1
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Zhou J, Zhao Z, Kiyono T, Matsuno A, Escorihuela J, Shibata N. A silylboronate-mediated strategy for cross-coupling of alkyl fluorides with aryl alkanes: mechanistic insights and scope expansion. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc04357j. [PMID: 39364067 PMCID: PMC11446385 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04357j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The construction of C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds is pivotal in organic synthesis; however, traditional methods involving alkyl halides are often limited by substrate tolerance and bond dissociation energies, particularly with alkyl fluorides. Herein, we report a silylboronate-mediated cross-coupling strategy that circumvents these challenges, enabling the efficient formation of C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds between alkyl fluorides and aryl alkanes under mild conditions. Various alkyl fluorides have also been effectively utilized, demonstrating the versatility and broad applicability of this approach. The use of diglyme is critical for this transformation which encapsulates potassium cations and enhances the reaction efficiency. Conventional alkyl halides, including chlorides, bromides, and iodides, are also suitable for this transformation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted on the silylboronate-mediated coupling reactions for the first time. Interestingly, while experimental results suggest a radical mechanism, DFT calculations indicate a preference for an ionic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Zhengyu Zhao
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Tatsuki Kiyono
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Ayaka Matsuno
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat de València Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100 Valencia Spain
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
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2
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Yu P, Huang X, Wang D, Yi H, Song C, Li J. Electrochemical Decarboxylative Cross-Coupling with Nucleophiles. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402124. [PMID: 38937823 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Decarboxylative cross-coupling reactions are powerful tools for carbon-heteroatom bonds formation, but typically require pre-activated carboxylic acids as substrates or heteroelectrophiles as functional groups. Herein, we present an electrochemical decarboxylative cross-coupling of carboxylic acids with structurally diverse fluorine, alcohol, H2O, acid, and amine as nucleophiles. This strategy takes advantage of the ready availability of these building blocks from commercial libraries, as well as the mild and oxidant-free conditions provided by electrochemical system. This reaction demonstrates good functional-group tolerance and its utility in late-stage functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xuejin Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Dake Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Chunlan Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jiakun Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
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3
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Rücker T, Schupp N, Sprang F, Horsten T, Wittgens B, Waldvogel SR. Peroxodicarbonate - a renaissance of an electrochemically generated green oxidizer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7136-7147. [PMID: 38912960 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02501f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The direct anodic conversion of alkali carbonates in aqueous media provides access to peroxodicarbonate, which is a safe to use and green oxidizer. Although first reports date back around 150 years, its low concentrations and limited thermal stability have consigned this reagent to oblivion. Boron-doped diamond anodes, novel electrolyser concepts for heat dissipation, and the mixed cation trick allow record breaking peroxodicarbonate concentrations >900 mM. The electrochemical generation of peroxodicarbonate was already demonstrated on a pilot scale. The inherent safety is ensured by the limited stability of the peroxodicarbonate solution, which decomposes under ambient conditions to oxygen and facilitates subsequent downstream processing. This peroxide has, in particular at higher concentrations, an unusual reactivity and seems to be an ideal reagent when peroxo-equivalents in combination with alkaline base are required. The conversions with peroxodicarbonate include the Dakin reaction, epoxidation, oxidation of amines (aliphatic and aromatic) and sulfur compounds, deborolative hydroxylation reactions, and many more. Since the base equivalents also represent the makeup chemical for pulping plants, peroxodicarbonate is an ideal reagent for the selective degradation of lignin to vanillin. Moreover, peroxodicarbonate can be used as a halogen-free bleaching agent. The emerging electrogeneration and use of this green platform oxidizer are surveyed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Rücker
- Process Technology, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Niclas Schupp
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Fiona Sprang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Tomas Horsten
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | | | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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4
