1
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Liddle ST. Progress in Nonaqueous Molecular Uranium Chemistry: Where to Next? Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9366-9384. [PMID: 38739898 PMCID: PMC11134516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
There is long-standing interest in nonaqueous uranium chemistry because of fundamental questions about uranium's variable chemical bonding and the similarities of this pseudo-Group 6 element to its congener d-block elements molybdenum and tungsten. To provide historical context, with reference to a conference presentation slide presented around 1988 that advanced a defining collection of top targets, and the challenge, for synthetic actinide chemistry to realize in isolable complexes under normal experimental conditions, this Viewpoint surveys progress against those targets, including (i) CO and related π-acid ligand complexes, (ii) alkylidenes, carbynes, and carbidos, (iii) imidos and terminal nitrides, (iv) homoleptic polyalkyls, -alkoxides, and -aryloxides, (v) uranium-uranium bonds, and (vi) examples of topics that can be regarded as branching out in parallel from the leading targets. Having summarized advances from the past four decades, opportunities to build on that progress, and hence possible future directions for the field, are highlighted. The wealth and diversity of uranium chemistry that is described emphasizes the importance of ligand-metal complementarity in developing exciting new chemistry that builds our knowledge and understanding of elements in a relativistic regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Liddle
- Department of Chemistry and Centre
for Radiochemistry Research, The University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
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2
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Deng C, Liang J, Wang Y, Huang W. Reduction of Thorium Tris(amido)arene Complexes: Reversible Double and Single C-C Couplings. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9676-9686. [PMID: 38696837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The reduction chemistry of thorium complexes is less explored compared to that of their uranium counterparts. Here, we report the synthesis, characterization, and reduction chemistry of two thorium(IV) complexes, (AdTPBN3)ThCl (1) and (DtbpTPBN3)ThCl(THF) (4) [RTPBN3 = 1,3,5-[2-(RN)C6H4]3C6H3; R = 1-adamantyl (Ad) or 3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl (Dtbp); THF = tetrahydrofuran], supported by tripodal tris(amido)arene ligands with different N-substituents. Reduction of 1 with excessive potassium in n-pentane yielded a double C-C coupling product, [(AdTPBN3)ThK(Et2O)2]2 (3), featuring a unique tetraanionic tricyclic core. On the other hand, reduction of 4 with 1 equiv of KC8 in hexanes/1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) afforded a single C-C coupling product, [(DtbpTPBN3)Th(DME)]2 (5), with a dianionic bis(cyclohexadienyl) core. The solid- and solution-state structures of dinuclear thorium(IV) complexes 3 and 5 were established by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. In addition, reactivity studies show that 3 and 5 can behave as thorium(II) and thorium(III) synthons to reduce organic halides. For instance, 3 and 5 are able to reduce 4 and 2 equiv of benzyl chloride, respectively, to regenerate 1 and 4 with concomitant formation of dibenzyl. Reversible C-C couplings under redox conditions provide an alternative approach to exploiting the potential of thorium arene complexes in redox chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Deng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jiefeng Liang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Wenliang Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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3
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Sheng W, Rajeshkumar T, Zhao Y, Maron L, Zhu C. Electronic Delocalization and σ-Aromaticity in Heterometallic Cluster with Multiple Thorium-Palladium Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12790-12798. [PMID: 38684067 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Research on metal-metal bonds involving f-block actinides, such as thorium, lags far behind the well-studied metal-metal bonds of d-block transition metals. The complexes with Th-TM bonds are extremely rare; all previously identified examples have only a single Th-TM bond with the Th center at an invariably +IV oxidation state. Herein, we report a series of Th2Pdn (n = 2, 3, and 6) clusters (complexes 3, 4, and 7) with multiple Th(III)-Pd bonds. Theoretical studies reveal that the Th2Pdn unit allows electronic delocalization and σ aromaticity, leading to unexpected closed-shell singlet structures for these Th(III) species. This electronic delocalization is evident in the highest occupied molecular orbital of Th(III) complexes and facilitates a 2e reduction of alkyne by complex 7, resulting in the formation of 8. Complexes 7 and 8 are distinctive in featuring a Th2Pd6 core with six and eight Th-Pd bonds, respectively, making them the largest known d-f heterometallic clusters exhibiting metal-metal bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Congqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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4
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Wang S, Wang D, Heng Y, Li T, Ding W, Zi G, Walter MD. Synthesis and Structure of [η 5-1,2,4-(Me 3Si) 3C 5H 2] 2Th(bipy) and Its Reactivity toward Small Molecules. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:7473-7492. [PMID: 38591749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Halide exchange of (Cp3tms)2ThCl2 (1; Cp3tms = η5-1,2,4-(Me3Si)3C5H2) with Me3SiI furnishes (Cp3tms)2ThI2 (2), which is then reduced with potassium graphite (KC8) in the presence of 2,2'-bipyridine to give the thorium bipyridyl metallocene (Cp3tms)2Th(bipy) (3) in good yield. Complex 3 was fully characterized and readily reacted with various small molecules. For example, 3 may serve as a synthetic equivalent for the (Cp3tms)2Th(II) fragment when exposed to CuI, Ph2S2, organic azides, and CS2. Moreover, upon the addition of thiobenzophenone Ph2CS, p-methylbenzaldehyde (p-MeC6H4)CHO, benzophenone Ph2CO, amidate PhCONH(p-tolyl), seleno-ketone (p,p'-dimethoxy), selenobenzophenone (p-MeOPh)2CSe, di(p-tolyl)methanimine (p-tolyl)2C═NH, 1,2-di(benzylidene)hydrazine (PhCH═N)2, and nitriles PhCN, PhCH2CN, and Ph2CHCN C-C coupling results to give (Cp3tms)2Th[(bipy)(Ph2CS)] (8), (Cp3tms)2Th[(bipy)(p-MePhCHO)] (9), (Cp3tms)2Th[(bipy)(Ph2CO)] (10), (Cp3tms)2Th[(bipy){(p-tolylNH)(Ph)CO}] (11), (Cp3tms)2Th[(bipy){(p-MeOPh)2CSe}] (12), (Cp3tms)2Th[(bipy){(p-tolyl)2CNH}] (13), (Cp3tms)2Th[(bipy)(PhCHNN═CHPh)] (14), (Cp3tms)2Th[(bipy)(PhCN)] (16), (Cp3tms)2Th[(bipy)(PhCH2CN)] (17), and (Cp3tms)2Th[(bipy)(Ph2CHCN)] (18), respectively. However, when thiazole is added to 3, the dimeric sulfido complex [(Cp3tms)2Th]2[μ-(bipy)CH2NCHCHS]2 (15) can be isolated. Moreover, the addition of isonitriles such as Me3CNC and PhCH2NC to 3 results in C-N bond cleavage and C-C coupling processes to form the thorium isocyanido amido complexes (Cp3tms)2Th[4-(Me3C)bipy](NC) (19) and (Cp3tms)2Th[4-(PhCH2)bipy](NC) (20), respectively. Nevertheless, upon exposure of 3 to (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane Me3SiCHN2, the bis-amido complex (Cp3tms)2Th[5,6-(Me3SiCH)bipy] (21), concomitant with N2 release, is isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dongwei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yi Heng
