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Pal T, Ghosh P, Islam M, Guin S, Maji S, Dutta S, Das J, Ge H, Maiti D. Tandem dehydrogenation-olefination-decarboxylation of cycloalkyl carboxylic acids via multifold C-H activation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5370. [PMID: 38918374 PMCID: PMC11199700 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49359-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Dehydrogenation chemistry has long been established as a fundamental aspect of organic synthesis, commonly encountered in carbonyl compounds. Transition metal catalysis revolutionized it, with strategies like transfer-dehydrogenation, single electron transfer and C-H activation. These approaches, extended to multiple dehydrogenations, can lead to aromatization. Dehydrogenative transformations of aliphatic carboxylic acids pose challenges, yet engineered ligands and metal catalysis can initiate dehydrogenation via C-H activation, though outcomes vary based on substrate structures. Herein, we have developed a catalytic system enabling cyclohexane carboxylic acids to undergo multifold C-H activation to furnish olefinated arenes, bypassing lactone formation. This showcases unique reactivity in aliphatic carboxylic acids, involving tandem dehydrogenation-olefination-decarboxylation-aromatization sequences, validated by control experiments and key intermediate isolation. For cyclopentane carboxylic acids, reluctant to aromatization, the catalytic system facilitates controlled dehydrogenation, providing difunctionalized cyclopentenes through tandem dehydrogenation-olefination-decarboxylation-allylic acyloxylation sequences. This transformation expands carboxylic acids into diverse molecular entities with wide applications, underscoring its importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanay Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Premananda Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Minhajul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Srimanta Guin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Suman Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Suparna Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Jayabrata Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Haibo Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA.
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
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2
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Stroek W, Keilwerth M, Malaspina LA, Grabowsky S, Meyer K, Albrecht M. Deciphering Iron-Catalyzed C-H Amination with Organic Azides: N 2 Cleavage from a Stable Organoazide Complex. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303410. [PMID: 37916523 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic C-N bond formation by direct activation of C-H bonds offers wide synthetic potential. En route to C-H amination, complexes with organic azides are critical precursors towards the reactive nitrene intermediate. Despite their relevance, α-N coordinated organoazide complexes are scarce in general, and elusive with iron, although iron complexes are by far the most active catalysts for C-H amination with organoazides. Herein, we report the synthesis of a stable iron α-N coordinated organoazide complex from [Fe(N(SiMe3 )2 )2 ] and AdN3 (Ad=1-adamantyl) and its crystallographic, IR, NMR and zero-field 57 Fe Mössbauer spectroscopic characterization. These analyses revealed that the organoazide is in fast equilibrium between the free and coordinated state (Keq =62). Photo-crystallography experiments showed gradual dissociation of N2 , which imparted an Fe-N bond shortening and correspond to structural snapshots of the formation of an iron imido/nitrene complex. Reactivity of the organoazide complex in solution showed complete loss of N2 , and subsequent formation of a C-H aminated product via nitrene insertion into a C-H bond of the N(SiMe3 )2 ligand. Monitoring this reaction by 1 H NMR spectroscopy indicates the transient formation of the imido/nitrene intermediate, which was supported by Mössbauer spectroscopy in frozen solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wowa Stroek
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Keilwerth
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lorraine A Malaspina
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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3
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Sajjad MA, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. A comparison of non-covalent interactions in the crystal structures of two σ-alkane complexes of Rh exhibiting contrasting stabilities in the solid state. Faraday Discuss 2023; 244:222-240. [PMID: 37096331 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00009e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Non-covalent interactions surrounding the cationic Rh σ-alkane complexes within the crystal structures of [(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)Rh(NBA)][BArF4], [1-NBA][BArF4] (NBA = norbornane, C7H12; ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3), and [1-propane][BArF4] are analysed using Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) and Independent Gradient Model approaches, the latter under a Hirshfeld partitioning scheme (IGMH). In both structures the cations reside in an octahedral array of [BArF4]- anions within which the [1-NBA]+ cation system exhibits a greater number of C-H⋯F contacts to the anions. QTAIM and IGMH analyses indicate these include the strongest individual atom-atom non-covalent