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Zhang Z, Lv Y, Ji L, Chen P, Han S, Zhu Y, Li L, Jia Z, Loh TP. Triaryl Carbenium Ion Pair Mediated Electrocatalytic Benzylic C-H Oxygenation in Air. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406588. [PMID: 38664822 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The selective oxidation of benzylic C-H bonds is a pivotal transformation in organic synthesis. Undoubtedly, achieving efficient and highly selective aerobic oxidation of methylarenes to benzaldehydes has been highly challenging due to the propensity of benzaldehyde to undergo overoxidation under typical aerobic conditions. Herein, we propose an innovative approach to address this issue by leveraging electrocatalytic processes, facilitated by ion-pair mediators [Ph3C]+[B(C6F5)4]-. By harnessing the power of electrochemistry, we successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of our strategy, which enables the selective oxidation of benzylic C-H bonds in benzylic molecules and toluene derivatives. Notably, our approach exhibited high efficiency, excellent selectivity, and compatibility with various functional groups, underscoring the broad applicability of our methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Zhang
- Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhongyuan District, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Nanyang, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yongheng Lv
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Liang Ji
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhongyuan District, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shuyan Han
- Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhongyuan District, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yufei Zhu
- Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhongyuan District, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Lanyang Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhenhua Jia
- Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhongyuan District, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Nanyang, 637371, Singapore
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhongyuan District, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Nanyang, 637371, Singapore
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
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5
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Shinde RD, Paraskar AR, Kumar J, Ghosh E, Paine TK, Bhadra S. Cobalt Catalyzed α-Hydroxylation of Arylacetic Acid Equivalents with Dioxygen. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9666-9671. [PMID: 38877990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
A cobalt catalyst, under oxidative conditions, facilitates the single electron transfer process in N-pyridyl arylacetamides to form α-carbon-centered radicals that readily react with molecular oxygen, giving access to mandelic acid derivatives. In contrast to the known benzylic hydroxylation approaches, this approach enables chemo- and regioselective hydroxylation at a benzylic position adjacent to (N-pyridyl)amides. Mild conditions, broad scope, excellent selectivity, and wide synthetic practicality set up the merit of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Dasharath Shinde
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Anil Rajendra Paraskar
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Jogendra Kumar
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Eliza Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Tapan Kanti Paine
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sukalyan Bhadra
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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6
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Kaur M, Cooper JC, Van Humbeck JF. Site-selective benzylic C-H hydroxylation in electron-deficient azaheterocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4888-4894. [PMID: 38819259 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00268g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Benzylic C-H bonds can be converted into numerous functional groups, often by mechanisms that involve hydrogen atom transfer as the key bond breaking step. The abstracting species is most often an electrophilic radical, which makes these reactions best suited to electron-rich C-H bonds to achieve appropriate polarity matching. Thus, electron deficient systems such as pyridine and pyrimidine are relatively unreactive, and therefore underrepresented in substrate scopes. In this report, we describe a new method for heterobenzylic hydroxylation-essentially an unknown reaction in the case of pyrimidines-that makes use of an iodine(III) reagent to afford very high selectivity towards electron-deficient azaheterocycles in substrates with more than one reactive position and prevents over-oxidation to carbonyl products. The identification of key reaction byproducts supports a mechanism that involves radical coupling in the bond forming step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milanpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Julian C Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jeffrey F Van Humbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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7
