1
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Chaliha R, Perumalla DS, Yadav K, Prasad DLVK, Jemmis ED. An Extended Rudolph Diagram: B 3H 5 and B 3H 6+ Relate 3D-, 2D-, 1D-, and 0D-Boron Allotropes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:10954-10966. [PMID: 38845415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The structural chemistry of boron goes beyond the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridization paradigms of carbon chemistry. We relate the apparently unconnected polyhedral boranes and 3D allotropes on the one hand and 2D clusters, borophenes, and multilayer borophenes on the other hand, through an extended Rudolph diagram. All-boron equivalents of cyclopropenium cation viz the flat B3H5 and the nonplanar B3H6+ constitute the missing links. The nonplanar B3H6+ (C3v) is the starting point for construction of polyhedral boranes; e.g., fusion of two of them leads to octahedral B6H62-. On the other hand, planar B3H6+ and B3H5 relate to borophenes with hexagonal holes. These borophene sheets can be further stacked with diverse interlayer BB bonds, ranging from bilayers to infinite layers. The tendency to achieve electron sufficiency as in the parent C3H3+ dictates the preference for hexagonal holes in the constituent layers and the interlayer bonds between them in multilayer borophenes. The design principles and theoretical validations for the formation of multilayer borophenes are also presented, indicating the variety and complexities involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinkumoni Chaliha
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Malleswaram, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - D Sravanakumar Perumalla
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Malleswaram, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Kedar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Dasari L V K Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Eluvathingal D Jemmis
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Malleswaram, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
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2
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Lin X, Lu X, Tang S, Wu W, Mo Y. Multiconfigurational actinide nitrides assisted by double Möbius aromaticity. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8216-8226. [PMID: 38817572 PMCID: PMC11134321 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01549e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the bonding nature between actinides and main-group elements remains a key challenge in actinide chemistry due to the involvement of f orbitals. Herein, we propose a unique "aromaticity-assisted multiconfiguration" (AAM) model to elucidate the bonding nature in actinide nitrides (An2N2, An = Ac, Th, Pa, U). Each planar four-membered An2N2 with equivalent An-N bonds possesses four delocalized π electrons and four delocalized σ electrons, forming a new family of double Möbius aromaticity that contributes to the molecular stability. The unprecedented aromaticity further supports actinide nitrides to exhibit multiconfigurational characters, where the unpaired electrons (2, 4 or 6 in naked Th2N2, Pa2N2 or U2N2, respectively) either are spin-free and localized on metal centres or form metal-ligand bonds. High-level multiconfigurational computations confirm an open-shell singlet ground state for actinide nitrides, with small energy gaps to high spin states. This is consistent with the antiferromagnetic nature observed experimentally in uranium nitrides. The novel AAM bonding model can be authenticated in both experimentally identified compounds containing a U2N2 motif and other theoretically modelled An2N2 clusters and is thus expected to be a general chemical bonding pattern between actinides and main-group elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Lin
- School of Physics, Central South University Changsha Hunan 410083 China
| | - Xiaoli Lu
- School of Chemistry, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu Sichuan 610031 China
| | - Shenghui Tang
- School of Chemistry, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu Sichuan 610031 China
| | - Wei Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro NC 27401 USA
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3
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Chen Q, Chen WJ, Wu XY, Chen TT, Yuan RN, Lu HG, Yuan DF, Li SD, Wang LS. Investigation of Pb-B Bonding in PbB 2(BO) n- ( n = 0-2): Transformation from Aromatic PbB 2- to Pb[B 2(BO) 2] -/0 Complexes with BB Triple Bonds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:5356-5367. [PMID: 38269413 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02800c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Boron has been found to be able to form multiple bonds with lead. To probe Pb-B bonding, here we report an investigation of three Pb-doped boron clusters, PbB2-, PbB3O-, and PbB4O2-, which are produced by a laser ablation cluster source and characterized by photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. The most stable structures of PbB2-, PbB3O-, and PbB4O2- are found to follow the formula, [PbB2(BO)n]- (n = 0-2), with zero, one, and two boronyl ligands coordinated to a triangular and aromatic PbB2 core, respectively. The PbB2- cluster contains a BB double bond and two Pb-B single bonds. The coordination of BO is observed to weaken Pb-B bonding but strengthen the BB bond in [PbB2(BO)n]- (n = 1, 2). The anionic [PbB2(BO)2]- and its corresponding neutral closed-shell [PbB2(BO)2] contain a BB triple bond. A low-lying Y-shaped isomer is also observed for PbB4O2-, consisting of a central sp2 hybridized B atom bonded to two boronyl ligands and a PbB unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jia Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