interactions between the cation and the anion in these systems. The IGMH approach highlights the directionality of these C-H⋯F contacts that contrasts with the more diffuse C-H⋯π interactions. The accumulative effects of the latter lead to a more significant stabilizing contribution. IGMH %δGatom plots provide a particularly useful visual tool to identify key interactions and highlight the importance of a -{C3H6}- propylene moiety that is present within both the propane and NBA ligands (the latter as a truncated -{C3H4}- unit) and the cyclohexyl rings of the phosphine substituents. The potential for this to act as a privileged motif that confers stability on the crystal structures of σ-alkane complexes in the solid-state is discussed. The greater number of C-H⋯F inter-ion interactions in the [1-NBA][BArF4] system, coupled with more significant C-H⋯π interactions are all consistent with greater non-covalent stabilisation around the [1-NBA]+ cation. This is also supported by larger computed δGatom indices as a measure of cation-anion non-covalent interaction energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arif Sajjad
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Stuart A Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Andrew S Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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4
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Samudrala KK, Conley MP. Effects of surface acidity on the structure of organometallics supported on oxide surfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:4115-4127. [PMID: 36912586 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00047h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined organometallics supported on high surface area oxides are promising heterogeneous catalysts. An important design factor in these materials is how the metal interacts with the functionalities on an oxide support, commonly anionic X-type ligands derived from the reaction of an organometallic M-R with an -OH site on the oxide. The metal can either form a covalent M-O bond or form an electrostatic M+⋯-O ion-pair, which impacts how well-defined organometallics will interact with substrates in catalytic reactions. A less common reaction pathway involves the reaction of a Lewis site on the oxide with the organometallic, resulting in abstraction to form an ion-pair, which is relevant to industrial olefin polymerization catalysts. This Feature Article views the spectrum of reactivity between an organometallic and an oxide through the prism of Brønsted and/or Lewis acidity of surface sites and draws analogies to the molecular frame where Lewis and Brønsted acids are known to form reactive ion-pairs. Applications of the well-defined sites developed in this article are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew P Conley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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5
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Poli R. A new classification for the ever-expanding mechanistic landscape of catalyzed hydrogenations, dehydrogenations and transfer hydrogenations. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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6
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Rettig ID, Xu J, Knight EA, Truong PT, Bowring MA. Variable Kinetic Isotope Effect Reveals a Multistep Pathway for Protonolysis of a Pt–Me Bond. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irving D. Rettig
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College, Portland, Oregon97202, United States
| | - Jingtong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College, Portland, Oregon97202, United States
| | | | - Phan T. Truong
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College, Portland, Oregon97202, United States
| | - Miriam A. Bowring
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College, Portland, Oregon97202, United States
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7
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Wan H, Gong N, Liu L. Solid catalysts for the dehydrogenation of long-chain alkanes: lessons from the dehydrogenation of light alkanes and homogeneous molecular catalysis. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1415-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Watson JD, Field LD, Ball GE. [Fp(CH 4)] +, [η 5-CpRu(CO) 2(CH 4)] +, and [η 5-CpOs(CO) 2(CH 4)] +: A Complete Set of Group 8 Metal-Methane Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17622-17629. [PMID: 36121779 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the NMR spectroscopic analysis of the group 8 transition metal methane σ-complexes [η5-CpM(CO)2(CH4)][Al(OC(CF3)3)4] (M = Fe, Ru) at -90 °C in the weakly coordinating solvent 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane. The iron(II)-methane complex has a 1H resonance at δ -4.27, a 13C resonance at δ -53.0, and 1JC-H = 126 Hz for the bound methane fragment. The ruthenium(II)-methane complex has a 1H resonance at δ -2.10, a 13C resonance at δ -48.8, and a 1JC-H = 126 Hz for the bound methane fragment. DFT and ab initio calculations support these experimental observations and provide further detail on the structures of the [η5-CpM(CO)2(CH4)]+ (M = Fe, Ru) complexes of the Group 8 metals. Both the iron centered methane complex, [η5-CpFe(CO)2(CH4)][Al(OC(CF3)3)4], and the ruthenium centered methane complex, [η5-CpRu(CO)2(CH4)][Al(OC(CF3)3)4], are significantly less stable than the previously reported osmium-methane complex [η5-CpOs(CO)2(CH4)][Al(OC(CF3)3)4].
