1
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Hu Z, Fan ZW, Xu ZM, Wu Y, Zhang HW, Huang YL, Niu Z. Metal-Organic Frameworks-Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs for Selective Reduction of Nitroolefins to Nitroalkanes. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38900921 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Nitroalkanes serve as essential intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and functional materials. To date, nitroalkanes are mainly prepared from homogeneous catalysts such as noble transition metal catalysts with poor recyclability. Herein, we propose a metal-organic framework-frustrated Lewis pair (MOF-FLP) heterogeneous catalyst for selectively reducing nitroolefins to nitroalkanes under moderate reaction conditions. MOF enrichment effect can significantly improve the catalytic efficiency compared to homogeneous FLP catalysts. Benefiting from the strong interaction between FLP and MOF, the MOF-FLP catalyst exhibits outstanding recyclability. This work not only provides a convenient route for nitroalkane synthesis but also showcases the potential of porous heterogeneous FLP catalysts, offering inspiration for future catalytic design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyi Hu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zi-Wen Fan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ze-Ming Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yueyue Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han-Wen Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Li Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng Niu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Fu H, Hyster TK. From Ground-State to Excited-State Activation Modes: Flavin-Dependent "Ene"-Reductases Catalyzed Non-natural Radical Reactions. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1446-1457. [PMID: 38603772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Enzymes are desired catalysts for chemical synthesis, because they can be engineered to provide unparalleled levels of efficiency and selectivity. Yet, despite the astonishing array of reactions catalyzed by natural enzymes, many reactivity patterns found in small molecule catalysts have no counterpart in the living world. With a detailed understanding of the mechanisms utilized by small molecule catalysts, we can identify existing enzymes with the potential to catalyze reactions that are currently unknown in nature. Over the past eight years, our group has demonstrated that flavin-dependent "ene"-reductases (EREDs) can catalyze various radical-mediated reactions with unparalleled levels of selectivity, solving long-standing challenges in asymmetric synthesis.This Account presents our development of EREDs as general catalysts for asymmetric radical reactions. While we have developed multiple mechanisms for generating radicals within protein active sites, this account will focus on examples where flavin mononucleotide hydroquinone (FMNhq) serves as an electron transfer radical initiator. While our initial mechanistic hypotheses were rooted in electron-transfer-based radical initiation mechanisms commonly used by synthetic organic chemists, we ultimately uncovered emergent mechanisms of radical initiation that are unique to the protein active site. We will begin by covering intramolecular reactions and discussing how the protein activates the substrate for reduction by altering the redox-potential of alkyl halides and templating the charge transfer complex between the substrate and flavin-cofactor. Protein engineering has been used to modify the fundamental photophysics of these reactions, highlighting the opportunity to tune these systems further by using directed evolution. This section highlights the range of coupling partners and radical termination mechanisms available to intramolecular reactions.The next section will focus on intermolecular reactions and the role of enzyme-templated ternary charge transfer complexes among the cofactor, alkyl halide, and coupling partner in gating electron transfer to ensure that it only occurs when both substrates are bound within the protein active site. We will highlight the synthetic applications available to this activation mode, including olefin hydroalkylation, carbohydroxylation, arene functionalization, and nitronate alkylation. This section also discusses how the protein can favor mechanistic steps that are elusive in solution for the asymmetric reductive coupling of alkyl halides and nitroalkanes. We are aware of several recent EREDs-catalyzed photoenzymatic transformations from other groups. We will discuss results from these papers in the context of understanding the nuances of radical initiation with various substrates.These biocatalytic asymmetric radical reactions often complement the state-of-the-art small-molecule-catalyzed reactions, making EREDs a valuable addition to a chemist's synthetic toolbox. Moreover, the underlying principles studied with these systems are potentially operative with other cofactor-dependent proteins, opening the door to different types of enzyme-catalyzed radical reactions. We anticipate that this Account will serve as a guide and inspire broad interest in repurposing existing enzymes to access new transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haigen Fu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Todd K Hyster
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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3