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Munda M, Chatterjee D, Majhi M, Biswas S, Pal D, Bisai A. Total synthesis of naturally occurring abietane diterpenoids via a late-stage Fe(iii)- bTAML catalysed Csp 3-H functionalization. RSC Adv 2024; 14:20420-20424. [PMID: 38932981 PMCID: PMC11200212 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03791j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of diverse trans-fused decalins, including the abietane diterpenoids scaffold, using an efficient selective oxidation strategy is described. The abietane core was demonstrated to be a versatile scaffold that can be site-selectively functionalized. The utility of this novel oxidation strategy was showcased in a concise total synthesis of six abietane congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mintu Munda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhauri Bhopal-462 066 Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Debasmita Chatterjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur Nadia-741 246 West Bengal India
| | - Moumita Majhi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur Nadia-741 246 West Bengal India
| | - Souvik Biswas
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur Nadia-741 246 West Bengal India
| | - Debopam Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur Nadia-741 246 West Bengal India
| | - Alakesh Bisai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhauri Bhopal-462 066 Madhya Pradesh India
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur Nadia-741 246 West Bengal India
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8
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Thiruvengetam P, Sunani P, Kumar Chand D. A Metallomicellar Catalyst for Controlled Oxidation of Alcohols and Lignin Mimics in Water using Open Air as Oxidant. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301754. [PMID: 38224525 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol groups and β-O-4 (C-C) linkages are widespread in biomass feedstock that are abundant renewable resource for value-added chemicals. The development of sustainable protocols for direct oxidation or oxidative cleavage of feedstock materials in a controlled fashion, using open air as an oxidant is an intellectually stimulating task to produce industrially important value-added carbonyls. Further, the oxidative depolymerization of lignin into fine chemicals has evoked interest in recent times. Herein, we report the first example of a catalyst system that could activate molecular oxygen from atmospheric air for controlled oxidation and oxidative cleavage/depolymerization of feedstock materials such as alcohols, β-O-4 (C-C) linkages and real lignin in water under open air conditions. The selectivity of carbonyl products is controlled by altering the pH between ~7.0 and ~12.0. The current strategy highlights the non-involvement of any external co-catalyst, oxidant, radical additives, and/or destructive organic solvents. The catalyst shows a wide substrate scope and eminent functional group tolerance. The upscaled multigram synthesis using an inexpensive catalyst and easily available oxidant evidences the practical utility of the developed protocol. A plausible mechanism has been proposed with the help of a few controlled experiments, and kinetic and computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabaharan Thiruvengetam
- IoE Centre of Molecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Pragyansmruti Sunani
- IoE Centre of Molecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Dillip Kumar Chand
- IoE Centre of Molecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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9
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Sadeghi M. The untold story of starch as a catalyst for organic reactions. RSC Adv 2024; 14:12676-12702. [PMID: 38645516 PMCID: PMC11027044 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00775a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Starch is one of the members of the polysaccharide family. This biopolymer has shown many potential applications in different fields such as catalytic reactions, water treatment, packaging, and food industries. In recent years, using starch as a catalyst has attracted much attention. From a catalytic point of view, starch can be used in organic chemistry reactions as a catalyst or catalyst support. Reports show that as a catalyst, simple starch can promote many heterocyclic compound reactions. On the other hand, functionalized starch is not only capable of advancing the synthesis of heterocycles but also is a good candidate catalyst for other reactions including oxidation and coupling reactions. This review tries to provide a fair survey of published organic reactions which include using starch as a catalyst or a part of the main catalyst. Therefore, the other types of starch applications are not the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Sadeghi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan P.O. Box: 87317-51167 Kashan Iran
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10
