chichibabin's hydrocarbon, is obtained in a short, scalable synthesis.
A diindenophenanthrene biradicaloid, formally derived from Chichibabin's hydrocarbon, is obtained in a short, scalable synthesis. The present system is electron-rich and devoid of conjugated substituents, and still exhibits very good stability under ambient conditions. The introduction of the diindeno[1,2-a:2′,1′-i] phenanthrene ring framework results in a singlet biradicaloid system with an easily accessible triplet state (ΔES–T = –1.30 kcal mol–1) and a small electronic bandgap (1.39 V). The stability limits of the title hydrocarbon were explored systematically in the solid state, to reveal an unusual thermally initiated hydrogen-scrambling oligomerization process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin A Majewski
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland . ; http://www.mstepien.edu.pl
| | - Piotr J Chmielewski
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland . ; http://www.mstepien.edu.pl
| | - Alan Chien
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 N. University Ave , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA .
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro , Seoul 120-749 , Korea .
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland . ; http://www.mstepien.edu.pl
| | - Maciej Witwicki
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland . ; http://www.mstepien.edu.pl
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro , Seoul 120-749 , Korea .
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 N. University Ave , Ann Arbor , MI 48109 , USA .
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland . ; http://www.mstepien.edu.pl
| |
Collapse
|