| | - Xin-Yao Wu
- Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Teng-Teng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rui-Nan Yuan
- Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hai-Gang Lu
- Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Dao-Fu Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Si-Dian Li
- Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
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Li SX, Yang YJ, Chen DL. Structural Evolution and Electronic Properties of Two Sulfur Atom-Doped Boron Clusters. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:30757-30767. [PMID: 37636960 PMCID: PMC10448743 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical study of structural evolution, electronic properties, and photoelectron spectra of two sulfur atom-doped boron clusters S2Bn0/- (n = 2-13), which reveal that the global minima of the S2Bn0/- (n = 2-13) clusters show an evolution from a linear-chain structure to a planar or quasi-planar structure. Some S-doped boron clusters have the skeleton of corresponding pure boron clusters; however, the addition of two sulfur atoms modified and improved some of the pure boron cluster structures. Boron is electron-deficient and boron clusters do not form linear chains. Here, two sulfur atom doping can adjust the pure boron clusters to a linear-chain structure (S2B20/-, S2B30/-, and S2B4-), a quasi-linear-chain structure (S2B6-), single- and double-chain structures (S2B6 and S2B9-), and double-chain structures (S2B5, and S2B9). In particular, the smallest linear-chain boron clusters S2B20/- are shown with an S atom attached to each end of B2. The S2B2 cluster possesses the largest highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) gap of 5.57 eV and the S2B2- cluster possesses the largest average binding energy Eb of 5.63 eV, which shows the superior chemical stability and relative stability, respectively. Interestingly, two S-atom doping can adjust the quasi-planar pure boron clusters (B7-, B10-, and B120/-) to a perfect planar structure. AdNDP bonding analyses reveal that linear S2B3 and planar SeB11- have π aromaticity and σ antiaromaticity; however, S2B2, planar S2B6, and planar S2B7- clusters have π antiaromaticity and σ aromaticity. Furthermore, AdNDP bonding analyses reveal that planar S2B4, S2B10, and S2B12 clusters are doubly (π and σ) aromatic, whereas S2B5-, S2B8, S2B9-, and S2B13- clusters are doubly (π and σ) antiaromatic. The electron localization function (ELF) analysis shows that S2Bn0/- (n = 2-13) clusters have different electron delocalization characteristics, and the spin density analysis shows that the open-shell clusters have different characteristics of electron spin distribution. The calculated photoelectron spectra indicate that S2Bn- (n = 2-13) have different characteristic peaks that can be compared with future experimental values and provide a theoretical basis for the identification and confirmation of these doped boron clusters. Our work enriches the new database of geometrical structures of doped boron clusters, provides new examples of aromaticity for doped boron clusters, and is promising to offer new ideas for nanomaterials and nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Xiong Li
- School of Physics and Electronic
Science, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, China
| | - Yue-Ju Yang
- School of Physics and Electronic
Science, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, China
| | - De-Liang Chen
- School of Physics and Electronic
Science, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, China
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Structural Evolution and Electronic Properties of Selenium-Doped Boron Clusters SeB n0/- (n = 3-16). Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28010357. [PMID: 36615549 PMCID: PMC9824103 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A theoretical research of structural evolution, electronic properties, and photoelectron spectra of selenium-doped boron clusters SeBn0/- (n = 3-16) is performed using particle swarm optimization (CALYPSO) software in combination with density functional theory calculations. The lowest energy structures of SeBn0/- (n = 3-16) clusters tend to form quasi-planar or planar structures. Some selenium-doped boron clusters keep a skeleton of the corresponding pure boron clusters; however, the addition of a Se atom modified and improved some of the pure boron cluster structures. In particular, the Se atoms of SeB7-, SeB8-, SeB10-, and SeB12- are connected to the pure quasi-planar B7-, B8-, B10-, and B12- clusters, which leads to planar SeB7-, SeB8-, SeB10-, and SeB12-, respectively. Interestingly, the lowest energy structure of SeB9- is a three-dimensional mushroom-shaped structure, and the SeB9- cluster displays the largest HOMO-LUMO gap of 5.08 eV, which shows the superior chemical stability. Adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP) bonding