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Tongyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wanjian Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guofu Zi
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Marc D Walter
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
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5
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Nguyen JQ, Wedal JC, Ziller JW, Furche F, Evans WJ. Investigating Steric and Electronic Effects in the Synthesis of Square Planar 6d 1 Th(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:6217-6230. [PMID: 38502000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The factors affecting the formation and crystal structures of unusual 6d1 Th(III) square planar aryloxide complexes, as exemplified by [Th(OArMe)4]1- (OArMe = OC6H2tBu2-2,6-Me-4), were explored by synthetic and reduction studies of a series of related Th(IV) tetrakis(aryloxide) complexes, Th(OArR)4 (OArR = OC6H2tBu2-2,6-R-4). Specifically, electronic, steric, and countercation effects were explored by varying the aryloxide ligand, the alkali metal reducing agent, and the alkali metal chelating agent. Salt metathesis reactions between ThBr4(DME)2 (DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane) and 4 equiv of the appropriate potassium aryloxide salt were used to prepare a series of Th(IV) aryloxide complexes in high yields: Th(OArH)4 (OArH = OC6H3tBu2-2,6), Th(OArtBu)4 (OArtBu = OC6H2tBu3-2,4,6), Th(OArOMe)4 (OArOMe = OC6H2tBu2-2,6-OMe-4), and Th(OArPh)4 (OArPh = OC6H2tBu2-2,6-Ph-4). Th(OArH)4 can be reduced by KC8, Na, or Li in the absence or presence of 2.2.2-cryptand (crypt) or 18-crown-6 (crown) to form dark purple solutions that have EPR and UV-visible spectra similar to those of the square planar Th(III) complex, [Th(OArMe)4]1-. Hence, the para position of the aryloxide ligand does not have to be alkylated to obtain the Th(III) complexes. Furthermore, reduction of Th(OArOMe)4, Th(OArtBu)4, and Th(OArPh)4 with KC8 in THF generated purple solutions with EPR and UV-visible spectra that are similar to those of the previously reported Th(III) anion, [Th(OArMe)4]1-. Although many of these reduction reactions did not produce single crystals suitable for study by X-ray diffraction, reduction of Th(OArH)4, Th(OArtBu)4, and Th(OArOMe)4 with Li provided X-ray quality crystals whose structures had square planar coordination geometries. Reduction of Th(OArPh)4 with Li also gave a product with EPR and UV-visible spectra that matched those of [Th(OArMe)4]1-, but X-ray quality crystals of the reduction product were too unstable to provide data. Neither Th(Odipp)4(THF)2 (Odipp = OC6H3iPr2-2,6) nor Th(Odmp)4(THF)2 (Odmp = OC6H3Me2-2,6) could be reduced to Th(III) products under similar conditions. Reduction of U(OArH)3(THF) with KC8 in the presence of 2.2.2-cryptand (crypt) was examined for comparison and formed [K(crypt)][U(OArH)4], which has a tetrahedral arrangement of the aryloxide ligands. Moreover, no further reduction was observed when either [K(crypt)][U(OArH)4] or [K(crown)(THF)2][U(OArH)4] were treated with KC8 or Li.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Q Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Justin C Wedal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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6
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Xu H, Lv ZJ, Chen X, Xi Z, Wei J. N-Aryloxide-Amidinate Thorium Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:5530-5540. [PMID: 38457482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
An N-aryloxide-amidine ligand (1), [ONNO] ligand, integrating phenoxide (PhO-) and amidine ligands through methylene linkers, was employed in actinide chemistry. Upon reaction of the deprotonated ligand with ThCl4(DME)2 in ether, the corresponding dimer complex 2 was obtained. Upon treatment of 2 with KCp* (Cp* = Cp(Me)5) in tetrahydrofuran, the corresponding {[ONNO]ThIVCp*(LiCl)}2 (4) was obtained. In complex 2, the two ArO- arms bonded from the same ligand to different ThIV centers. In contrast, both ArO- arms coordinated to the same metal center in 4. Notably, when a mixture of 2 and bipyridine was treated with one or two equiv of KC8, the [ONNO]ThIV-bipyridyl•̅ radical dimer complex (5) and [ONNO]ThIV-bipyridyl2- dianionic dimer species (6) were obtained, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhua Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ze-Jie Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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7
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Wedal JC, Moore WNG, Lukens WW, Evans WJ. Perplexing EPR Signals from 5f 36d 1 U(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:2945-2953. [PMID: 38279200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Metal complexes with unpaired electrons in orbitals of different angular momentum quantum numbers (e.g., f and d orbitals) are unusual and opportunities to study the interactions among these electrons are rare. X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) data were collected at <10 and 77 K on 10 U(II) complexes with 5f36d1 electron configurations and on some analogous Ce(II), Pr(II), and Nd(II) complexes with 4fn5d1 electron configurations. The U(II) compounds unexpectedly display similar two-line axial signals with g|| = 2.04 and g⊥ = 2.00 at 77 K. In contrast, U(II) complexes with 5f4 configurations are EPR-silent. Unlike U(II), the congenic 4f35d1 Nd(II) complex is EPR-silent. The Ce(II) complex with a 4f15d1 configuration is also EPR-silent, but a signal is observed for the Pr(II) complex, which has a 4f25d1 configuration. Whether or not an EPR signal is expected for these complexes depends on the coupling between f and d electrons. Since the coupling in U(II) systems is expected to be sufficiently strong to preclude an EPR signal from compounds with a 5f36d1 configuration, the results are viewed as unexplained phenomena. However, they do show that 5f36d1 U(II) samples can be differentiated from 5f4 U(II) complexes by EPR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Wedal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - William N G Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Wayne W Lukens
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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8
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Hsueh FC, Chen D, Rajeshkumar T, Scopelliti R, Maron L, Mazzanti M. Two-Electron Redox Reactivity of Thorium Supported by Redox-Active Tripodal Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317346. [PMID: 38100190 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023]
Abstract