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Watson
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Leslie D Field
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Graham E Ball
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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9
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Royle CG, Sotorrios L, Gyton MR, Brodie CN, Burnage AL, Furfari SK, Marini A, Warren MR, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. Single-Crystal to Single-Crystal Addition of H 2 to [Ir( iPr-PONOP)(propene)][BAr F4] and Comparison Between Solid-State and Solution Reactivity. Organometallics 2022; 41:3270-3280. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G. Royle
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, York, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Lia Sotorrios
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Matthew R. Gyton
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, York, U.K
| | - Claire N. Brodie
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, York, U.K
| | - Arron L. Burnage
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | | | - Anna Marini
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | | | - Stuart A. Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Andrew S. Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, York, U.K
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10
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Pathak K, Gayen S, Saha S, Nandi C, Mishra S, Ghosh S. Coordination and Hydroboration of Ru(II)‐Borate Complexes: Dihydridoborate vs. Bis(dihydridoborate). Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104393. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Pathak
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Sourav Gayen
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Suvam Saha
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Chandan Nandi
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Shivankan Mishra
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Sundargopal Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Chennai 600036 India
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11
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Meng X, Duan X, Zhang L, Zhang D, Yang P, Qin H, Zhang Y, Xiao S, Duan L, Zhou R. Long-Chain Alkane Dehydrogenation over Hierarchically Porous Ti-Doped Pt–Sn–K/TiO2–Al2O3 Catalysts. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158422020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Doyle LR, Thompson EA, Burnage AL, Whitwood AC, Jenkins HT, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. MicroED characterization of a robust cationic σ-alkane complex stabilized by the [B(3,5-(SF 5) 2C 6H 3) 4] - anion, via on-grid solid/gas single-crystal to single-crystal reactivity. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3661-3665. [PMID: 35156982 PMCID: PMC8902584 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00335j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microcrystalline (∼1 μm) [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(norbornadiene)][S-BArF4], [S-BArF4] = [B(3,5-(SF5)2C6H3)4]−, reacts with H2 in a single-crystal to single-crystal transformation to form the σ-alkane complex [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(norbornane)][S-BArF4], for which the structure was determined by microcrystal Electron Diffraction (microED), to 0.95 Å resolution, via an on-grid hydrogenation, and a complementary single-crystal X-ray diffraction study on larger, but challenging to isolate, crystals. Comparison with the [BArF4]− analogue [ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2(C6H3)] shows that the [S-BArF4]− anion makes the σ-alkane complex robust towards decomposition both thermally and when suspended in pentane. Subsequent reactivity with dissolved ethene in a pentane slurry, forms [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(ethene)2][S-BArF4], and the catalytic dimerisation/isomerisation of ethene to 2-butenes. The increased stability of [S-BArF4]− salts is identified as being due to increased non-covalent interactions in the lattice, resulting in a solid-state molecular organometallic material with desirable stability characteristics. The thermally and chemically robust σ-alkane complex [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(norborane)][B(3,5-(SF5)2C6H3)4] is characterized by micro-electron diffraction using on-grid single-crystal to single-crystal reactivity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence R Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Emily A Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Arron L Burnage
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Huw T Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Stuart A Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Andrew S Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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13
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Gordon BM, Lease N, Emge TJ, Hasanayn F, Goldman AS. Reactivity of Iridium Complexes of a Triphosphorus-Pincer Ligand Based on a Secondary Phosphine. Catalytic Alkane Dehydrogenation and the Origin of Extremely High Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4133-4146. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Nicholas Lease
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Thomas J. Emge
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Faraj Hasanayn
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Alan S. Goldman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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14
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Doyle LR, Galpin MR, Furfari SK, Tegner BE, Martínez-Martínez AJ, Whitwood AC, Hicks SA, Lloyd-Jones GC, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. Inverse Isotope Effects in Single-Crystal to Single-Crystal Reactivity and the Isolation of a Rhodium Cyclooctane σ-Alkane Complex. Organometallics 2022; 41:284-292. [PMID: 35273423 PMCID: PMC8900153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
sequential solid/gas single-crystal to single-crystal reaction
of [Rh(Cy2P(CH2)3PCy2)(COD)][BArF4] (COD = cyclooctadiene) with H2 or
D2 was followed in situ by solid-state 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy (SSNMR) and ex situ by solution quenching
and GC-MS. This was quantified using a two-step Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kologoromov
(JMAK) model that revealed an inverse isotope effect for the second