analysis reveals that SeB8 is doubly aromatic, with 6 delocalized π electrons and 6 delocalized σ electrons, whereas SeB9- is doubly antiaromatic, with 4 delocalized π electrons and 12 delocalized σ electrons. Similarly, quasi-planar SeB12 is doubly aromatic, with 6 delocalized π electrons and 14 delocalized σ electrons. The electron localization function (ELF) analysis shows that SeBn0/- (n = 3-16) clusters have different local electron delocalization and whole electron delocalization effects. The simulated photoelectron spectra of SeBn- (n = 3-16) have different characteristic bands that can identify and confirm SeBn- (n = 3-16) combined with future experimental photoelectron spectra. Our research enriches the geometrical structures of small doped boron clusters and can offer insight for boron-based nanomaterials.
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6
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Yan L. Large B 7 Triangles in Hollow Spherical Trihedral Metallo-borospherenes and Their Endohedral Complexes of B 20TM n (TM = Sc, Y; n = 3, 4): a Theoretical Characterization. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10652-10660. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Yan
- College of Electronics & Information Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Wei W, Xu X, Sung HHY, Williams ID, Lin Z, Jia G. Dewar Metallabenzenes from Reactions of Metallacyclobutadienes with Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202886. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Herman H. Y. Sung
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Ian D. Williams
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Guochen Jia
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
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8
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Li SX, Yang YJ, Chen DL, Long ZW. Structures, and electronic and spectral properties of single-atom transition metal-doped boron clusters MB 24 - (M = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni). RSC Adv 2022; 12:16706-16716. [PMID: 35754907 PMCID: PMC9169616 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02500k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A theoretical study of geometrical structures, electronic properties, and spectral properties of single-atom transition metal-doped boron clusters MB24 - (M = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) is performed using the CALYPSO approach for the global minimum search, followed by density functional theory calculations. The global minima obtained for the MB24 - (M = Sc, Ti, V, and Cr) clusters correspond to cage structures, and the MB24 - (M = Mn, Fe, and Co) clusters have similar distorted four-ring tubes with six boron atoms each. Interestingly, the global minima obtained for the NiB24 - cluster tend to a quasi-planar structure. Charge population analyses and valence electron density analyses reveal that almost one electron on the transition-metal atoms transfers to the boron atoms. The electron localization function (ELF) of MB24 - (M = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) indicates that the local delocalization of MB24 - (M = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, and Ni) is weaker than that of MB24 - (M = Mn, Fe, and Co), and there is no obvious covalent bond between doped metal and B atoms. The spin density and spin population analyses reveal that open-shell MB24 - (M = Ti, Cr, Fe, and Ni) has different spin characteristics which are expected to lead to interesting magnetic properties and potential applications in molecular devices. The polarizability of MB24 - (M = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) shows that MB24 - (M = Mn, Fe, and Co) has larger first hyperpolarizability, indicating that MB24 - (M = Mn, Fe, and Co) has a strong nonlinear optical response. Hence, MB24 - (M = Mn, Fe, and Co) might be considered as a promising nonlinear optical boron-based nanomaterial. The calculated spectra indicate that MB24 - (M = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) has different and meaningful characteristic peaks that can be compared with future experimental values and provide a theoretical basis for the identification and confirmation of these single-atom transition metal-doped boron clusters. Our work enriches the database of geometrical structures of doped boron clusters and can provide an insight into new doped boron clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Xiong Li
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Guizhou Education University Guiyang 550018 Guizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Ju Yang
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Guizhou Education University Guiyang 550018 Guizhou People's Republic of China
| | - De-Liang Chen
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Guizhou Education University Guiyang 550018 Guizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Wen Long
- College of Physics, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 Guizhou People's Republic of China
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9
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Wei W, Xu X, Sung HHY, Williams ID, Lin Z, Jia G. Dewar Metallabenzenes from Reactions of Metallacyclobutadienes with Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Herman H. Y. Sung