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Wang W, Liu J, Yang L, Song S, Jiao N. A Catalytic Method to Activate Nitromethane by the Cooperation of Homo- and Heterogeneous Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202312354. [PMID: 38133603 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The achievement of directly activating and utilizing bulk small molecules has remained a longstanding objective in the field of chemical synthesis. The present work reports a catalytic activation method for bulk chemical nitromethane (MeNO2 ). This method combines homogeneous Lewis acid with recyclable heterogeneous Brønsted acid catalysis, featuring practicality, sustainability, and low cost, thus solving the inherent drawbacks of previous Nef processes where stoichiometric reductants or activators were required. By combining the advantages of both homo- and heterogeneous catalysts, this chemistry may not only offer new opportunities for the further development of MeNO2 as a nitrogen source for organic synthesis, but also promote the catalysis design in synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jianzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Licheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Song Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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4
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Wu W, Zhang Z, Li J, Xia J, Han X, Weng Z. Copper Loading-Controlled Selective Synthesis of 2,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl) and Monotrifluoromethyl-Substituted Oxazoles. J Org Chem 2024; 89:589-598. [PMID: 38149374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
A general domino annulation reaction of sulfonylmethyl isocyanide with trifluoroacetic anhydride in the presence of copper chloride as an additive is developed. The reaction affords 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)oxazoles in modest to good yields under mild conditions. A wide variety of sulfonylmethyl isocyanide and perfluorocarboxylic anhydride substrates are amenable to this transformation. Under a higher copper salt loading conditions, the reaction led to the formation of monotrifluoromethyl-substituted oxazole product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Fujian Provincial University Engineering Research Center of Green Materials and Chemical Engineering, and Fujian Engineering Research Center of New Chinese lacquer Material, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zipeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jialong Li
- Fujian Provincial University Engineering Research Center of Green Materials and Chemical Engineering, and Fujian Engineering Research Center of New Chinese lacquer Material, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jianrong Xia
- Fujian Provincial University Engineering Research Center of Green Materials and Chemical Engineering, and Fujian Engineering Research Center of New Chinese lacquer Material, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xiaoyan Han
- Testing and Analysis Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhiqiang Weng
- Fujian Provincial University Engineering Research Center of Green Materials and Chemical Engineering, and Fujian Engineering Research Center of New Chinese lacquer Material, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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5
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Yus M, Nájera C, Foubelo F, Sansano JM. Metal-Catalyzed Enantioconvergent Transformations. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11817-11893. [PMID: 37793021 PMCID: PMC10603790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Enantioconvergent catalysis has expanded asymmetric synthesis to new methodologies able to convert racemic compounds into a single enantiomer. This review covers recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed transformations, such as radical-based cross-coupling of racemic alkyl electrophiles with nucleophiles or racemic alkylmetals with electrophiles and reductive cross-coupling of two electrophiles mainly under Ni/bis(oxazoline) catalysis. C-H functionalization of racemic electrophiles or nucleophiles can be performed in an enantioconvergent manner. Hydroalkylation of alkenes, allenes, and acetylenes is an alternative to cross-coupling reactions. Hydrogen autotransfer has been applied to amination of racemic alcohols and C-C bond forming reactions (Guerbet reaction). Other metal-catalyzed reactions involve addition of racemic allylic systems to carbonyl compounds, propargylation of alcohols and phenols, amination of racemic 3-bromooxindoles, allenylation of carbonyl compounds with racemic allenolates or propargyl bromides, and hydroxylation of racemic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Yus
- Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Carmen Nájera
- Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Francisco Foubelo
- Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis
Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - José M. Sansano
- Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis
Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
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6
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Du Z, Liu S, Li Y, Peng J, Sun Y, Song Y, Liu Y, Zeng X. Fluoroamide-Directed Regiodivergent C-Alkylation of Nitroalkanes. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37314942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, by exploiting different activation modes of fluoroamides, we achieved α- and δ-C(sp3)-H alkylation of nitroalkanes with switchable regioselectivity. Cu catalysis enabled the interception of a distal C-centered radical by a N-centered radical to couple nitroalkanes and unactivated δ-C-H bonds. In addition, imines generated in situ by fluoroamides were trapped by nitroalkanes to realize the α-C-H alkylation of amides. Both of those scalable protocols have broad substrate scopes and good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Shiwen Liu
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Institute of Flexible Functional Materials, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, China
| | - Yuke Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Junjie Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Yanji Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Yanshan Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Xiaojun Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
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7