addition of H2, that forms a σ-alkane complex [Rh(Cy2P(CH2)3PCy2)(COA)][BArF4]. Using D2, a temporal window is determined
in which a structural solution for this σ-alkane complex is
possible, which reveals an η2,η2-binding mode to the Rh(I) center, as supported by periodic density
functional theory (DFT) calculations. Extensive H/D exchange occurs
during the addition of D2, as promoted by the solid-state
microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence R. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Martin R. Galpin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha K. Furfari
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Bengt E. Tegner
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adrian C. Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Scott A. Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Guy C. Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A. Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S. Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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15
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Perutz RN, Sabo‐Etienne S, Weller AS. Metathesis by Partner Interchange in σ‐Bond Ligands: Expanding Applications of the σ‐CAM Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylviane Sabo‐Etienne
- CNRS LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
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16
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Perutz RN, Sabo-Etienne S, Weller AS. Metathesis by Partner Interchange in σ-Bond Ligands: Expanding Applications of the σ-CAM Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202111462. [PMID: 34694734 PMCID: PMC9299125 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In 2007 two of us defined the σ‐Complex Assisted Metathesis mechanism (Perutz and Sabo‐Etienne, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 2578–2592), that is, the σ‐CAM concept. This new approach to reaction mechanisms brought together metathesis reactions involving the formation of a variety of metal–element bonds through partner‐interchange of σ‐bond complexes. The key concept that defines a σ‐CAM process is a single transition state for metathesis that is connected by two intermediates that are σ‐bond complexes while the oxidation state of the metal remains constant in precursor, intermediates and product. This mechanism is appropriate in situations where σ‐bond complexes have been isolated or computed as well‐defined minima. Unlike several other mechanisms, it does not define the nature of the transition state. In this review, we highlight advances in the characterization and dynamic rearrangements of σ‐bond complexes, most notably alkane and zincane complexes, but also different geometries of silane and borane complexes. We set out a selection of catalytic and stoichiometric examples of the σ‐CAM mechanism that are supported by strong experimental and/or computational evidence. We then draw on these examples to demonstrate that the scope of the σ‐CAM mechanism has expanded to classes of reaction not envisaged in 2007 (additional σ‐bond ligands, agostic complexes, sp2‐carbon, surfaces). Finally, we provide a critical comparison to alternative mechanisms for metathesis of metal–element bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin N Perutz
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sylviane Sabo-Etienne
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Andrew S Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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17
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Truong PT, Miller SG, McLaughlin Sta Maria EJ, Bowring MA. Large Isotope Effects in Organometallic Chemistry. Chemistry 2021; 27:14800-14815. [PMID: 34347912 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The kinetic isotope effect (KIE) is key to understanding reaction mechanisms in many areas of chemistry and chemical biology, including organometallic chemistry. This ratio of rate constants, kH /kD , typically falls between 1-7. However, KIEs up to 105 have been reported, and can even be so large that reactivity with deuterium is unobserved. We collect here examples of large KIEs across organometallic chemistry, in catalytic and stoichiometric reactions, along with their mechanistic interpretations. Large KIEs occur in proton transfer reactions such as protonation of organometallic complexes and clusters, protonolysis of metal-carbon bonds, and dihydrogen reactivity. C-H activation reactions with large KIEs occur with late and early transition metals, photogenerated intermediates, and abstraction by metal-oxo complexes. We categorize the mechanistic interpretations of large KIEs into the following three types: (a) proton tunneling, (b) compound effects from multiple steps, and (c) semi-classical effects on a single step. This comprehensive collection of large KIEs in organometallics provides context for future mechanistic interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phan T Truong
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd., Portland, OR 97222
| | - Sophia G Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd., Portland, OR 97222
| | | | - Miriam A Bowring
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd., Portland, OR 97222
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18
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Zhou MJ, Zhang L, Liu G, Xu C, Huang Z. Site-Selective Acceptorless Dehydrogenation of Aliphatics Enabled by Organophotoredox/Cobalt Dual Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16470-16485. [PMID: 34592106 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The value of catalytic dehydrogenation of aliphatics (CDA) in organic synthesis has remained largely underexplored. Known homogeneous CDA systems often require the use of sacrificial hydrogen acceptors (or oxidants), precious metal catalysts, and harsh reaction conditions, thus limiting most existing methods to dehydrogenation of non- or low-functionalized alkanes. Here we describe a visible-light-driven, dual-catalyst system consisting of inexpensive organophotoredox and base-metal catalysts for room-temperature, acceptorless-CDA (Al-CDA). Initiated by photoexited 2-chloroanthraquinone, the process involves H atom transfer (HAT) of aliphatics to form alkyl radicals, which then react with cobaloxime to produce olefins and H2. This operationally simple method enables direct dehydrogenation of readily available chemical feedstocks to diversely functionalized olefins. For example, we demonstrate, for the first time, the oxidant-free desaturation of thioethers and amides to alkenyl sulfides and enamides, respectively. Moreover, the system's exceptional site selectivity and functional group tolerance are illustrated by late-stage dehydrogenation and synthesis of 14 biologically relevant molecules and pharmaceutical ingredients. Mechanistic studies have revealed a dual HAT process and provided insights into the origin of reactivity and site selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jie Zhou
