1
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Mukherjee N, Majumdar M. Diverse Functionality of Molecular Germanium: Emerging Opportunities as Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39172926 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Fundamental research on germanium as the central element in compounds for bond activation chemistry and catalysis has achieved significant feats over the last two decades. Designing strategies for small molecule activations and the ultimate catalysts established capitalize on the orbital modalities of germanium, apparently imitating the transition-metal frontier orbitals. There is a growing body of examples in contemporary research implicating the tunability of the frontier orbitals through avant-garde approaches such as geometric constrained empowered reactivity, bimetallic orbital complementarity, cooperative reactivity, etc. The goal of this Perspective is to provide readers with an overview of the emerging opportunities in the field of germanium-based catalysis by perceiving the underlying key principles. This will help to convert the discrete set of findings into a more systematic vision for catalyst designs. Critical exposition on the germanium's frontier orbitals participations evokes the key challenges involved in innovative catalyst designs, wherein viewpoints are provided. We close by addressing the forward-looking directions for germanium-based catalytic manifold development. We hope that this Perspective will be motivational for applied research on germanium as a constituent of pragmatic catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjana Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
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2
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Akhtar R, Gaurav K, Khan S. Applications of low-valent compounds with heavy group-14 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6150-6243. [PMID: 38757535 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00101j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the low-valent compounds of group-14 elements have received significant attention in several fields of chemistry owing to their unique electronic properties. The low-valent group-14 species include tetrylenes, tetryliumylidene, tetrylones, dimetallenes and dimetallynes. These low-valent group-14 species have shown applications in various areas such as organic transformations (hydroboration, cyanosilylation, N-functionalisation of amines, and hydroamination), small molecule activation (e.g. P4, As4, CO2, CO, H2, alkene, and alkyne) and materials. This review presents an in-depth discussion on low-valent group-14 species-catalyzed reactions, including polymerization of rac-lactide, L-lactide, DL-lactide, and caprolactone, followed by their photophysical properties (phosphorescence and fluorescence), thin film deposition (atomic layer deposition and vapor phase deposition), and medicinal applications. This review concisely summarizes current developments of low-valent heavier group-14 compounds, covering synthetic methodologies, structural aspects, and their applications in various fields of chemistry. Finally, their opportunities and challenges are examined and emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruksana Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Kumar Gaurav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Shabana Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
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3
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Puerta Lombardi BM, Faas MR, West D, Suvinen RA, Tuononen HM, Roesler R. An isolable, chelating bis[cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene] stabilizes a strongly bent, dicoordinate Ni(0) complex. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3417. [PMID: 38653986 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chelating ligands have had a tremendous impact in coordination chemistry and catalysis. Notwithstanding their success as strongly σ-donating and π-accepting ligands, to date no chelating bis[cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes] have been reported. Herein, we describe a chelating, C2-symmetric bis[cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene] ligand, which was isolated as a racemic mixture. The isolation and structural characterization of its isostructural, pseudotetrahedral complexes with iron, cobalt, nickel, and zinc dihalides featuring eight-membered metallacycles demonstrates the binding ability of the bis(carbene). Reduction of the nickel(II) dibromide with potassium graphite produces a dicoordinate nickel(0) complex that features one of the narrowest angles measured in any unsupported dicoordinate transition metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgan R Faas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel West
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Roope A Suvinen
- Department of Chemistry, NanoScience Centre, University of Jyvӓskylӓ, Jyvӓskylӓ, Finland
| | - Heikki M Tuononen
- Department of Chemistry, NanoScience Centre, University of Jyvӓskylӓ, Jyvӓskylӓ, Finland.