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Rezazadeh S, Martin MI, Kim RS, Yap GPA, Rosenthal J, Watson DA. Photoredox-Nickel Dual-Catalyzed C-Alkylation of Secondary Nitroalkanes: Access to Sterically Hindered α-Tertiary Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4707-4715. [PMID: 36795911 PMCID: PMC9992296 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of tertiary nitroalkanes via the nickel-catalyzed alkylation of secondary nitroalkanes using aliphatic iodides is reported. Previously, catalytic access to this important class of nitroalkanes via alkylation has not been possible due to the inability of catalysts to overcome the steric demands of the products. However, we have now found that the use of a nickel catalyst in combination with a photoredox catalyst and light leads to much more active alkylation catalysts. These can now access tertiary nitroalkanes. The conditions are scalable as well as air and moisture tolerant. Importantly, reduction of the tertiary nitroalkane products allows rapid access to α-tertiary amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Rezazadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Maxwell I Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Raphael S Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Joel Rosenthal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Donald A Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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8
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Fu H, Qiao T, Carceller JM, MacMillan SN, Hyster TK. Asymmetric C-Alkylation of Nitroalkanes via Enzymatic Photoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:787-793. [PMID: 36608280 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tertiary nitroalkanes and the corresponding α-tertiary amines represent important motifs in bioactive molecules and natural products. The C-alkylation of secondary nitroalkanes with electrophiles is a straightforward strategy for constructing tertiary nitroalkanes; however, controlling the stereoselectivity of this type of reaction remains challenging. Here, we report a highly chemo- and stereoselective C-alkylation of nitroalkanes with alkyl halides catalyzed by an engineered flavin-dependent "ene"-reductase (ERED). Directed evolution of the old yellow enzyme from Geobacillus kaustophilus provided a triple mutant, GkOYE-G7, capable of synthesizing tertiary nitroalkanes in high yield and enantioselectivity. Mechanistic studies indicate that the excitation of an enzyme-templated charge-transfer complex formed between the substrates and cofactor is responsible for radical initiation. Moreover, a single-enzyme two-mechanism cascade reaction was developed to prepare tertiary nitroalkanes from simple nitroalkenes, highlighting the potential to use one enzyme for two mechanistically distinct reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haigen Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Tianzhang Qiao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Jose M Carceller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States.,Institute of Chemical Technology (ITQ), Universitat Politècnica de València, València 46022, Spain
| | - Samantha N MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Todd K Hyster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
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9
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Recent Advances in Nickel-Catalyzed C-C Cross-Coupling. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2023_85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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10
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Simlandy AK, Rodphon W, Alturaifi TM, Mai BK, Ni HQ, Gurak JA, Liu P, Engle KM. Catalytic Addition of Nitroalkanes to Unactivated Alkenes via Directed Carbopalladation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Simlandy
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Warabhorn Rodphon
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Turki M. Alturaifi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Hui-Qi Ni
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - John A. Gurak
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Keary M. Engle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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11
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Fu H, Cao J, Qiao T, Qi Y, Charnock SJ, Garfinkle S, Hyster TK. An asymmetric sp 3-sp 3 cross-electrophile coupling using 'ene'-reductases. Nature 2022; 610:302-307. [PMID: 35952713 PMCID: PMC10157439 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic asymmetric construction of Csp3-Csp3 bonds remains one of the foremost challenges in organic synthesis1. Metal-catalysed cross-electrophile couplings (XECs) have emerged as a powerful tool for C-C bond formation2-5. However, coupling two distinct Csp3 electrophiles with high cross-selectivity and stereoselectivity continues as an unmet challenge. Here we report a highly chemoselective and enantioselective Csp3-Csp3 XEC between alkyl halides and nitroalkanes catalysed by flavin-dependent 'ene'-reductases (EREDs). Photoexcitation of the enzyme-templated charge-transfer complex between an alkyl halide and a flavin cofactor enables the chemoselective reduction of alkyl halide over the thermodynamically favoured nitroalkane partner. The key C-C bond-forming step occurs by means of the reaction of an alkyl radical with an in situ-generated nitronate to form a nitro radical anion that collapses to form nitrite and an alkyl radical. An enzyme-controlled hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) affords high levels of enantioselectivity. This reactivity is unknown in small-molecule catalysis and highlights the potential for enzymes to use new mechanisms to address long-standing synthetic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haigen Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jingzhe Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Tianzhang Qiao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Samuel Garfinkle
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Todd K Hyster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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12