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Guixia Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
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19
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Parker K, Weragoda GK, Mohr A, Canty AJ, O’Hair RAJ, Ryzhov V. Cracking and Dehydrogenation of Cyclohexane by [(phen)M(X)] + (M = Ni, Pd, Pt; X = H, CH 3) in the Gas Phase. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Parker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Geethika K. Weragoda
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Alyssa Mohr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Allan J. Canty
- School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Richard A. J. O’Hair
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Victor Ryzhov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
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20
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Abstract
X-ray crystallography is an invaluable tool in design and development of organometallic catalysis, but application typically requires species to display sufficiently high solution concentrations and lifetimes for single crystalline samples to be obtained. In crystallo organometallic chemistry relies on chemical reactions that proceed within the single-crystal environment to access crystalline samples of reactive organometallic fragments that are unavailable by alternate means. This highlight describes approaches to in crystallo organometallic chemistry including (a) solid-gas reactions between transition metal complexes in molecular crystals and diffusing small molecules, (b) reactions of organometallic complexes within the extended lattices of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and (c) intracrystalline photochemical transformations to generate reactive organometallic fragments. Application of these methods has enabled characterization of catalytically important transient species, including σ-alkane adducts of transition metals, metal alkyl intermediates implicated in metal-catalyzed carbonylations, and reactive M-L multiply bonded species involved in C-H functionalization chemistry. Opportunities and challenges for in crystallo organometallic chemistry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleb A Reid
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - David C Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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21
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Bukvic A, Burnage AL, Tizzard GJ, Martínez-Martínez AJ, McKay AI, Rees NH, Tegner BE, Krämer T, Fish H, Warren MR, Coles SJ, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. A Series of Crystallographically Characterized Linear and Branched σ-Alkane Complexes of Rhodium: From Propane to 3-Methylpentane. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5106-5120. [PMID: 33769815 PMCID: PMC8154534 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Using solid-state molecular organometallic (SMOM) techniques, in particular solid/gas single-crystal to single-crystal reactivity, a series of σ-alkane complexes of the general formula [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(ηn:ηm-alkane)][BArF4] have been prepared (alkane = propane, 2-methylbutane, hexane, 3-methylpentane; ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3). These new complexes have been characterized using single crystal X-ray diffraction, solid-state NMR spectroscopy and DFT computational techniques and present a variety of Rh(I)···H-C binding motifs at the metal coordination site: 1,2-η2:η2 (2-methylbutane), 1,3-η2:η2 (propane), 2,4-η2:η2 (hexane), and 1,4-η1:η2 (3-methylpentane). For the linear alkanes propane and hexane, some additional Rh(I)···H-C interactions with the geminal C-H bonds are also evident. The stability of these complexes with respect to alkane loss in the solid state varies with the identity of the alkane: from propane that decomposes rapidly at 295 K to 2-methylbutane that is stable and instead undergoes an acceptorless dehydrogenation to form a bound alkene complex. In each case the alkane sits in a binding pocket defined by the {Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)}+ fragment and the surrounding array of [BArF4]- anions. For the propane complex, a small alkane binding energy, driven in part by a lack of stabilizing short contacts with the surrounding anions, correlates with the fleeting stability of this species. 2-Methylbutane forms more short contacts within the binding pocket, and as a result the complex is considerably more stable. However, the complex of the larger 3-methylpentane ligand shows lower stability. Empirically, there therefore appears to be an optimal fit between the size and shape of the alkane and overall stability. Such observations are related to guest/host interactions in solution supramolecular chemistry and the holistic role of 1°, 2°, and 3° environments in metalloenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander
J. Bukvic
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Arron L. Burnage
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS. U.K.
| | - Graham J. Tizzard
- UK
National Crystallography Service, University
of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | | | - Alasdair I. McKay
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Nicholas H. Rees
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Bengt E. Tegner
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS. U.K.
| | - Tobias Krämer
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS. U.K.
| | - Heather Fish
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K.
| | - Mark R. Warren
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Diamond House,
Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Simon J. Coles
- UK
National Crystallography Service, University
of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Stuart A. Macgregor
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS. U.K.
| | - Andrew S. Weller
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K.