The high stability of the + IVoxidation state limits thorium redox reactivity. Here we report the synthesis and the redox reactivity of two Th(IV) complexes supported by the arene-tethered tris(siloxide) tripodal ligands [(KOSiR2 Ar)3 -arene)]. The two-electron reduction of these Th(IV) complexes generates the doubly reduced [KTh((OSi(Ot Bu)2 Ar)3 -arene)(THF)2 ] (2OtBu ) and [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][Th((OSiPh2 Ar)3 -arene)(THF)2 ](2Ph -crypt) where the formal oxidation state of Th is +II. Structural and computational studies indicate that the reduction occurred at the arene anchor of the ligand. The robust tripodal frameworks store in the arene anchor two electrons that become available at the metal center for the two-electron reduction of a broad range of substrates (N2 O, COT, CHT, Ph2 N2 , Ph3 PS and O2 ) while retaining the ligand framework. This work shows that arene-tethered tris(siloxide) tripodal ligands allow implementation of two-electron redox chemistry at the thorium center while retaining the ligand framework unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Che Hsueh
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Damien Chen
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Maron
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Marinella Mazzanti
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Guo Y, Li X, Liu K, Hu K, Mei L, Chai Z, Gibson JK, Yu J, Shi W. Tetravalent Uranium and Thorium Complexes: Elucidating Disparate Reactivities of An IVCl 2 (An = U, Th) Supported by a Pyridine-Decorated Dianionic Ligand. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37377407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Although synthesis, reactivity, and bonding of U(IV) and Th(IV) complexes have been extensively studied, direct comparison of fully analogous compounds is rare. Herein, we report corresponding complexes 1-U and 1-Th, in which U(IV) and Th(IV) are supported by the tetradentate pyridine-decorated dianionic ligand N2NN' (1,1,1-trimethyl-N-(2-(((pyridin-2-ylmethyl)(2-((trimethylsilyl)amino)benzyl)amino)methyl)phenyl)silanamine). Although 1-U and 1-Th are structurally very similar, they display disparate reactivities with TMS3SiK (tris(trimethylsilyl)silylpotassium). The reaction of (N2NN')UCl2 (1-U) and 1 equiv of TMS3SiK in THF unexpectedly formed [Cl(N2NN')U]2O (2-U) featuring an unusual bent U-O-U moiety. In contrast, a salt elimination reaction between (N2NN')ThCl2 (1-Th) and 1 equiv of TMS3SiK led to thorium complex 2-Th, in which the pyridyl group has undergone a 1,4-addition nucleophilic attack. Complex 2-Th serves as a synthon for preparing dimetallic bis-azide complex 3-Th by reaction with NaN3. The complexes were characterized by X-ray crystal diffraction, solution NMR, FT-IR, and elemental analysis. Computations of the formation mechanism of 2-U from 1-U suggest reduced U(III) as a key intermediate for promoting the cleavage of the C-O bonds of THF. The inaccessible nature of Th(III) as an intermediate oxidation state explains the very different reactivity of 1-Th versus 1-U. Given that reactants 1-U and 1-Th and products 2-U and 2-Th all comprise tetravalent actinides, this is an unusual case of very disparate reactivity despite no net change in the oxidation state. Complexes 2-U and 3-Th provide a basis for the synthesis of other dinuclear actinide complexes with novel reactivity and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Kang Liu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kongqiu Hu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Mei
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhifang Chai
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - John K Gibson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jipan Yu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiqun Shi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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10
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Hsueh FC, Rajeshkumar T, Kooij B, Scopelliti R, Severin K, Maron L, Zivkovic I, Mazzanti M. Bonding and Reactivity in Terminal versus Bridging Arenide Complexes of Thorium Acting as Th II Synthons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215846. [PMID: 36576035 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Thorium redox chemistry is extremely scarce due to the high stability of ThIV . Here we report two unique examples of thorium arenide complexes prepared by reduction of a ThIV -siloxide complex in presence of naphthalene, the mononuclear arenide complex [K(OSi(Ot Bu)3 )3 Th(η6 -C10 H8 )] (1) and the inverse-sandwich complex [K(OSi(Ot Bu)3 )3 Th]2 (μ-η6 ,η6 -C10 H8 )] (2). The electrons stored in these complexes allow the reduction of a broad range of substrates (N2 O, AdN3 , CO2 , HBBN). Higher reactivity was found for the complex 1 which reacts with the diazoolefin IDipp=CN2 to yield the unexpected ThIV amidoalkynyl complex 5 via a terminal N-heterocyclic vinylidene intermediate. This work showed that arenides can act as convenient redox-active ligands for implementing thorium-ligand cooperative multielectron transfer and that the reactivity can be tuned by the arenide binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Che Hsueh
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Bastiaan Kooij
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Maron
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Ivica Zivkovic
- Laboratory for Quantum Magnetism, Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marinella Mazzanti
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Anderson-Sanchez LM, Yu JM, Ziller JW, Furche F, Evans WJ. Room-Temperature Stable Ln(II) Complexes Supported by 2,6-Diadamantyl Aryloxide Ligands. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:706-714. [PMID: 36595714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The sterically bulky aryloxide ligand OAr* (OAr* = -OC6H2-Ad2-2,6tBu-4; Ad = 1-adamantyl) has been used to generate Ln(II) complexes across the lanthanide series that are more thermally stable than complexes of any other ligand system reported to date for 4fnd1 Ln(II) ions. The Ln(III) precursors Ln(OAr*)3 (1-Ln) were synthesized by reacting 1.2 equiv of Ln(NR2)3 (R = SiMe3) with 3 equiv of HOAr* for Ln = La, Ce, Nd, Gd, Dy, Yb, and Lu. 1-Ce, 1-Nd, 1-Gd, 1-Dy, and 1-Lu were identified by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Reductions of 1-Ln with potassium graphite (KC8) in tetrahydrofuran in the presence of 2.2.2-cryptand (crypt) yielded the Ln(II) complexes [K(crypt)][Ln(OAr*)3] (2-Ln). The 2-Ln complexes for Ln = Nd, Gd, Dy, and Lu were characterized by X-ray crystallography and found to have Ln-O bond distances 0.038-0.087 Å longer than those of their 1-Ln analogues; this is consistent with 4fn5d1 electron configurations. The structure of 2-Yb has Yb-O distances 0.167 Å longer than those predicted for 1-Yb, which is consistent with a 4f14 electron configuration. Although 2-La and 2-Ce proved to be challenging to isolate, with 18-crown-6 (18-c-6) as the potassium chelator, La(II) and Ce(II) complexes with OAr* could be isolated and crystallographically characterized: [K(18-c-6)][Ln(OAr*)3] (3-Ln). The Ln(II) complexes decompose at room temperature more slowly than other previously reported 4fn5d1 Ln(II) complexes. For example, only 30% decomposition of 2-Dy was observed after 30 h at room temperature compared to complete decomposition of [Dy(OAr')3]- and [DyCp'3]- under similar conditions (OAr' = OC6H2-2,6-tBu2-4-Me; Cp' = C5H4SiMe3).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason M Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, United States