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Lauzon S, Ollevier T. Fluorine in metal-catalyzed asymmetric transformations: the lightest halogen causing a massive effect. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10985-11008. [PMID: 36320478 PMCID: PMC9516955 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01096h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims at providing an overview of the most significant applications of fluorine-containing ligands reported in the literature starting from 2001 until mid-2021. The ligands are classified according to the nature of the donor atoms involved. This review highlights both metal-ligand interactions and the structure-reactivity relationships resulting from the presence of the fluorine atom or fluorine-containing substituents on chiral catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Lauzon
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval 1045 Avenue de la Médecine Québec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Thierry Ollevier
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval 1045 Avenue de la Médecine Québec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
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13
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Abstract
The asymmetric hydroaminocarbonylation of olefins represents a straightforward approach for the synthesis of enantioenriched amides, but is hampered by the necessity to employ CO gas, often at elevated pressures. We herein describe, as an alternative, an enantioselective hydrocarbamoylation of alkenes leveraging dual copper hydride and palladium catalysis to enable the use of readily available carbamoyl chlorides as a practical carbamoylating reagent. The protocol is applicable to various types of olefins, including alkenyl arenes, terminal alkenes, and 1,1-disubstituted alkenes. Substrates containing a diverse range of functional groups as well as heterocyclic substructures undergo functionalization to provide α- and β-chiral amides in good yields and with excellent enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Feng
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139USA
| | - Yuyang Dong
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139USA
| | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139USA
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14
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Feng S, Dong Y, Buchwald SL. Enantioselective Hydrocarbamoylation of Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Feng
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Chemistry 235 Albany St1050 02139 Cambridge CHINA
| | - Yuyang Dong
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Chemistry 77 Massachusetts AvenueRoom18-490 2139 Cambridge UNITED STATES
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15
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Huang Y, Hou Q, Ding D, Yang N, Chen Y. Single Nickel sites - easy separation and high-performance catalyst for the production of β-Nitro alcohols. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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16
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Zhang CS, Zhang BB, Zhong L, Chen XY, Wang ZX. DFT insight into asymmetric alkyl-alkyl bond formation via nickel-catalysed enantioconvergent reductive coupling of racemic electrophiles with olefins. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3728-3739. [PMID: 35432909 PMCID: PMC8966719 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05605k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A DFT study has been conducted to understand the asymmetric alkyl–alkyl bond formation through nickel-catalysed reductive coupling of racemic alkyl bromide with olefin in the presence of hydrosilane and K3PO4. The key findings of the study include: (i) under the reductive experimental conditions, the Ni(ii) precursor is easily activated/reduced to Ni(0) species which can serve as an active species to start a Ni(0)/Ni(ii) catalytic cycle. (ii) Alternatively, the reaction may proceed via a Ni(i)/Ni(ii)/Ni(iii) catalytic cycle starting with a Ni(i) species such as Ni(i)–Br. The generation of a Ni(i) active species via comproportionation of Ni(ii) and Ni(0) species is highly unlikely, because the necessary Ni(0) species is strongly stabilized by olefin. Alternatively, a cage effect enabled generation of a Ni(i) active catalyst from the Ni(ii) species involved in the Ni(0)/Ni(ii) cycle was proposed to be a viable mechanism. (iii) In both catalytic cycles, K3PO4 greatly facilitates the hydrosilane hydride transfer for reducing olefin to an alkyl coupling partner. The reduction proceeds by converting a Ni–Br bond to a Ni–H bond via hydrosilane hydride transfer to a Ni–alkyl bond via olefin insertion. On the basis of two catalytic cycles, the origins for enantioconvergence and enantioselectivity control were discussed. The enantioconvergent alkyl–alkyl coupling involves two competitive catalytic cycles with nickel(0) and nickel(i) active catalysts, respectively. K3PO4 plays a crucial role to enable the hydride transfer from hydrosilane to nickel–bromine species.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Shen Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Bei-Bei Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Liang Zhong
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiang-Yu Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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17
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Posada-Pérez S, Escayola S, Poater J, Solà M, Poater A. Ni(I)-TPA Stabilization by Hydrogen Bond formation on the Second Coordination Sphere: a DFT Characterization. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:12585-12595. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01355j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ni(I) compounds are less common than those of either Ni(0) or Ni(II). Recently, a series of Ni(I) tris(2 pyridylmethyl)amine (TPA) complexes were synthetized through the reduction of Ni(II)-TPA complexes and...