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Ian D. Williams
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Guochen Jia
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong China
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Chen TT, Cheung LF, Wang LS. Probing the Nature of the Transition-Metal-Boron Bonds and Novel Aromaticity in Small Metal-Doped Boron Clusters Using Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2022; 73:233-253. [PMID: 35044792 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-082820-113041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Photoelectron spectroscopy combined with quantum chemistry has been a powerful approach to elucidate the structures and bonding of size-selected boron clusters (Bn-), revealing a prevalent planar world that laid the foundation for borophenes. Investigations of metal-doped boron clusters not only lead to novel structures but also provide important information about the metal-boron bonds that are critical to understanding the properties of boride materials. The current review focuses on recent advances in transition-metal-doped boron clusters, including the discoveries of metal-boron multiple bonds and metal-doped novel aromatic boron clusters. The study of the RhB- and RhB2O- clusters led to the discovery of the first quadruple bond between boron and a transition-metal atom, whereas a metal-boron triple bond was found in ReB2O- and IrB2O-. The ReB4- cluster was shown to be the first metallaborocycle with Möbius aromaticity, and the planar ReB6- cluster was found to exhibit aromaticity analogous to metallabenzenes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Teng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ling Fung Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; .,Hitachi Ltd., Research and Development Group, Center for Technology Innovation-Decarbonized Energy, Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA;
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11
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Barroso J, Pan S, Merino G. Structural transformations in boron clusters induced by metal doping. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:1098-1123. [PMID: 35029622 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00747e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, experimental techniques in conjunction with theoretical analyses have revealed the surprising structural diversity of boron clusters. Although the 2D to 3D transition thresholds are well-established, there is no certainty about the factors that determine the geometry adopted by these systems. The structural transformation induced by doping usually yields a minimum energy structure with a boron skeleton entirely different from that of the bare cluster. This review summarizes those clusters no larger than 40 boron atoms where one or two dopants show a radical transformation of the structure. Although the structures of these systems are not easy to predict, they often adopt familiar shapes such as umbrella-like, wheel, tubular, and cages in various cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Barroso
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex 97310, Mérida, Yuc., Mexico.
| | - Sudip Pan
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex 97310, Mérida, Yuc., Mexico.
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex 97310, Mérida, Yuc., Mexico.
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Ghorai S, Jemmis ED. From a Möbius-aromatic interlocked Mn 2B 10H 10 wheel to the metal-doped boranaphthalenes M 2@B 10H 8 and M 2B 5 2D-sheets (M = Mn and Fe): a molecules to materials continuum using DFT studies. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8968-8978. [PMID: 36091213 PMCID: PMC9365082 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02244c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of (1) Möbius aromatic interlocked boron wheel Mn2B10H10, (2) Hückel aromatic boron analogs of naphthalene (M2@B10H8; M = Mn and Fe), and (3) metal boride monolayers (FeB5 and Fe2B5), creating a molecules to materials continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Ghorai
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Eluvathingal D. Jemmis
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
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13
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Wang ZL, Chen TT, Chen WJ, Li WL, Zhao J, Jiang XL, Li J, Wang LS, Hu HS. The smallest 4f-metalla-aromatic molecule of cyclo-PrB 2− with Pr–B multiple bonds. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10082-10094. [PMID: 36128247 PMCID: PMC9430590 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02852b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of metalla-aromaticity proposed by Thorn–Hoffmann (Nouv. J. Chim. 1979, 3, 39) has been expanded to organometallic molecules of transition metals that have more than one independent electron-delocalized system. Lanthanides, with highly contracted 4f atomic orbitals, are rarely found in multiply aromatic systems. Here we report the discovery of a doubly aromatic triatomic lanthanide-boron molecule PrB2− based on a joint photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum chemical investigation. Global minimum structural searches reveal that PrB2− has a C2v triangular structure with a paramagnetic triplet 3B2 electronic ground state, which can be viewed as featuring a trivalent Pr(III,f2) and B24−. Chemical bonding analyses show that this cyclo-PrB2− species is the smallest 4f-metalla-aromatic system exhibiting σ and π double aromaticity and multiple Pr–B bonding characters. It also sheds light on the formation of the rare B24− tetraanion by the high-lying 5d orbitals of the 4f-elements, completing the isoelectronic B24−, C22−, N2, and O22+ series. We report the smallest 4f-metalla-aromatic molecule of PrB2− exhibiting σ and π double aromaticity and multiple Pr–B bond characters.