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Mondal A, Pal D, Phukan HJ, Roy M, Kumar S, Purkayastha S, Guha AK, Srimani D. Manganese Complex Catalyzed Sequential Multi-component Reaction: Enroute to a Quinoline-Derived Azafluorenes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301138. [PMID: 38096176 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The development of innovative synthetic strategies for constructing complex molecular structures is the heart of organic chemistry. This significance of novel reactions or reaction sequences would further enhance if they permitted the synthesis of new classes of structural motifs, which have not been previously created. The research on the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds is one of the most active topics in organic chemistry due to the widespread application of N-heterocycles in life and material science. The development of a new catalytic process that employs first-row transition metals to produce a range of heterocycles from renewable raw materials is considered highly sustainable approach. This would be more advantageous if done in an eco-friendly and atom-efficient manner. Herein we introduce, the synthesis of various new quinoline based azafluorenes via sequential dehydrogenative multicomponent reaction (MCR) followed by C(sp3)-H hydroxylation and annulation. Our newly developed, Mn-complexes have the ability to direct the reaction in order to achieve a high amount of desired functionalized heterocycles while minimizing the possibility of multiple side reactions. We also performed a series of control experiments, hydride trapping experiments, reaction kinetics, catalytic intermediate and DFT studies to comprehend the detailed reaction route and the catalyst's function in the MCR sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Debjyoti Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Hirak Jyoti Phukan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Mithu Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam, 781039, India
| | | | - Ankur Kanti Guha
- Advanced Computational Chemistry Centre, Cotton University, Guwahati, 781001, India
| | - Dipankar Srimani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam, 781039, India
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11
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Chai Z. Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Strategies for C(sp 3 )-H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316444. [PMID: 38225893 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Activation of ubiquitous C(sp3 )-H bonds is extremely attractive but remains a great challenge. Heterogeneous photocatalysis offers a promising and sustainable approach for C(sp3 )-H activation and has been fast developing in the past decade. This Minireview focuses on mechanism and strategies for heterogeneous photocatalytic C(sp3 )-H activation. After introducing mechanistic insights, heterogeneous photocatalytic strategies for C(sp3 )-H activation including precise design of active sites, regulation of reactive radical species, improving charge separation and reactor innovations are discussed. In addition, recent advances in C(sp3 )-H activation of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, amines and amides by heterogeneous photocatalysis are summarized. Lastly, challenges and opportunities are outlined to encourage more efforts for the development of this exciting and promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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12
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Khamaru K, Pal U, Shee S, Lo R, Seal K, Ghosh P, Maiti NC, Banerji B. Metal-Free Activation of Molecular Oxygen by Quaternary Ammonium-Based Ionic Liquid: A Detail Mechanistic Study. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6912-6925. [PMID: 38421821 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Most oxidation processes in common organic synthesis and chemical biology require transition metal catalysts or metalloenzymes. Herein, we report a detailed mechanistic study of a metal-free oxygen (O2) activation protocol on benzylamine/alcohols using simple quaternary alkylammonium-based ionic liquids to produce products such as amide, aldehyde, imine, and in some cases, even aromatized products. NMR and various control experiments established the product formation and reaction mechanism, which involved the conversion of molecular oxygen into a hydroperoxyl radical via a proton-coupled electron transfer process. Detection of hydrogen peroxide in the reaction medium using colorimetric analysis supported the proposed mechanism of oxygen activation. Furthermore, first-principles calculations using density functional theory (DFT) revealed that reaction coordinates and transition state spin densities have a unique spin conversion of triplet oxygen leading to formation of singlet products via a minimum energy crossing point. In addition to DFT, domain-based local pair natural orbital coupled cluster, (DLPNO-CCSD(T)), and complete active space self-consistent field, CASSCF(20,14) methods complemented the above findings. Partial density of states analysis showed stabilization of π* orbital of oxygen in the presence of ionic liquid, making it susceptible to hydrogen abstraction in a mild, metal-free condition. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopic (ICP-AES) analysis of reactant and ionic liquids clearly showed the absence of any significant transition metal contamination. The current results described the origin of O2 activation within the context of molecular orbital (MO) theory and opened up a new avenue for the use of ionic liquids as inexpensive, multifunctional and high-performance alternative to metal-based catalysts for O2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uttam Pal
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Subhankar Shee
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Rabindranath Lo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kaushik Seal
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Prasanta Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Ramakrishna Mission Residential College (Autonomous), Narendrapur, Kolkata 700103, India
| | - Nakul Chandra Maiti
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Biswadip Banerji
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kolkata 700032, India
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13