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12
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Szczepanik DW. Bonding in a Crystalline Tri‐Thorium Cluster: Not σ‐Aromatic But Still Unique. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204337. [PMID: 35426215 PMCID: PMC9325075 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Very recently, Boronski et al. reported the first thorium–thorium bond in a crystalline cluster prepared under normal experimental conditions. By using a range of experimental techniques and computational models, the authors found that the isolated actinide cluster contains at its heart two paired electrons delocalized over the tri‐thorium ring. The recorded Raman spectrum allegedly confirmed the existence of a σ‐aromatic three‐center two‐electron bond. In the following we demonstrate that the experimentally observed broad inelastic scattering bands between 60 and 135 cm−1, originally assigned by the authors to thorium‐thorium vibrations, represent the combination of Th−Cl stretching and Th−Cl−Th bending modes, and they establish the existence of an unprecedented multicenter charge‐shift bonding (ThCl2)3 rather than the σ‐aromatic bonding Th3. In the light of the presented findings, the latter remains experimentally unproven and computationally questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz W. Szczepanik
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa 2 30-387 Kraków Poland
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13
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Gorbachev V, Tsybizova A, Miloglyadova L, Chen P. Increasing Complexity in a Conformer Space Step-by-Step: Weighing London Dispersion against Cation-π Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9007-9022. [PMID: 35549249 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report an evaluation of the importance of London dispersion in moderately large (up to 36 heavy atoms) organic molecules by means of a molecular torsion balance whose conformations "weigh" one interaction against another in the absence of solvents. The experimental study, with gas-phase cryogenic ion vibrational predissociation (CIVP) spectroscopy, solid-state Fourier transfer infrared (FT-IR), and single-crystal X-ray crystallography, is accompanied by density functional theory calculations, including an extensive search and analysis of accessible conformations. We begin with the unsubstituted molecular torsion balance, and then step up the complexity systematically by adding alkyl groups incrementally as dispersion energy donors (DEDs) to achieve a degree of chemical complexity comparable to what is typically found in transition states for many regio- and stereoselective reactions in organic and organometallic chemistry. We find clear evidence for the small attractive contribution by DEDs, as had been reported in other studies, but we also find that small individual contributions by London dispersion, when they operate in opposition to other weak noncovalent interactions, produce composite effects on the structure that are difficult to predict intuitively, or by modern quantum chemical calculations. The experimentally observed structures, together with a reasonable value for a reference cation-π interaction, indicate that the pairwise interaction between two tert-butyl groups, in the best case, is modest. Moreover, the visualization of the conformational space, and comparison to spectroscopic indicators of the structure, as one steps up the complexity of the manifold of noncovalent interactions, makes clear that in silico predictive ability for the structure of moderately large, flexible, organic molecules falters sooner than one might have expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gorbachev
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Tsybizova
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Larisa Miloglyadova
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Chen
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Shevchenko AP, Smolkov MI, Wang J, Blatov VA. Mining Knowledge from Crystal Structures: Oxidation States of Oxygen-Coordinated Metal Atoms in Ionic and Coordination Compounds. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:2332-2340. [PMID: 35522594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We propose a universal scheme for predicting the oxidation states of metal atoms in ionic and coordination compounds with a small set of structural descriptors, which include the parameters of atomic Voronoi polyhedra. The scheme has been trained and checked with more than 35,000 crystal structures containing more than 90,000 metal atoms in the oxygen environment. The accuracy of the prediction exceeded 95%; we have detected a number of wrong oxidation states and incorrect chemical compositions in the crystallographic databases using this scheme. The scheme is easily extendable to any kind of atomic environment and can be used to search for correlations between geometrical and physical properties of crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Shevchenko
- SCTMS, Samara State Technical University, Samara 443100, Russian Federation.,Samara Branch, P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Samara 443011, Russian Federation
| | - Michail I Smolkov
- SCTMS, Samara State Technical University, Samara 443100, Russian Federation.,Povolzhskiy State University of Telecommunications and Informatics, Samara 443010, Russian Federation
| | - Junjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Vladislav A Blatov
- SCTMS, Samara State Technical University, Samara 443100, Russian Federation.,State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, People's Republic of China
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15
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Wedal JC, Cajiao N, Neidig ML, Evans WJ. Anion-induced disproportionation of Th(III) complexes to form Th(II) and Th(IV) products. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5289-5291. [PMID: 35403646 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01272c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new synthesis of Th(II) complexes has been identified involving addition of simple MX salts (M = Li, Na, K; X = H, Cl, Me, N3) to Cp''3ThIII [Cp'' = [C5H3(SiMe3)2] in the presence of 18-crown-6 or 2.2.2-cryptand, forming [M(chelate)][Cp''3ThII] and Cp''3ThIVX. Cptet3ThIII (Cptet = C5Me4H) reacts with KH to form Cptet3ThIVH and the C-H bond activation product, [K(crypt)]{[Cptet2ThIVH[η1:η5-C5Me3H(CH2)]}.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Wedal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA.
| | - Nathalia Cajiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.
| | - Michael L Neidig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA.