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22
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Furfari SK, Tegner BE, Burnage AL, Doyle LR, Bukvic AJ, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. Selectivity of Rh⋅⋅⋅H-C Binding in a σ-Alkane Complex Controlled by the Secondary Microenvironment in the Solid State. Chemistry 2021; 27:3177-3183. [PMID: 33112000 PMCID: PMC7898853 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Single-crystal to single-crystal solid-state molecular organometallic (SMOM) techniques are used for the synthesis and structural characterization of the σ-alkane complex [Rh(tBu2 PCH2 CH2 CH2 PtBu2 )(η2 ,η2 -C7 H12 )][BArF 4 ] (ArF =3,5-(CF3 )2 C6 H3 ), in which the alkane (norbornane) binds through two exo-C-H⋅⋅⋅Rh interactions. In contrast, the bis-cyclohexyl phosphine analogue shows endo-alkane binding. A comparison of the two systems, supported by periodic DFT calculations, NCI plots and Hirshfeld surface analyses, traces this different regioselectivity to subtle changes in the local microenvironment surrounding the alkane ligand. A tertiary periodic structure supporting a secondary microenvironment that controls binding at the metal site has parallels with enzymes. The new σ-alkane complex is also a catalyst for solid/gas 1-butene isomerization, and catalyst resting states are identified for this.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bengt E. Tegner
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH14 4ASUK
| | - Arron L. Burnage
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH14 4ASUK
| | | | - Alexander J. Bukvic
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYorkYO10 5DDUK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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23
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Pavlov J, Zheng Z, Douce D, Bajic S, Attygalle AB. Helium-Plasma-Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Metallocenes and Their Derivatives. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:548-559. [PMID: 33395292 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ferrocene and its derivatives and nickelocene undergo facile ionization when exposed directly to the ionizing plasma of a helium-plasma ionization (HePI) source. Mass spectra recorded from such samples under ambient positive-ion-generating conditions show intense peaks for the respective molecular ions [M+•] and protonated species [(M + H)+]. The protonation process occurs most efficiently when traces of water are present in the heated nitrogen used as the "heating gas." In fact, the relative population of the two categories of ions generated in this way can be manipulated by regulating the heating-gas flow. Moreover, rapid and highly efficient gas-phase hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) reactions can be performed in the ion source by passing the heating gas through a vial with D2O before it reaches the HePI source. Moreover, the ionized species generated in this way can be subjected to in-source CID fragmentation in the QDa-HePI source very efficiently by varying the sampling-cone voltage. By this procedure, ions generated from ferrocene and nickelocene could be stripped so far as to ultimately generate the bare-metal cation. Other typical fragment-ions produced from protonated metallocenes included the M(cp)1+ ions (M = Fe or Ni), by elimination of a cyclopentadiene molecule, or the molecular cation, by loss of a H• radical. Moreover, H/D exchanges and subsequent tandem mass spectrometric analysis indicated that the central metal core participates in the initial protonation process of ferrocene under HePI conditions. However, in compounds such as ferrocene carboxaldehyde and ferrocene boronic acid, the protonation takes place at the peripheral functional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Pavlov
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Zhaoyu Zheng
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - David Douce
- Waters Corporation, Wilmslow, Cheshire SK9 4AX, U.K
| | - Steve Bajic
- Waters Corporation, Wilmslow, Cheshire SK9 4AX, U.K
| | - Athula B Attygalle
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
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24
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Reactions of a Bis(vinyltrimethylsilane)nickel(0) N-Heterocyclic carbene complex with organic azides. J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Bukvic AJ, Crivoi DG, Garwood HG, McKay AI, Chen TTD, Martínez-Martínez AJ, Weller AS. Tolerant to air σ-alkane complexes by surface modification of single crystalline solid-state molecular organometallics using vapour-phase cationic polymerisation: SMOM@polymer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4328-4331. [PMID: 32191244 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01140a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vapour-phase surface-initiated cationic polymerisation of ethylvinylether occurs at single-crystals of the σ-alkane complex [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(NBA)][BArF4]. This new surface interface makes these normally very air sensitive materials tolerant to air, while also allowing for onward single-crystal to single-crystal reactivity at metal sites within the lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Bukvic
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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26