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Kohlpaintner PJ, Schupp N, Ehlenz N, Marquart L, Gooßen LJ, Waldvogel SR. Synthesis of Aromatic N-Oxides Using Electrochemically Generated Peroxodicarbonate. Org Lett 2024; 26:1607-1611. [PMID: 38364789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemically generated green platform oxidizers like peroxodicarbonate (PODIC) constitute a game-changing technology in terms of sustainable chemistry while serving as an alternative counterreaction in the electrochemical hydrogen evolution. Peroxodicarbonate avoids the storage and shipping of concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution. We herein disclose an efficient method for the N-oxidation of quinolines, pyridines, and complex tertiary amines. The use of phenoyloxy succinimide (POSI) is the decisive factor for obtaining N-oxides (28 examples) in isolated yields of up to 98%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp J Kohlpaintner
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Niclas Schupp
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Niklas Ehlenz
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lucas Marquart
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lukas J Gooßen
- Ruhr University Bochum, Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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14
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Huo T, Zhao X, Cheng Z, Wei J, Zhu M, Dou X, Jiao N. Late-stage modification of bioactive compounds: Improving druggability through efficient molecular editing. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1030-1076. [PMID: 38487004 PMCID: PMC10935128 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthetic chemistry plays an indispensable role in drug discovery, contributing to hit compounds identification, lead compounds optimization, candidate drugs preparation, and so on. As Nobel Prize laureate James Black emphasized, "the most fruitful basis for the discovery of a new drug is to start with an old drug"1. Late-stage modification or functionalization of drugs, natural products and bioactive compounds have garnered significant interest due to its ability to introduce diverse elements into bioactive compounds promptly. Such modifications alter the chemical space and physiochemical properties of these compounds, ultimately influencing their potency and druggability. To enrich a toolbox of chemical modification methods for drug discovery, this review focuses on the incorporation of halogen, oxygen, and nitrogen-the ubiquitous elements in pharmacophore components of the marketed drugs-through late-stage modification in recent two decades, and discusses the state and challenges faced in these fields. We also emphasize that increasing cooperation between chemists and pharmacists may be conducive to the rapid discovery of new activities of the functionalized molecules. Ultimately, we hope this review would serve as a valuable resource, facilitating the application of late-stage modification in the construction of novel molecules and inspiring innovative concepts for designing and building new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zengrui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jialiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Minghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaodong Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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15
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Tan Z, Chen T, Zhu J, Luo W, Yu D, Guo W. Visible Light Mediated Chemoselective Hydroxylation of Benzylic Methylenes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2656-2664. [PMID: 38324782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
We have developed a metal-free photocatalytic selective hydroxylation of benzylic methylenes to secondary alcohols. This approach utilizes low-cost eosin Y as photocatalyst, O2 as green oxidant, and inexpensive triethylamine as inhibitor for overoxidation. The mild reaction conditions enable the production of secondary alcohols with 56-95% yields, making it a promising and environmental-friendly method for the synthesis of secondary alcohols from benzylic methylenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jinbin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Wenjun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Daohong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
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16
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Babu US, Kotipalli R, Nanubolu JB, Reddy MS. Pd-Catalyzed Vicinal Intermolecular Annulations of Iodoarenes, Indoles, and Carbazoles with Enynes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302788. [PMID: 37929623 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Reaching the formidable C-H corners has been one of the top priorities of organic chemists in the recent past. This prompted us to disclose herein a vicinal annulation of 2-iodo benzoates, indoles, and carbazoles with N-embedded 1,6-enynes through 7-/8-membered palladacycles. The relay does not require the assistance of any directing group, leading to multicyclic scaffolds, which are readily diversified to an array of adducts (with new functional tethers and/or three contiguous stereocenters), in which we showcase a rare benzylic mono-oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undamatla Suri Babu
- Department of Oraganic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ramesh Kotipalli
- Department of Oraganic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Jagadeesh Babu Nanubolu