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16
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Szczepanik DW. Bonding in a Crystalline Tri‐Thorium Cluster: Not σ‐Aromatic But Still Unique. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Wojciech Szczepanik
- Jagiellonian University: Uniwersytet Jagiellonski w Krakowie K. Guminski Department of Theoretical Chemistry Gronostajowa 2 30-387 Kraków POLAND
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17
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Lam FYT, Wells JAL, Ochiai T, Halliday CJV, McCabe KN, Maron L, Arnold PL. A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Arene-Supported Actinide and Ytterbium Tetraphenolate Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:4581-4591. [PMID: 35244386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Modular tetraphenolate ligands tethered with a protective arene platform (para-phenyl or para-terphenyl) are used to support mononuclear An(IV) (An = Th, U) complexes with an exceptionally large and open axial coordination site at the metal. The base-free complexes and a series of neutral donor adducts were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopies and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Anionic Th(IV) -ate complexes with an additional axial aryloxide ligand were also synthesized and characterized. The para-phenyl-tethered mononuclear complexes exhibit rare An(IV)-arene interactions, and the An(IV)-arene distance broadly increases with axial donor strength. The para-terphenyl-tethered complexes have almost no interaction with the arene base, isolating the central metal cation. Computational analysis of the mononuclear complexes and their reduced analogues, and Yb(III) congeners, as well as the effect of additional donor ligand binding, seek to elucidate the electronic structure of the metal-arene interactions and establish whether they, or their reduced or oxidized counterparts, could function as molecular qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Y T Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jordann A L Wells
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Tatsumi Ochiai
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Connor J V Halliday
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Karl N McCabe
- Université de Toulouse and CNRS, INSA, UPS, CNRS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse and CNRS, INSA, UPS, CNRS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Polly L Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
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18
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Deka H, Fridman N, Eisen MS. A Sacrificial Iminato Ligand in the Catalytic Cyanosilylation of Ketones Promoted by Organoactinide Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:3598-3606. [PMID: 35170954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Four new complexes containing the bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)thorium(IV) moiety, Cp*2Th(L1)(Me) (Th2), Cp*2Th(L2)(Me) (Th3), Cp*2Th(L1)Cl (Th5), and Cp*2Th(L2)Cl (Th6), were synthesized in quantitative yields via the protonolysis reaction of the metallocene precursor complexes Cp*2Th(Me)2 (Th1) and Cp*2Th(Me)Cl (Th4) and the respective six- and seven-membered N-heterocyclic neutral imine ligands L1H and L2H. The molecular structures of all the complexes were established by single-crystal X-ray structure analyses. The synthesized complexes along with the precursor complexes were employed as catalysts for the cyanosilylation reaction of ketones with trimethylsilyl cyanide (Me3SiCN). The removal of the iminato ligand is necessary to trigger the reaction, allowing the formation of the active catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanta Deka
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa City 3200003, Israel
| | - Natalia Fridman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa City 3200003, Israel
| | - Moris S Eisen
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa City 3200003, Israel
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19
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Hsueh FC, Barluzzi L, Keener M, Rajeshkumar T, Maron L, Scopelliti R, Mazzanti M. Reactivity of Multimetallic Thorium Nitrides Generated by Reduction of Thorium Azides. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3222-3232. [PMID: 35138846 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thorium nitrides are likely intermediates in the reported cleavage and functionalization of dinitrogen by molecular thorium complexes and are attractive compounds for the study of multiple bond formation in f-element chemistry, but only one example of thorium nitride isolable from solution was reported. Here, we show that stable multimetallic azide/nitride thorium complexes can be generated by reduction of thorium azide precursors─a route that has failed so far to produce Th nitrides. Once isolated, the thorium azide/nitride clusters, M3Th═N═Th (M = K or Cs), are stable in solutions probably due to the presence of alkali ions capping the nitride, but their synthesis requires a careful control of the reaction conditions (solvent, temperature, nature of precursor, and alkali ion). The nature of the cation plays an important role in generating a nitride product and results in large structural differences with a bent Th═N═Th moiety found in the K-bound nitride as a result of a strong K-nitride interaction and a linear arrangement in the Cs-bound nitride. Reactivity studies demonstrated the ability of Th nitrides to cleave CO in ambient conditions yielding CN-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Che Hsueh
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luciano Barluzzi
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Megan Keener
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 31077 Cedex 4 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 31077 Cedex 4 Toulouse, France
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marinella Mazzanti
- Group of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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20
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Jenkins TF, Bekoe S, Ziller JW, Furche F, Evans WJ. Synthesis of a Heteroleptic Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl Yttrium(II) Complex, [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)]{(C5Me5)2YII[N(SiMe3)2]}, and Its C–H Bond Activated Y(III) Derivative. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tener F. Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Samuel Bekoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph W. Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - William J. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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21
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Wedal JC, Furche F, Evans WJ. Density Functional Theory Analysis of the Importance of Coordination Geometry for 5f 36d 1 versus 5f 4 Electron Configurations in U(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16316-16325. [PMID: 34644069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations on four known and seven hypothetical U(II) complexes indicate the importance of coordination geometry in favoring 5f36d1 versus 5f4 electronic ground states. The known [Cp″3U]-, [Cptet3U]-, and [U(NR2)3]- [Cp″ = C5H3(SiMe3)2, Cptet = C5Me4H, and R = SiMe3] anions were found to have 5f36d1 ground states, while a 5f4 ground state was found for the known compound (NHAriPr6)2U. The UV-visible spectra of the known 5f36d1 compounds were simulated via time-dependent DFT and are in qualitative agreement with the experimental spectra. For the hypothetical U(II) compounds, the 5f36d1 configuration is predicted for [U(CHR2)3]-, [U(H3BH)3]-, [U(OAr')4]2-, and [(C8H8)U]2- (OAr' = O-C6H2tBu2-2,6-Me-4). In the case of [U(bnz')4]2- (bnz' = CH2-C6H4tBu-4), a 5f3 configuration with a ligand-based radical was found as the ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Wedal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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22