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Boyd TM, Tegner BE, Tizzard GJ, Martínez‐Martínez AJ, Neale SE, Hayward MA, Coles SJ, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. A Structurally Characterized Cobalt(I) σ-Alkane Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6177-6181. [PMID: 31943626 PMCID: PMC7187152 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A cobalt σ-alkane complex, [Co(Cy2 P(CH2 )4 PCy2 )(norbornane)][BArF 4 ], was synthesized by a single-crystal to single-crystal solid/gas hydrogenation from a norbornadiene precursor, and its structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. Magnetic data show this complex to be a triplet. Periodic DFT and electronic structure analyses revealed weak C-H→Co σ-interactions, augmented by dispersive stabilization between the alkane ligand and the anion microenvironment. The calculations are most consistent with a η1 :η1 -alkane binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Boyd
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Bengt E. Tegner
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH14 4ASUK
| | - Graham J. Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography ServiceChemistryFaculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | | | - Samuel E. Neale
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH14 4ASUK
| | - Michael A. Hayward
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Simon J. Coles
- UK National Crystallography ServiceChemistryFaculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | | | - Andrew S. Weller
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYorkYO10 5DDUK
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27
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McKay AI, Barwick‐Silk J, Savage M, Willis MC, Weller AS. Synthesis of Highly Fluorinated Arene Complexes of [Rh(Chelating Phosphine)] + Cations, and their use in Synthesis and Catalysis. Chemistry 2020; 26:2883-2889. [PMID: 31749160 PMCID: PMC7078928 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of rhodium complexes with weakly binding highly fluorinated benzene ligands is described: 1,2,3-F3 C6 H3 , 1,2,3,4-F4 C6 H2 and 1,2,3,4,5-F5 C6 H are shown to bind with cationic [Rh(Cy2 P(CH2 )x PCy2 )]+ fragments (x=1, 2). Their structures and reactivity with alkenes, and use in catalysis for promoting the Tishchenko reaction of a simple aldehyde, are demonstrated. Key to the synthesis of these complexes is the highly concentrated reaction conditions and use of the [Al{OC(CF3 )3 }4 ]- anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair I. McKay
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - James Barwick‐Silk
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Max Savage
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Michael C. Willis
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Andrew S. Weller
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYorkYO10 5DDUK
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28
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Boyd TM, Tegner BE, Tizzard GJ, Martínez‐Martínez AJ, Neale SE, Hayward MA, Coles SJ, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. A Structurally Characterized Cobalt(I) σ‐Alkane Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Boyd
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of York York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Bengt E. Tegner
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt University Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Graham J. Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography ServiceChemistryFaculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | | | - Samuel E. Neale
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt University Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Michael A. Hayward
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Simon J. Coles
- UK National Crystallography ServiceChemistryFaculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | | | - Andrew S. Weller
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of York York YO10 5DD UK
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29
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Martínez-Martínez AJ, Royle CG, Furfari SK, Suriye K, Weller AS. Solid-State Molecular Organometallic Catalysis in Gas/Solid Flow (Flow-SMOM) as Demonstrated by Efficient Room Temperature and Pressure 1-Butene Isomerization. ACS Catal 2020; 10:1984-1992. [PMID: 32296595 PMCID: PMC7147255 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
use of solid–state molecular organometallic chemistry
(SMOM–chem) to promote the efficient double bond isomerization
of 1-butene to 2-butenes under flow–reactor conditions is reported.
Single crystalline catalysts based upon the σ-alkane complexes
[Rh(R2PCH2CH2PR2)(η2η2-NBA)][BArF4] (R
= Cy, tBu; NBA = norbornane; ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3) are prepared by hydrogenation
of a norbornadiene precursor. For the tBu-substituted system
this results in the loss of long-range order, which can be re-established
by addition of 1-butene to the material to form a mixture of [Rh(tBu2PCH2CH2PtBu2)(cis-2-butene)][BArF4] and [Rh(tBu2PCH2CH2PtBu2)(1-butene)][BArF4], in an order/disorder/order phase change. Deployment under flow-reactor
conditions results in very different on-stream stabilities. With R
= Cy rapid deactivation (3 h) to the butadiene complex occurs, [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(butadiene)][BArF4], which can be reactivated by simple addition
of H2. While the equivalent butadiene complex does not
form with R = tBu at 298 K and on-stream conversion
is retained up to 90 h, deactivation is suggested to occur via loss