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Ling Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Teng-Teng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence 02912, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Wei-Jia Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence 02912, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Wan-Lu Li
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xue-Lian Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence 02912, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Han-Shi Hu
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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14
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Yang YJ, Li SX, Chen DL, Long ZW. Structural and Electronic Properties of Single-Atom Transition Metal-Doped Boron Clusters MB 24 (M = Sc, V, and Mn). ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:30442-30450. [PMID: 34805674 PMCID: PMC8600523 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical study of geometrical structures, electronic properties, and spectral properties of single-atom transition metal-doped boron clusters MB24 (M = Sc, V, and Mn) is performed using the CALYPSO approach for the global minimum search, followed by density functional theory calculations. The global minima obtained for the VB24 and MnB24 clusters correspond to cage structures. Interestingly, the global minima obtained for the ScB24 cluster tend to a three-ring tubular structure. Population analyses and valence electron density analyses reveal that partial electrons on transition-metal atoms transfer to boron atoms. The localized orbital locator of MB24 (M = Sc, V, and Mn) indicates that the electron delocalization of ScB24 is stronger than that of VB24 and MnB24, and there is no obvious covalent bond between doped metals and B atoms. The spin density and spin population analyses reveal that MB24 (M = Sc, V, and Mn) have different spin characteristics which are expected to lead to interesting magnetic properties and potential applications in molecular devices. The calculated spectra indicate that MB24 (M = Sc, V, and Mn) has meaningful characteristic peaks that can be compared with future experimental values and provide a theoretical basis for the identification and confirmation of these single-atom transition metal-doped boron clusters. Our work enriches the database of geometrical structures of doped boron clusters and can provide an insight into new doped boron clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ju Yang
- School
of Physics and Electronic Science, Guizhou
Education University, Guiyang 550018, China
| | - Shi-Xiong Li
- School
of Physics and Electronic Science, Guizhou
Education University, Guiyang 550018, China
| | - De-Liang Chen
- School
of Physics and Electronic Science, Guizhou
Education University, Guiyang 550018, China
| | - Zheng-Wen Long
- College
of Physics, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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15
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Tang C, Zhao Y, Wu J, Chen Z, Liu LL, Tan YZ, Zhu J, Xia H. Releasing Antiaromaticity in Metal-Bridgehead Naphthalene. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15587-15592. [PMID: 34533932 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As a fundamental chemical property, aromaticity guides the synthesis of novel structures and materials. Replacing the carbon moieties of aromatic hydrocarbons with transition metal fragments is a promising strategy to synthesize intriguing organometallic counterparts with a similar aromaticity to their organic parents. However, since antiaromaticity will endow compound instability, it is a great challenge to obtain an antiaromatic organometallic counterpart based on such transition metal replacement in aromatic hydrocarbons. Here, we report an efficient aromaticity transformation on aromatic naphthalene through the bridgehead replacement of an osmium fragment, leading to the unprecedented synthesis of metal-bridgehead naphthalene featuring a highly twisted structure as confirmed by X-ray crystallography characterization. Such a twisted conformation works together with its phosphonium substituents to release the antiaromaticity in the planar conformation of the metal-bridgehead naphthalene. Our findings prove the bridgehead involvement of transition metals in unexpected aromaticity modifications and open an avenue for novel metal-bridgehead complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Tang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Haiping Xia
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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16