- Department of Oraganic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
- Jagadeesh Babu Nanubolu, Analytical Department, CSIR-IICT, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Maddi Sridhar Reddy
- Department of Oraganic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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17
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Bo C, Li M, Chen F, Liu J, Dai B, Liu N. Visible-Light-Initiated Air-Oxygenation of Alkylarenes to Carbonyls Mediated by Carbon Tetrabromide in Water. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301015. [PMID: 37661194 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Synthesizing benzyl skeleton derivatives via direct oxidation of functionalized benzylic C-H bonds has received extensive research attention. Herein, a method was developed to prepare carbonyl compounds via photoinduced aerobic oxidation of ubiquitous benzylic C-H bonds mediated by bromine radicals and tribromomethane radicals. This method employed commercially available CBr4 as a hydrogen atom transfer reagent precursor, air as an oxidant, water as a reaction solvent, and tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAPC) as an additive under mild conditions. A series of substrates bearing different functional groups was converted to aromatic carbonyls in moderate to good yields. Moreover, a low environmental factor (E-factor value=0.45) showed that the proposed method is ecofriendly and environmentally sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Bo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Fei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Jichang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Bin Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Ning Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
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18
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Chen SJ, Krska SW, Stahl SS. Copper-Catalyzed Benzylic C-H Cross-Coupling Enabled by Redox Buffers: Expanding Synthetic Access to Three-Dimensional Chemical Space. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3604-3615. [PMID: 38051914 PMCID: PMC10902864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusCross-coupling methods are the most widely used synthetic methods in medicinal chemistry. Existing reactions are dominated by methods such as amide coupling and arylation reactions that form bonds to sp2-hybridized carbon atoms and contribute to the formation of "flat" molecules. Evidence that three-dimensional structures often have improved physicochemical properties for pharmaceutical applications has contributed to growing demand for cross-coupling methods with sp3-hybridized reaction partners. Substituents attached to sp3 carbon atoms are intrinsically displayed in three dimensions. These considerations have led to efforts to establish reactions with sp3 cross-coupling partners, including alkyl halides, amines, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. As C(sp3)-H bonds are much more abundant that these more conventional coupling partners, we have been pursuing C(sp3)-H cross-coupling reactions that achieve site-selectivity, synthetic utility, and scope competitive with conventional coupling reactions.In this Account, we outline Cu-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling reactions of benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds with diverse nucleophilic partners. These reactions commonly use N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) as the oxidant. The scope of reactivity is greatly improved by using a "redox buffer" that ensures that the Cu catalyst is available in the proper redox state to promote the reaction. Early precedents of catalytic Cu/NFSI oxidative coupling reactions, including C-H cyanation and arylation, did not require a redox buffer, but reactions with other nucleophiles, such as alcohols and azoles, were much less effective under similar conditions. Mechanistic studies show that some nucleophiles, such as cyanide and arylboronic acids, promote in situ reduction of CuII to CuI, contributing to successful catalytic turnover. Poor reactivity was observed with nucleophiles, such as alcohols, that do not promote CuII reduction in the same manner. This insight led to the identification of sacrificial reductants, termed "redox buffers", that support controlled generation of CuI during the reactions and enable successful benzylic C(sp3)-H cross-coupling with diverse nucleophiles. Successful reactions include those that feature direct coupling of (hetero)benzylic C-H substrates with coupling partners (alcohols, azoles) and sequential C(sp3)-H functionalization/coupling reactions. The latter methods feature generation of a synthetic linchpin that can undergo subsequent reaction with a broad array of nucleophiles. For example, halogenation/substitution cascades afford benzylic amines, (thio)ethers, and heterodiarylmethane derivatives, and an isocyanation/amine-addition sequence generates diverse benzylic ureas.Collectively, these Cu-catalyzed (hetero)benzylic C(sp3)-H cross-coupling reactions rapidly access diverse molecules. Analysis of their physicochemical and topological properties highlights the "drug-likeness" and enhanced three-dimensionality of these products relative to existing bioactive molecules. This consideration, together with the high benzylic C-H site-selectivity and the broad scope of reactivity enabled by the redox buffering strategy, makes these C(sp3)-H cross-coupling methods ideally suited for implementation in high-throughput experimentation platforms to explore novel chemical space for drug discovery and related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 213 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California, 94030, United States