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Chung AB, Ryan AJ, Fang M, Ziller JW, Evans WJ. Reductive Reactivity of the 4f 75d 1 Gd(II) Ion in {Gd II[N(SiMe 3) 2] 3} -: Structural Characterization of Products of Coupling, Bond Cleavage, Insertion, and Radical Reactions. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15635-15645. [PMID: 34606242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The reductive reactivity of a Ln(II) ion with a nontraditional 4fn5d1 electron configuration has been investigated by studying reactions of the {GdII(N(SiMe3)2)3]}- anion with a variety of reagents that survey the many reaction pathways available to this ion. The chemistry of both [K(18-c-6)2]+ and [K(crypt)]+ salts (18-c-6 = 18-crown-6; crypt = 2.2.2-cryptand) was examined to study the effect of the countercation. CS2 reacts with the crown salt [K(18-c-6)2][Gd(NR2)3] (1) to generate the bimetallic (CS3)2- complex {[K(18-c-6)](μ3-CS3-κS,κ2S',S'')Gd(NR2)2]}2, which contains two trithiocarbonate dianions that bridge Gd(III) centers and a potassium ion coordinated by 18-c-6. In contrast, the only crystalline product isolated from the reaction of CS2 with the crypt salt [K(crypt)][Gd(NR2)3] (2) is [K(crypt)]{(R2N)2Gd[SCS(CH2)Si(Me2)N(SiMe3)-κN,κS]}, which has a CS2 unit inserted into a cyclometalated amide ligand. Complexes 1 and 2 reductively couple pyridine to form bridging dipyridyl moieties, (NC5H4-C5H4N)2-, that generate bimetallic complexes differing only in the countercation, {[K(18-c-6)(C5H5N)2]}2{[(R2N)3Gd]2[μ-(NC5H4-C5H4N)2]} and [K(crypt)]2{[(R2N)3Gd]2[μ-(NC5H4-C5H4N)2]}. Complexes 1 and 2 also show similar reactivity with (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) to form the (TEMPO)- complexes [K(18-c-6)][(R2N)3Gd(η1-ONC5H6Me4)] and [K(crypt)][(R2N)3Gd(η1-ONC5H6Me4)], respectively. The first example of a bimetallic coordination complex containing a Bi-Gd bond, [K(crypt)][(R2N)3Gd(BiPh2)], was obtained by treating 2 with BiPh3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Chung
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Austin J Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Ming Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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23
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Boronski JT, Seed JA, Hunger D, Woodward AW, van Slageren J, Wooles AJ, Natrajan LS, Kaltsoyannis N, Liddle ST. A crystalline tri-thorium cluster with σ-aromatic metal-metal bonding. Nature 2021; 598:72-75. [PMID: 34425584 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03888-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metal-metal bonding is a widely studied area of chemistry1-3, and has become a mature field spanning numerous d transition metal and main group complexes4-7. By contrast, actinide-actinide bonding, which is predicted to be weak8, is currently restricted to spectroscopically detected gas-phase U2 and Th2 (refs. 9,10), U2H2 and U2H4 in frozen matrices at 6-7 K (refs. 11,12), or fullerene-encapsulated U2 (ref. 13). Furthermore, attempts to prepare thorium-thorium bonds in frozen matrices have produced only ThHn (n = 1-4)14. Thus, there are no isolable actinide-actinide bonds under normal conditions. Computational investigations have explored the probable nature of actinide-actinide bonding15, concentrating on localized σ-, π-, and δ-bonding models paralleling d transition metal analogues, but predictions in relativistic regimes are challenging and have remained experimentally unverified. Here, we report thorium-thorium bonding in a crystalline cluster, prepared and isolated under normal experimental conditions. The cluster exhibits a diamagnetic, closed-shell singlet ground state with a valence-delocalized three-centre-two-electron σ-aromatic bond16,17 that is counter to the focus of previous theoretical predictions. The experimental discovery of actinide σ-aromatic bonding adds to main group and d transition metal analogues, extending delocalized σ-aromatic bonding to the heaviest elements in the periodic table and to principal quantum number six, and constitutes a new approach to elaborate actinide-actinide bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef T Boronski
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Radiochemistry Research, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - John A Seed
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Radiochemistry Research, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - David Hunger
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Adam W Woodward
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Radiochemistry Research, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Joris van Slageren
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ashley J Wooles
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Radiochemistry Research, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Louise S Natrajan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Radiochemistry Research, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Nikolas Kaltsoyannis
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Radiochemistry Research, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
| | - Stephen T Liddle
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Radiochemistry Research, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
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24
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Moore WNG, Ziller JW, Evans WJ. Optimizing Alkali Metal (M) and Chelate (L) Combinations for the Synthesis and Stability of [M(L)][(C 5H 4SiMe 3) 3Y] Yttrium(II) Complexes. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William N. G. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph W. Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - William J. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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25
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Alvarez S. Continuous Shape Measures Study of the Coordination Spheres of Actinide Complexes – Part 1: Low Coordination Numbers. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Alvarez
- Department de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica – Secció de Química Inorgànica and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional Universitat de Barcelona Martí i Franquès 1 08028 Barcelona Spain
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26
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Rupasinghe DMRYP, Gupta H, Baxter MR, Higgins RF, Zeller M, Schelter EJ, Bart SC. Elucidation of Thorium Redox-Active Ligand Complexes: Evidence for a Thorium-Tri(radical) Species. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:14302-14309. [PMID: 34498847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of thorium(IV) complexes featuring the redox-active 4,6-di-tert-butyl-N-(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)-o-iminobenzoquinone (dippiq) ligand family have been synthesized and characterized. The neutral iminoquinone ligand was used to generate Th(dippiq)Cl4(dme)2 (1-iq) and Th(dippiq)2Cl4 (2-iq), both of which show dative bonds between the thorium(IV) ion and the ligands. One electron reduction of the ligand forms the unique tris(iminosemiquinone) complex, Th(dippisq)3Cl (3-isq), which features a radical in each ligand. Further reduction furnishes the amidophenolate species, Th(dippap)3]K2(THF)2 (4-ap), which has the ligands in their dianionic form. Attempts to sequester the potassium ions with cryptand resulted in the [Th(dippap)3K][K(crypt)] (4-ap mono crypt) and [Th(dippap)3][K(crypt)]2 (4-ap crypt) species. A bis(amidophenolate) complex was accessed by incorporating bulky triphenylphosphine oxide (OPPh3) ligands to generate Th(dippap)2(OPPh)3 (5-ap). Spectroscopic and structural characterization of each derivative established the +4 oxidation state for thorium with redox chemistry occurring at the ligands rather than the thorium ion. The reported 3-isq complex is unprecedented as it is the first tri(radical) thorium complex with the highest reported magnetic moment for a thorium species as characterized by SQUID magnetometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Ramitha Y P Rupasinghe
- H. C. Brown Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Himanshu Gupta
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Makayla R Baxter
- H. C. Brown Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Robert F Higgins
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- H. C. Brown Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Eric J Schelter
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Suzanne C Bart
- H. C. Brown Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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27
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Tsantis ST, Danelli P, Tzimopoulos DI, Raptopoulou CP, Psycharis V, Perlepes SP. Pentanuclear Thorium(IV) Coordination Cluster from the Use of Di(2-pyridyl) Ketone. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:11888-11892. [PMID: 34351755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Th(NO3)4·5H2O/di(2-pyridyl) ketone [(py)2CO] reaction system gives a pentanuclear cluster containing the doubly deprotonated form of the gem-diol derivative of the ligand. The cluster consists of a tetrahedral arrangement of four ThIV ions centered on the fifth ion, which is the first characterized ThIV5 complex. The analysis of its structure reveals that this is a Kuratowski-type coordination compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokratis T Tsantis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece.,Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), P.O Box 144, 26504 Platani, Greece