| | - Roland Roesler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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4
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Mandal C, Joshi S, Das S, Mishra S, Mukherjee D. 2-Anilidomethylpyridine-Derived Three-Coordinate Zinc Hydride: The Journey Unveils Anilide Backbone's Reactive Nature. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:739-751. [PMID: 38127496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Low-coordinate heteroleptic zinc hydrides are catalytically important but rare and synthetically challenging. We herein report three-coordinate monomeric zinc hydride on a 2-anilidomethylpyridine framework (NNL). The synthetic success comes through systematically screening a few different routes from different precursors. During the process, the ligand's anilide backbone interestingly appears to be more reactive than Zn's terminal site to electrophilic Lewis and Brønsted acids. The proligand NNLH reacts with [Zn{N(SiMe3)2}2] and ZnEt2 to give [(NNL)ZnA] (A = N(SiMe3)2 (1), Et(2)). Both are inert to PhSiH3 and H2 but react with HBpin only through the internal Zn-Nanilide bond to give the borylated ligand NNLBpin (3). The reactions of 1 and 2 with Ph3EOH (E = C, Si) afford a series of divergent compounds like [(NNLH)Zn(OSiPh3)2] (4), [Zn3(OSiPh3)4Et2] (5), and [EtZn(OCPh3)] (6). But in all cases, it is invariably the Zn-Nanilide bond protonated by the -OH with equal or higher preference than the terminal Zn-N or Zn-C bonds. A DFT analysis rationalizes the origin of such a reactivity pattern. Realizing that an acid-free route might be the key, reacting [(NNL)Li] with ZnBr2 gives [(NNL)Zn(μ-Br)]2 (7), which on successively treating with KOSiPh3 and PhSiH3 gives the desired [(NNL)ZnH] (8) as a three-coordinate monomer with a terminal Zn-H bond. Estimating the ligand steric in 8 shows the openness in Zn's coordination sphere, a desired criterion for efficient catalysis. This and a positive influence of the pyridyl sidearm is reflected in 8's superior activity in hydroborating PhC(O)Me by HBpin in comparison to Jones' two-coordinate anilido zinc hydride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhotan Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Shalini Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjay Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Sabyashachi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Debabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
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5
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Kodama T, Uchida K, Nakasuji C, Kishi R, Kitagawa Y, Tobisu M. Open-Shell Germylene Stabilized by a Phenalenyl-Based Ligand. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:7861-7867. [PMID: 37163696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
An open-shell germylene 1 stabilized by a phenalenyl-based bidentate ligand was synthesized and characterized. Because of the high thermal stability originating from spin delocalization over the phenalenyl moiety, it was possible to isolate compound 1 in crystalline form by sublimation at ca. 300 °C. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra, crystallographic analysis, theoretical calculations, and reactivities with carbon radicals suggest that the spin of 1 is distributed on the phenalenyl moiety, while 1 reacted with C2Cl6, PhSSPh, and p-benzoquinone at the germanium center to form Ge-E (E = Cl, S, O) bonds. Furthermore, compound 1 is featured by its reactivity as a "formal germylyne", which allows for the formation of three new σ-bonds or one σ-bond with metal complexation on the germanium center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kodama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 561-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenta Uchida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 561-0871, Japan
| | - Chihiro Nakasuji
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kitagawa
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Spintronics Research Network Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (SRN-OTRI), Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tobisu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 561-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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6
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Wang D, Chen W, Zhai C, Zhao L, Ye S, Tan G. Monosubstituted Doublet Sn(I) Radical Featuring Substantial Unquenched Orbital Angular Momentum. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6914-6920. [PMID: 36926867 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic high reactivity, isolation of heavier analogues of carbynes remains a great challenge. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of a neutral monosubstituted Sn(I) radical (2) supported by a sterically hindered hydrindacene ligand, which represents the first tin analogue of a free carbyne. Different from all Sn(I/III) species reported thus far, the presence of a sole Sn-C σ bond in 2 renders the remaining two Sn 5p orbitals energetically almost degenerate, of which one is singly occupied and the other is empty. Consequently, its S = 1/2 ground state possesses two-fold orbital pseudo-degeneracy and substantial unquenched orbital angular momentum, as evidenced by one component of its g matrix (1.957, 1.896, and 1.578) being considerably less than 2. Consistent with this unique electronic structure, 2 can bind to an N-heterocyclic carbene to afford a neutral two-coordinate Sn(I) radical and initiate a one-electron transfer to benzophenone to furnish a Sn(II)-ketyl radical anion adduct. As a manifestation of its Sn-centered radical nature, 2 reacts with diphenyl diselenide and p-benzoquinone to form Sn-S and Sn-O bonds, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmin Wang
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cai Zhai
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Gengwen Tan
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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7
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An isolable germylyne radical with a one-coordinate germanium atom. Nat Chem 2023; 15:200-205. [PMID: 36344822 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Carbynes (R-[Formula: see text]), species that bear a monovalent carbon atom with three non-bonding valence electrons, are important intermediates and potentially useful in organic synthetic chemistry. However, free species of the type R-[Formula: see text] of any group 14 element (E) have eluded isolation in the condensed phase due to their high reactivity. Here we report the isolation, characterization and reactivity of a crystalline germylyne radical by using a sterically hindered hydrindacene ligand. The germylyne radical bears an essentially one-coordinate germanium atom as shown by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic studies and theoretical calculations show that the germylyne radical features a doublet ground state, and the three non-bonding valence electrons at the germanium atom contribute to the lone pair of electrons as the highest occupied molecular orbital-3 and one unpaired electron as the singly occupied molecular orbital.