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18
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Luo J, Chenzhang P, Lan W, Li J, Qin Z, Fu B. A Highly Enantioselective Approach to Hydrocarbazole Derivatives Catalyzed by Diphenylmethylidene Bis(oxazoline)‐Ni(II) Complexes. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐yu Luo
- College of Science China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Peng‐fei Chenzhang
- College of Science China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Lan
- College of Science China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Jia‐qi Li
- College of Science China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Zhaohai Qin
- College of Science China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Bin Fu
- College of Science China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P. R. China
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19
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Kim RS, Dinh-Nguyen LV, Shimkin KW, Watson DA. Copper-Catalyzed Propargylation of Nitroalkanes. Org Lett 2020; 22:8106-8110. [PMID: 33006901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using a commercially available, inexpensive, and abundant copper catalyst system, an efficient α-functionalization of nitroalkanes with propargyl bromides is now established. This mild and robust method is highly functional group tolerant and provides straightforward access to complex secondary and tertiary homopropargylic nitroalkanes. Moreover, the utility of these α-propargylated nitroalkanes is demonstrated through downstream functionalization to biologically relevant, five-membered N-heterocycles such as pyrroles and 2-pyrrolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael S Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Linh V Dinh-Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Kirk W Shimkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Donald A Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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20
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Thapa P, Hazoor S, Chouhan B, Vuong TT, Foss FW. Flavin Nitroalkane Oxidase Mimics Compatibility with NOx/TEMPO Catalysis: Aerobic Oxidization of Alcohols, Diols, and Ethers. J Org Chem 2020; 85:9096-9105. [PMID: 32569467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetic flavin organocatalysts oxidize nitromethane to formaldehyde and NOx-providing a relatively nontoxic, noncaustic, and inexpensive source for catalytic NO2 for aerobic TEMPO oxidations of alcohols, diols, and ethers. Alcohols were oxidized to aldehydes or ketones, cyclic ethers to esters, and terminal diols to lactones. In situ trapping of NOx and formaldehyde suggest an oxidative Nef process reminiscent of flavoprotein nitroalkane oxidase reactivity, which is achieved by relatively stable 1,10-bridged flavins. The metal-free flavin/NOx/TEMPO catalytic cycles are uniquely compatible, especially compared to other Nef and NOx-generating processes, and reveal selectivity over flavin-catalyzed sulfoxide formation. Aliphatic ethers were oxidized by this method, as demonstrated by the conversion of (-)-ambroxide to (+)-sclareolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Thapa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Shan Hazoor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Bikash Chouhan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Thanh Thuy Vuong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Frank W Foss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
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21
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Matsumoto Y, Sawamura J, Murata Y, Nishikata T, Yazaki R, Ohshima T. Amino Acid Schiff Base Bearing Benzophenone Imine As a Platform for Highly Congested Unnatural α-Amino Acid Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8498-8505. [PMID: 32316721 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Unnatural α-amino acids are invaluable building blocks in synthetic organic chemistry and could upgrade the function of peptides. We developed a new mode for catalytic activation of amino acid Schiff bases, serving as a platform for highly congested unnatural α-amino acid synthesis. The redox active copper catalyst enabled efficient cross-coupling to construct contiguous tetrasubstituted carbon centers. The broad functional group compatibility highlights the mildness of the present catalysis. Notably, we achieved successive β-functionalization and oxidation of amino acid Schiff bases to afford dehydroalanine derivatives bearing tetrasubstituted carbon. A three-component cross-coupling reaction of an amino acid Schiff base, alkyl bromides, and styrene derivatives demonstrated the high utility of the present method. The diastereoselective reaction was also achieved using menthol derivatives as a chiral auxiliary, delivering enantiomerically enriched α-amino acid bearing α,β-continuous tetrasubstituted carbon. The synthesized highly congested unnatural α-amino acid could be derivatized and incorporated into peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Sawamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yumi Murata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishikata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Ryo Yazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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22
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Trost BM, Schultz JE, Bai Y. Development of Chemo‐ and Enantioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of α‐Nitroesters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11820-11825. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry M. Trost
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
| | | | - Yu Bai
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
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23
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Trost BM, Schultz JE, Bai Y. Development of Chemo‐ and Enantioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of α‐Nitroesters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry M. Trost
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
| | | | - Yu Bai
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
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