| | | | | | - Catherine P Raptopoulou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attikis, Greece
| | - Vassilis Psycharis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attikis, Greece
| | - Spyros P Perlepes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece.,Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), P.O Box 144, 26504 Platani, Greece
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28
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Wedal JC, Barlow JM, Ziller JW, Yang JY, Evans WJ. Electrochemical studies of tris(cyclopentadienyl)thorium and uranium complexes in the +2, +3, and +4 oxidation states. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8501-8511. [PMID: 34221331 PMCID: PMC8221189 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01906f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical measurements on tris(cyclopentadienyl)thorium and uranium compounds in the +2, +3, and +4 oxidation states are reported with C5H3(SiMe3)2, C5H4SiMe3, and C5Me4H ligands. The reduction potentials for both U and Th complexes trend with the electron donating abilities of the cyclopentadienyl ligand. Thorium complexes have more negative An(iii)/An(ii) reduction potentials than the uranium analogs. Electrochemical measurements of isolated Th(ii) complexes indicated that the Th(iii)/Th(ii) couple was surprisingly similar to the Th(iv)/Th(iii) couple in Cp''-ligated complexes. This suggested that Th(ii) complexes could be prepared from Th(iv) precursors and this was demonstrated synthetically by isolation of directly from UV-visible spectroelectrochemical measurements and reactions of with elemental barium indicated that the thorium system undergoes sequential one electron transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Wedal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine California 92697 USA
| | - Jeffrey M Barlow
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine California 92697 USA
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine California 92697 USA
| | - Jenny Y Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine California 92697 USA
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine California 92697 USA
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29
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Analyses of the excited 5f1 optical spectra of Th3+ compounds. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.138317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Du J, Balázs G, Wooles AJ, Scheer M, Liddle ST. The “Hidden” Reductive [2+2+1]‐Cycloaddition Chemistry of 2‐Phosphaethynolate Revealed by Reduction of a Th‐OCP Linkage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhen Du
- Department of Chemistry The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Ashley J. Wooles
- Department of Chemistry The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Stephen T. Liddle
- Department of Chemistry The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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31
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Du J, Balázs G, Wooles AJ, Scheer M, Liddle ST. The "Hidden" Reductive [2+2+1]-Cycloaddition Chemistry of 2-Phosphaethynolate Revealed by Reduction of a Th-OCP Linkage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1197-1202. [PMID: 33051949 PMCID: PMC7839465 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The reduction chemistry of the newly emerging 2‐phosphaethynolate (OCP)− is not well explored, and many unanswered questions remain about this ligand in this context. We report that reduction of [Th(TrenTIPS)(OCP)] (2, TrenTIPS=[N(CH2CH2NSiPri3)]3−), with RbC8 via [2+2+1] cycloaddition, produces an unprecedented hexathorium complex [{Th(TrenTIPS)}6(μ‐OC2P3)2(μ‐OC2P3H)2Rb4] (5) featuring four five‐membered [C2P3] phosphorus heterocycles, which can be converted to a rare oxo complex [{Th(TrenTIPS)(μ‐ORb)}2] (6) and the known cyclometallated complex [Th{N(CH2CH2NSiPri3)2(CH2CH2SiPri2CHMeCH2)}] (4) by thermolysis; thereby, providing an unprecedented example of reductive cycloaddition reactivity in the chemistry of 2‐phosphaethynolate. This has permitted us to isolate intermediates that might normally remain unseen. We have debunked an erroneous assumption of a concerted fragmentation process for (OCP)−, rather than cycloaddition products that then decompose with [Th(TrenTIPS)O]− essentially acting as a protecting then leaving group. In contrast, when KC8 or CsC8 were used the phosphinidiide C−H bond activation product [{Th(TrenTIPS)}Th{N(CH2CH2NSiPri3)2[CH2CH2SiPri2CH(Me)CH2C(O)μ‐P]}] (3) and the oxo complex [{Th(TrenTIPS)(μ‐OCs)}2] (7) were isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhen Du
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ashley J Wooles
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephen T Liddle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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32
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Wedal JC, Windorff CJ, Huh DN, Ryan AJ, Ziller JW, Evans WJ. Structural variations in cyclopentadienyl uranium(III) iodide complexes. J COORD CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2020.1856824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin C. Wedal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cory J. Windorff
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Daniel N. Huh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Austin J. Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Joseph W. Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - William J. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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33
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Huh DN, Ciccone SR, Bekoe S, Roy S, Ziller JW, Furche F, Evans WJ. Synthesis of Ln II -in-Cryptand Complexes by Chemical Reduction of Ln III -in-Cryptand Precursors: Isolation of a Nd II -in-Cryptand Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16141-16146. [PMID: 32441487 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide triflates have been used to incorporate NdIII and SmIII ions into the 2.2.2-cryptand ligand (crypt) to explore their reductive chemistry. The Ln(OTf)3 complexes (Ln=Nd, Sm; OTf=SO3 CF3 ) react with crypt in THF to form the THF-soluble complexes [LnIII (crypt)(OTf)2 ][OTf] with two triflates bound to the metal encapsulated in the crypt. Reduction of these LnIII -in-crypt complexes using KC8 in THF forms the neutral LnII -in-crypt triflate complexes [LnII (crypt)(OTf)2 ]. DFT calculations on [NdII (crypt)]2+ ], the first NdII cryptand complex, assign a 4f4 electron configuration to this ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Huh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Sierra R Ciccone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Samuel Bekoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Saswata Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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34
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Huh DN, Ciccone SR, Bekoe S, Roy S, Ziller JW, Furche F, Evans WJ. Synthesis of Ln
II
‐in‐Cryptand Complexes by Chemical Reduction of Ln
III
‐in‐Cryptand Precursors: Isolation of a Nd
II
‐in‐Cryptand Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N. Huh
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Sierra R. Ciccone
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Samuel Bekoe
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Saswata Roy
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Joseph W. Ziller
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - William J. Evans
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697 USA
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35
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Boreen MA, Gould CA, Booth CH, Hohloch S, Arnold J. Structure and magnetism of a tetrahedral uranium(iii) β-diketiminate complex. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:7938-7944. [PMID: 32495782 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01599g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe the functionalisation of the previously reported uranium(iii) β-diketiminate complex (BDI)UI2(THF)2 (1) with one and two equivalents of a sterically demanding 2,6-diisopropylphenolate ligand (ODipp) leading to the formation of two heteroleptic complexes: [(BDI)UI(ODipp)]2 (2) and (BDI)U(ODipp)2 (3). The latter is a rare example of a tetrahedral uranium(iii) complex, and it shows single-molecule magnet behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Boreen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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36