of crystallinity of the SMOM catalyst. Both systems operate under
the industrially relevant conditions of an isobutene co-feed. cis:trans
selectivites for 2-butene are biased in favor of cis for the tBu system and are more leveled for Cy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cameron G. Royle
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingsdom
| | - Samantha K. Furfari
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingsdom
| | - Kongkiat Suriye
- SCG Chemicals, 1 Siam Cement Road, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Andrew S. Weller
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingsdom
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30
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Martínez‐Martínez AJ, Rees NH, Weller AS. Reversible Encapsulation of Xenon and CH
2
Cl
2
in a Solid‐State Molecular Organometallic Framework (Guest@SMOM). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Martínez‐Martínez
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Current Address: CIQSO-Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Huelva Campus El Carmen 21007 Huelva Spain
| | - Nicholas H. Rees
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Andrew S. Weller
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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31
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Martínez‐Martínez AJ, Rees NH, Weller AS. Reversible Encapsulation of Xenon and CH 2 Cl 2 in a Solid-State Molecular Organometallic Framework (Guest@SMOM). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16873-16877. [PMID: 31539184 PMCID: PMC6899477 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reversible encapsulation of CH2 Cl2 or Xe in a non-porous solid-state molecular organometallic framework of [Rh(Cy2 PCH2 PCy2 )(NBD)][BArF4 ] occurs in single-crystal to single-crystal transformations. These processes are probed by solid-state NMR spectroscopy, including 129 Xe SSNMR. Non-covalent interactions with the -CF3 groups, and hydrophobic channels formed, of [BArF4 ]- anions are shown to be important, and thus have similarity to the transport of substrates and products to and from the active site in metalloenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Martínez‐Martínez
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- Current Address: CIQSO-Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry and Department of ChemistryUniversity of HuelvaCampus El Carmen21007HuelvaSpain
| | - Nicholas H. Rees
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Andrew S. Weller
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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32
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Lacroix MR, Liu Y, Strauss SH. Hydrated Metal Ion Salts of the Weakly Coordinating Fluoroanions PF 6-, TiF 62-, B 12F 122-, Ga(C 2F 5) 4-, B(3,5-C 6H 3(CF 3) 2) 4-, and Al(OC(CF 3) 3) 4-. In Search of the Weakest HOH···F Hydrogen Bonds. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:14900-14911. [PMID: 31617354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
FTIR spectra of microcrystalline samples of 11 metal ion salt hydrates of a variety of weakly coordinating fluoroanions are reported. The compounds studied were Li(H2O)4(Al(OC(CF3)3)4), Li(H2O)(B(3,5-C6H3(CF3)2)4), Li(H2O)n(Ga(C2F5)4), Li(H2O)(PF6), Li2(H2O)2(TiF6), Li2(H2O)4(B12F12), Na(H2O)(PF6), Na2(H2O)2(B12F12), K2(H2O)2(B12F12), Rb2(H2O)2(B12F12), Cs2(H2O)(B12F12), and their partially or completely deuterated isotopologs and isotopomers. The O-D···F hydrogen bonds in Li(HOD)(H2O)3(Al(OC(CF3)3)4) (ν(OD) = 2706 cm-1), Li(HOD)(B(3,5-C6H3(CF3)2)4) (ν(OD) = 2705 cm-1), and Li(HOD)(H2O)n(Ga(C2F5)4) (ν(OD) = 2697 cm-1) rival HOD absorbed in polyvinylidene difluoride (ν(OD) = 2696 cm-1) and HOD···FCH3 in a frozen Ar matrix (ν(OD) = 2685 cm-1) for the weakest hydrogen bonds between a water molecule and an F atom in any compound. As weak as they are, minor differences in O-H···F hydrogen bonds in the same fluoroanion salt can be distinguished spectroscopically. Uncoupled HOD molecules in asymmetric F···HOD···F' hydrogen bonding environments in Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+, and Co2+ hydrates of B12F122- gave rise to two observable ν(OD) bands even though the two R(O···F) distances differ by only 0.010(4) Å (Mg2+), 0.033(2) Å (Co2+), 0.074(4) Å (Rb+), and 0.106(6) Å (Cs+). A plot of ν(OD) for hydrates with a single uncoupled HOD molecule per metal ion (e.g., Li(HOD)(H2O)3(Al(OC(CF3)3)4)) vs R(O···F) distance from single-crystal X-ray or neutron diffraction structures was prepared. The ν(OD) values range from 2305 to 2706 cm-1 and the R(O···F) distances range from 2.58 to 3.17 Å. The plot consists of 53 {ν(OD), R(O···F)} data points, 23 of which are new and have ν(OD) > 2600 cm-1, in contrast to a 1994 ν(OD) vs R(O···F) plot with 28 data points, none of which had ν(OD) > 2600 cm-1. There is a clear and significant difference between the new ν(OD) vs R(O···F) plot and a literature ν(OD) vs R(O···O) plot for hydrates containing O-D···O hydrogen bonds. For a given ν(OD) stretching frequency, the exponential regression curves show that R(O···F) is typically 0.1-0.2 Å shorter than R(O···O), in harmony with the lower basicity and smaller size of F atoms vs O atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Lacroix
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado at Denver , Denver , Colorado 80217 , United States
| | - Steven H Strauss
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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