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Jiang Y, Wu Y, Deng J, Wang Z. Antiaromaticity-aromaticity transition of cyclo[16]carbon upon metal encapsulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:8817-8824. [PMID: 33876041 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06256a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to aromatic compounds with particular stability, antiaromatic compounds are usually less stable due to their high reactivity and unfavorable formation energies. Cyclo[16]carbon (C16) is a carbon ring molecule with a dual antiaromatic character. In this study, we demonstrate that C16 can be transformed into highly aromatic molecules upon metal encapsulation. The geometrical characteristics, electronic properties and thermodynamic stability of MC16 compounds (M = Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Ce, U) are fully investigated from a theoretical perspective. Based on natural population analysis, atom-in-molecules theory and localized molecular orbital analysis, the nature of the metal-carbon interaction in the MC16 compounds is investigated. It has been proved that the bonding between Ca and C16 corresponds to a typical ionic interaction, while other metal atoms form polar covalent bonds with C16. By analyzing the frontier molecular orbitals and magnetic response of MC16, we have found that all the encapsulated metal atoms donate two electrons to the in-plane π orbitals via either electron transfer or orbital hybridization, which makes the in-plane π orbitals completely satisfy the 4n + 2 (n = 4) Hückel aromaticity rule. The U atom formally transfers four electrons to the carbon ring in total, two to the in-plane π orbitals and two to the out-of-plane π orbitals, which results in the remarkable dual aromaticity feature of UC16. The transformation of aromaticity can be utilized to develop new strategies for the synthesis of novel carbon ring molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, 100872 Beijing, P. R. China.
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17
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Kulichenko M, Fedik N, Monfredini A, Muñoz-Castro A, Balestri D, Boldyrev AI, Maestri G. "Bottled" spiro-doubly aromatic trinuclear [Pd 2Ru] + complexes. Chem Sci 2020; 12:477-486. [PMID: 34163610 PMCID: PMC8178750 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04469e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Following an ongoing interest in the study of transition metal complexes with exotic bonding networks, we report herein the synthesis of a family of heterobimetallic triangular clusters involving Ru and Pd atoms. These are the first examples of trinuclear complexes combining these nuclei. Structural and bonding analyses revealed both analogies and unexpected differences for these [Pd2Ru]+ complexes compared to their parent [Pd3]+ peers. Noticeably, participation of the Ru atom in the π-aromaticity of the coordinated benzene ring makes the synthesized compound the second reported example of ‘bottled’ double aromaticity. This can also be referred to as spiroaromaticity due to the participation of Ru in two aromatic systems at a time. Moreover, the [Pd2Ru]+ kernel exhibits unprecedented orbital overlap of Ru dz2 AO and two Pd dxy or dx2−y2 AOs. The present findings reveal the possibility of synthesizing stable clusters with delocalized metal–metal bonding from the combination of non-adjacent elements of the periodic table which has not been reported previously. Synthesis of a triangular [Pd2Ru]+ complex with delocalized metal–metal bonding between non-adjacent elements of the periodic table, double aromaticity and overlap of d-AOs with different angular momentum.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Kulichenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - Nikita Fedik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - Anna Monfredini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autonoma de Chile El Llano Subercaseaux 2801 Santiago Chile
| | - Davide Balestri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Alexander I Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - Giovanni Maestri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
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18
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Chen J, Wei Q, Yang H, Cheng SB. On the structures, electronic properties, and superhalogen regulation of the MnB6− cluster: A density functional theory investigation. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Cheung LF, Kocheril GS, Czekner J, Wang LS. MnB6–: An Open-Shell Metallaboron Analog of 3d Metallabenzenes. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2820-2825. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Fung Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - G. Stephen Kocheril
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Joseph Czekner
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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20
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Cheung LF, Kocheril GS, Czekner J, Wang LS. Observation of Möbius Aromatic Planar Metallaborocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3356-3360. [PMID: 32039591 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Fung Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - G. Stephen Kocheril
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Joseph Czekner
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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