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Moehring SA, Miehlich M, Hoerger CJ, Meyer K, Ziller JW, Evans WJ. A Room-Temperature Stable Y(II) Aryloxide: Using Steric Saturation to Kinetically Stabilize Y(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:3207-3214. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A. Moehring
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Matthias Miehlich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christopher J. Hoerger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joseph W. Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - William J. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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37
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Oligonuclear Actinoid Complexes with Schiff Bases as Ligands-Older Achievements and Recent Progress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020555. [PMID: 31952278 PMCID: PMC7027032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Even 155 years after their first synthesis, Schiff bases continue to surprise inorganic chemists. Schiff-base ligands have played a major role in the development of modern coordination chemistry because of their relevance to a number of interdisciplinary research fields. The chemistry, properties and applications of transition metal and lanthanoid complexes with Schiff-base ligands are now quite mature. On the contrary, the coordination chemistry of Schiff bases with actinoid (5f-metal) ions is an emerging area, and impressive research discoveries have appeared in the last 10 years or so. The chemistry of actinoid ions continues to attract the intense interest of many inorganic groups around the world. Important scientific challenges are the understanding the basic chemistry associated with handling and recycling of nuclear materials; investigating the redox properties of these elements and the formation of complexes with unusual metal oxidation states; discovering materials for the recovery of trans-{UVIO2}2+ from the oceans; elucidating and manipulating actinoid-element multiple bonds; discovering methods to carry out multi-electron reactions; and improving the 5f-metal ions’ potential for activation of small molecules. The study of 5f-metal complexes with Schiff-base ligands is a currently “hot” topic for a variety of reasons, including issues of synthetic inorganic chemistry, metalosupramolecular chemistry, homogeneous catalysis, separation strategies for nuclear fuel processing and nuclear waste management, bioinorganic and environmental chemistry, materials chemistry and theoretical chemistry. This almost-comprehensive review, covers aspects of synthetic chemistry, reactivity and the properties of dinuclear and oligonuclear actinoid complexes based on Schiff-base ligands. Our work focuses on the significant advances that have occurred since 2000, with special attention on recent developments. The review is divided into eight sections (chapters). After an introductory section describing the organization of the scientific information, Sections 2 and 3 deal with general information about Schiff bases and their coordination chemistry, and the chemistry of actinoids, respectively. Section 4 highlights the relevance of Schiff bases to actinoid chemistry. Sections 5–7 are the “main menu” of the scientific meal of this review. The discussion is arranged according the actinoid (only for Np, Th and U are Schiff-base complexes known). Sections 5 and 7 are further arranged into parts according to the oxidation states of Np and U, respectively, because the coordination chemistry of these metals is very much dependent on their oxidation state. In Section 8, some concluding comments are presented and a brief prognosis for the future is attempted.
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Wedal JC, Bekoe S, Ziller JW, Furche F, Evans WJ. In search of tris(trimethylsilylcyclopentadienyl) thorium. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:16633-16640. [PMID: 31659358 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03674a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of Cp'3ThCl, Cp'3ThBr, and Cp'3ThI (Cp' = C5H4SiMe3) with potassium graphite generates dark blue solutions with reactivity and spectroscopic properties consistent with the formation of Cp'3Th. The EPR and UV-visible spectra of the solutions are similar to those of crystallographically-characterized tris(cyclopentadienyl) Th(iii) complexes: [C5H3(SiMe3)2]3Th, (C5Me4H)3Th, (C5tBu2H3)3Th, and (C5Me5)3Th. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis indicates that the UV-visible spectrum is consistent with Cp'3Th and not [Cp'3ThBr]1-. Although single crystals of Cp'3Th have not been isolated, the blue solution reacts with Me3SiCl, I2, and HC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CPh to afford products expected from Cp'3Th, namely, Cp'3ThCl, Cp'3ThI, and Cp'3Th(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CPh), respectively. Reactions with MeI give mixtures of Cp'3ThI and Cp'3ThMe. Evidence for further reduction of the blue solutions to a Cp'-ligated Th(ii) complex has not been observed. The crystal structures of Cp'3ThMe and (Cp'3Th)2(μ-O) were also determined as part of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Wedal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
| | - Samuel Bekoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
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Tsantis ST, Lagou-Rekka A, Konidaris KF, Raptopoulou CP, Bekiari V, Psycharis V, Perlepes SP. Tetranuclear oxido-bridged thorium(iv) clusters obtained using tridentate Schiff bases. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:15668-15678. [PMID: 31509144 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03189h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Thorium(iv) complexes are currently attracting intense attention from inorganic chemists due to the development of liquid-fluoride thorium reactors and the fact that thorium(iv) is often used as a model system for the study of the more radioactive Np(iv) and Pu(iv). Schiff-base complexes of tetravalent actinides are useful for the development of new separation strategies in nuclear fuel processing and nuclear waste management. Thorium(iv)-Schiff base complexes find applications in the colorimetric detection of this toxic metal ion and the construction of fluorescent on/off sensors for Th(iv) exploiting the ligand-based light emission of its complexes. Clusters of Th(iv) with hydroxide, oxide or peroxide bridges are also relevant to the environmental and geological chemistry of this metal ion. The reactions between Th(NO3)4·5H2O and N-salicylidene-o-aminophenol (LH2) and N-salicylidene-o-amino-4-methylphenol (L'H2) in MeCN have provided access to complexes [Th4O(NO3)2(LH)2(L)5] (1) and [Th4O(NO3)2(L'H)2(L')5] (2) in moderate yields. The structures of 1·4MeCN and 2·2.4 MeCN have been determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The complexes have similar molecular structures possessing the {Th4(μ4-O)(μ-OR')8} core that contains the extremely rare {Th4(μ4-O)} unit. The four ThIV atoms are arranged at the vertexes of a distorted tetrahedron with a central μ4-O2- ion bonded to each metal ion. The H atom of one of the acidic -OH groups of each 3.21 LH- or L'H- ligand is located on the imine nitrogen atom, thus blocking its coordination. The ThIV centres are also held together by one 3.221 L2- or (L')2- group and four 2.211 L2- or (L')2- ligands. The metal ions adopt three different coordination numbers (8, 9, and 10) with a total of four coordination geometries (triangular dodecahedral, muffin, biaugmented trigonal prismatic, and sphenocorona). A variety of H-bonding interactions create 1D chains and 2D layers in the crystal structures of 1·4 MeCN and 2·2.4 MeCN, respectively. The structures of the complexes are compared with those of the uranyl complexes with the same or similar ligands. Solid-state and IR data are discussed in terms of the coordination mode of the organic ligands and the nitrato groups. 1H NMR data suggest that solid-state structures are not retained in DMSO. The solid complexes emit green light at room temperature upon excitation at 400 nm, the emission being ligand-centered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Konstantis F Konidaris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece. and School of Agriculture Sciences, University of Patras, 30200 Messolonghi, Greece.
| | - Catherine P Raptopoulou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece.
| | - Vlasoula Bekiari
- School of Agriculture Sciences, University of Patras, 30200 Messolonghi, Greece.
| | - Vassilis Psycharis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece.
| | - Spyros P Perlepes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece. and Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Platani, P.O. Box 144, 26504 Patras, Greece
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