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8
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Nag E, Francis M, Battuluri S, Sinu BB, Roy S. Isolation of Elusive Phosphinidene‐Chlorotetrylenes: The Heavier Cyanogen Chloride Analogues. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201242. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Nag
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati Tirupati 517507 India
| | - Maria Francis
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati Tirupati 517507 India
| | - Sridhar Battuluri
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati Tirupati 517507 India
| | - Bhavya Bini Sinu
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati Tirupati 517507 India
| | - Sudipta Roy
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati Tirupati 517507 India
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9
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Dai Y, Bao M, Wang W, Xie Z, Liu C, Su Y. Crystalline
Germanium‐Dipyrromethene
Radicals: from a Delocalized Neutral to a Localized Cation. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Dai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Manling Bao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Zhuofeng Xie
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Chunmeng Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yuanting Su
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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10
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Feng Z, Tang S, Su Y, Wang X. Recent advances in stable main group element radicals: preparation and characterization. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5930-5973. [PMID: 35770612 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00288d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Radical species are significant in modern chemistry. Their unique chemical bonding and novel physicochemical properties play significant roles not only in fundamental chemistry, but also in materials science. Main group element radicals are usually transient due to their high reactivity. Highly stable radicals are often stabilized by π-delocalization, sterically demanding ligands, carbenes and weakly coordinating anions in recent years. This review presents the recent advances in the synthesis, characterization, reactivity and physical properties of isolable main group element radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shuxuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yuanting Su
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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11
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Lim LF, Judd M, Vasko P, Gardiner MG, Pantazis DA, Cox N, Hicks J. Crystalline Germanium(I) and Tin(I) Centered Radical Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201248. [PMID: 35266609 PMCID: PMC9401049 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng Lim
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Acton ACT, 2601 Australia
| | - Martyna Judd
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Acton ACT, 2601 Australia
| | - Petra Vasko
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki P.O. Box 55 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Michael G. Gardiner
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Acton ACT, 2601 Australia
| | - Dimitrios A. Pantazis
- Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Nicholas Cox
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Acton ACT, 2601 Australia
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Acton ACT, 2601 Australia
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12
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Kumar Kushvaha S, Mishra A, Roesky HW, Chandra Mondal K. Recent Advances in the Domain of Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino) Carbenes. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202101301. [PMID: 34989475 PMCID: PMC9307053 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of cyclic (alkyl) amino carbenes (cAACs) in 2005 has been a major achievement in the field of stable carbenes due to their better electronic properties. cAACs and bicyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene (BicAAC) in essence are the most electrophilic as well as nucleophilic carbenes are known till date. Due to their excellent electronic properties in terms of nucleophilic and electrophilic character, cAACs have been utilized in different areas of chemistry, including stabilization of low valent main group and transition metal species, activation of small molecules, and catalysis. The applications of cAACs in catalysis have opened up new avenues of research in the field of cAAC chemistry. This review summarizes the major results of cAAC chemistry published until August 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ankush Mishra
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai600036India
| | - Herbert W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryTammannstrasse 4D-37077GöttingenGermany
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13
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Cui X, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Li S, Lee C. Organic radical materials in biomedical applications: State of the art and perspectives. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 2:20210264. [PMID: 37323877 PMCID: PMC10190988 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their unique chemical reactivities and paramagnetism, organic radicals with unpaired electrons have found widespread exploration in physical, chemical, and biological fields. However, most radicals are too short-lived to be separated and only a few of them can maintain stable radical forms via stereochemical strategies. How to utilize these raw radicals for developing stable radical-containing materials have long been a research hotspot for many years. This perspective introduces fundamental characteristics of organic radical materials and highlights their applications in biomedical fields, particularly for bioimaging, biosensing, and photo-triggered therapies. Molecular design of these radical materials is considered with reference to their outstanding imaging and therapeutic performances. Various challenges currently limiting the wide applications of these organic radical materials and their future development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cui
- Department of ChemistryInstitution Center of Super‐Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)City University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong SARChina
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of ChemistryInstitution Center of Super‐Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)City University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong SARChina
| | - Yuliang Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Shengliang Li
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Chun‐Sing Lee
- Department of ChemistryInstitution Center of Super‐Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF)City University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong SARChina
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14
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Lim LF, Judd M, Vasko P, Gardiner MG, Pantazis DA, Cox N, Hicks J. Crystalline Germanium(I) and Tin(I) Centered Radical Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng Lim
- Australian National University Research School of Chemistry Sullivans Creek Road 2601 Acton AUSTRALIA
| | - Martyna Judd
- Australian National University Research School of Chemistry Sullivans Creek Road 2601 Acton AUSTRALIA
| | - Petra Vasko
- University of Helsinki: Helsingin Yliopisto Department of Chemistry P.O. Box 55 FI-00014 Helsinki FINLAND
| | - Michael G. Gardiner
- Australian National University Research School of Chemistry Sullivans Creek Road 2601 Acton AUSTRALIA
| | - Dimitrios A. Pantazis
- Max-Planck-Institut fur Kohlenforschung Institut fur Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr GERMANY
| | - Nicholas Cox
- Australian National University Research School of Chemistry Sullivas Creek Road 2601 Acton AUSTRALIA
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Australian National University Research School of Chemistry Sullivans Creek Road 2601 Acton AUSTRALIA
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15
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Cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) ligands: Electronic structure and application as chemically- and redox-non-innocent ligands and chromophores. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Gendy C, Mikko Rautiainen J, Mailman A, Tuononen HM. Low-Valent Germanylidene Anions: Efficient Single-Site Nucleophiles for Activation of Small Molecules. Chemistry 2021; 27:14405-14409. [PMID: 34403540 PMCID: PMC8596740 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rare mononuclear and helical chain low-valent germanylidene anions supported by cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene and hypermetallyl ligands were synthesised by stepwise reduction from corresponding germylene precursors via stable and isolable germanium radicals. The electronic structures of the anions can be described with ylidene and ylidone resonance forms with the Ge-C π-electrons capable of binding even weak electrophiles. The germanylidene anions reacted with CO2 to give μ-CO2 -κC:κO complexes, a rare coordination mode for low-valent germanium and inaccessible for the related neutral germylones. These results implicate low-valent germanylidene anions as efficient single-site nucleophiles for activation of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Gendy
- Department of ChemistryNanoScience CentreUniversity of JyväskyläP.O. Box. 3540014JyväskyläFinland
| | - J. Mikko Rautiainen
- Department of ChemistryNanoScience CentreUniversity of JyväskyläP.O. Box. 3540014JyväskyläFinland
| | - Aaron Mailman
- Department of ChemistryNanoScience CentreUniversity of JyväskyläP.O. Box. 3540014JyväskyläFinland
| | - Heikki M. Tuononen
- Department of ChemistryNanoScience CentreUniversity of JyväskyläP.O. Box. 3540014JyväskyläFinland
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17
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Bellotti P, Koy M, Hopkinson MN, Glorius F. Recent advances in the chemistry and applications of N-heterocyclic carbenes. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:711-725. [PMID: 37118184 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes, despite being isolated and characterized three decades ago, still capture scientists' interest as versatile, modular and strongly coordinating moieties. In the last decade, driven by the increasingly refined fundamental understanding of their behaviour, the emergence of new carbene frameworks and cogent sustainability issues, N-heterocyclic carbenes have experienced a tremendous increase in utilization across several disparate fields. In this Review, a concise overview of N-heterocyclic carbenes encompassing their history, properties and applications in transition metal catalysis, on-surface chemistry, main group chemistry and organocatalysis is provided. Emphasis is placed on developments emerging in the last seven years and on envisaging future directions.
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18
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Dong Z, Blaskovits JT, Fadaei-Tirani F, Scopelliti R, Sienkiewicz A, Corminboeuf C, Severin K. Tuning the π-Accepting Properties of Mesoionic Carbenes: A Combined Computational and Experimental Study. Chemistry 2021; 27:11983-11988. [PMID: 34105837 PMCID: PMC8456875 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mesoionic imidazolylidenes are recognized as excellent electron‐donating ligands in organometallic and main group chemistry. However, these carbene ligands typically show poor π‐accepting properties. A computational analysis of 71 mesoionic imidazolylidenes that bear different aryl or heteroaryl substituents in C2 position was performed. The study has revealed that a diphenyltriazinyl (Dpt) substituent renders the corresponding carbene particularly π‐acidic. The computational results could be corroborated experimentally. A mesoionic imidazolylidene with a Dpt substituent was found to be a better σ‐donor and a better π‐acceptor compared to an Arduengo‐type N‐heterocyclic carbene. To demonstrate the utility of the new carbene, the ligand was used to stabilize a low‐valent paramagnetic tin compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowen Dong
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Terence Blaskovits
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrzej Sienkiewicz
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,ADSresonances Sarl, Route de Genève 60B, 1028, Préverenges, Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Arsenyeva KV, Ershova IV, Chegerev MG, Cherkasov AV, Aysin RR, Lalov AV, Fukin GK, Piskunov AV. Reactivity of O,N-heterocyclic germylene and stannylene towards μ-dithio-bis(tricarbonyliron). J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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20
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Siddiqui MM, Banerjee S, Bose S, Sarkar SK, Gupta SK, Kretsch J, Graw N, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D, Dutta S, Koley D, Roesky HW. Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbene-Stabilized Aluminum and Gallium Radicals Based on Amidinate Scaffolds. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:11253-11258. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mujahuddin M. Siddiqui
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Sanjoy Bose
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Kolkata 741246, India
| | - Samir Kumar Sarkar
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Sandeep K. Gupta
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Johannes Kretsch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nico Graw
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Sayan Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Kolkata 741246, India
| | - Debasis Koley
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, Kolkata 741246, India
| | - Herbert W. Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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21
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Ma M, Shen L, Wang H, Zhao Y, Wu B, Yang XJ. N,N′-Dipp-o-phenylene-diamido Dianion: A Versatile Ligand for Main Group Metal–Metal-Bonded Compounds. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Lingyi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Yanxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Biao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
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22
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Cutsail GE. Applications of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to heavy main-group radicals. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:12128-12135. [PMID: 32812583 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02436h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The exploration of heavy main-group radicals is rapidly expanding, for which electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic characterisation plays a key role. EPR spectroscopy has the capacity to deliver information of the radical's electronic, geometric and bonding structure. Herein, foundations of electron-nuclear hyperfine analysis are detailed before reviewing more recent applications of EPR spectroscopy to As, Sb, and Bi centred radicals. Additional diverse examples of the application of EPR spectroscopy to other heavy main group radicals are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Cutsail
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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23
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Béland VA, Wang Z, Macdonald CLB, Sham T, Ragogna PJ. A Comprehensive Investigation of a Zwitterionic Ge
I
Dimer with a 1,2‐Dicationic Core. Chemistry 2019; 25:14790-14800. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A. Béland
- Department of ChemistryCenter for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)The University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of ChemistryCenter for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)The University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Charles L. B. Macdonald
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Windsor 410 Sunset Ave. Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
- Department of ChemistryCarleton University 203 Steacie Building, 1125 Colonel By Dr. Ottawa Ontario K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - Tsun‐Kong Sham
- Department of ChemistryCenter for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)The University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Paul J. Ragogna
- Department of ChemistryCenter for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)The University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
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24
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Lai TY, Tao L, Britt RD, Power PP. Reversible Sn-Sn Triple Bond Dissociation in a Distannyne: Support for Charge-Shift Bonding Character. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12527-12530. [PMID: 31345027 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The tin-tin triple bond in the distannyne AriPr4SnSnAriPr4, AriPr4 = C6H3-2,6(C6H3-2,6-iPr2)2, undergoes reversible cleavage in deuterated toluene to afford two :SṅAriPr4 radicals in solution as shown by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Variable temperature data afforded an enthalpy of dissociation of ΔHdiss = 17.2 ± 1.7 kcal mol-1 via van't Hoff analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yi Lai
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Lizhi Tao
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - R David Britt
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Philip P Power
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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25
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Sinhababu S, Kundu S, Siddiqui MM, Paesch AN, Herbst-Irmer R, Schwederski B, Saha P, Zhao L, Frenking G, Kaim W, Stalke D, Roesky HW. Synthesis of cAAC stabilized biradical of "Me 2Si" and "Me 2SiCl" monoradical from Me 2SiCl 2 - an important feedstock material. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4534-4537. [PMID: 30924826 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01448a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic alkyl(amino) carbene (cAAC) coordinated biradical of dimethylsilicon was isolated as (cAAC)2Me2Si (1), (cAAC = C(CH2)(CMe2)2N-2,6-i-Pr2C6H3), synthesized from the reduction of Me2SiCl2 using two equivalents of KC8 in the presence of two equivalents of cAAC. The reduction of Me2SiCl2 by one equivalent of KC8 in the presence of one equivalent of cAAC resulted in the stable dimethylsiliconchloride monoradical (cAAC)Me2SiCl (2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Sinhababu
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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