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Ave., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
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19
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Hao Q, Li Z, Shi Y, Li R, Li Y, Wang L, Yuan H, Ouyang S, Zhang T. Plasmon-Induced Radical-Radical Heterocoupling Boosts Photodriven Oxidative Esterification of Benzyl Alcohol over Nitrogen-Doped Carbon-Encapsulated Cobalt Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312808. [PMID: 37684740 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Selective oxidation of alcohols under mild conditions remains a long-standing challenge in the bulk and fine chemical industry, which usually requires environmentally unfriendly oxidants and bases that are difficult to separate. Here, a plasmonic catalyst of nitrogen-doped carbon-encapsulated metallic Co nanoparticles (Co@NC) with an excellent catalytic activity towards selective oxidation of alcohols is demonstrated. With light as only energy input, the plasmonic Co@NC catalyst effectively operates via combining action of the localized surface-plasmon resonance (LSPR) and the photothermal effects to achieve a factor of 7.8 times improvement compared with the activity of thermocatalysis. A high turnover frequency (TOF) of 15.6 h-1 is obtained under base-free conditions, which surpasses all the reported catalytic performances of thermocatalytic analogues in the literature. Detailed characterization reveals that the d states of metallic Co gain the absorbed light energy, so the excitation of interband d-to-s transitions generates energetic electrons. LSPR-mediated charge injection to the Co@NC surface activates molecular oxygen and alcohol molecules adsorbed on its surface to generate the corresponding radical species (e.g., ⋅O2 - , CH3 O⋅ and R-⋅CH-OH). The formation of multi-type radical species creates a direct and forward pathway of oxidative esterification of benzyl alcohol to speed up the production of esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanguo Hao
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yiqiu Shi
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Ruizhe Li
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Liang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Shuxin Ouyang
- Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Tierui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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20
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Chen TS, Long H, Gao Y, Xu HC. Continuous Flow Electrochemistry Enables Practical and Site-Selective C-H Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310138. [PMID: 37590086 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The selective oxygenation of ubiquitous C(sp3 )-H bonds remains a highly sought-after method in both academia and the chemical industry for constructing functionalized organic molecules. However, it is extremely challenging to selectively oxidize a certain C(sp3 )-H bond to afford alcohols due to the presence of multiple C(sp3 )-H bonds with similar strength and steric environment in organic molecules, and the alcohol products being prone to further oxidation. Herein, we present a practical and cost-efficient electrochemical method for the highly selective monooxygenation of benzylic C(sp3 )-H bonds using continuous flow reactors. The electrochemical reactions produce trifluoroacetate esters that are resistant to further oxidation but undergo facile hydrolysis during aqueous workup to form benzylic alcohols. The method exhibits a broad scope and exceptional site selectivity and requires no catalysts or chemical oxidants. Furthermore, the electrochemical method demonstrates excellent scalability by producing 115 g of one of the alcohol products. The high site selectivity of the electrochemical method originates from its unique mechanism to cleave benzylic C(sp3 )-H bonds through sequential electron/proton transfer, rather than the commonly employed hydrogen atom transfer (HAT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Sheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yuxing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Discipline of Intelligent Instrument and Equipment, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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21
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Sheng W, Huang X, Cai J, Zheng Y, Wen Y, Song C, Li J. Electrochemical Oxidation Enables Regioselective 1,3-Hydroxyfunctionalization of Cyclopropanes. Org Lett 2023; 25:6178-6183. [PMID: 37584476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The direct construction of 1,3-hydroxyfunctionalized molecules is still a significant challenge, as they can currently be obtained through multiple synthetic steps. Herein, we report a general and efficient 1,3-hydroxyfunctionalization of arylcyclopropanes by electrochemical oxidation with a strategic choice of nucleophiles and H2O. 1,3-Amino alcohols, 1,3-alkynyl alcohols, 1,3-hydroxyesters, and 1,3-halo alcohols are achieved with high levels of chemo- and regio-selectivity, opening a new dimension for 1,3-difunctionalization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xuejin Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jianhua Cai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Ye Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yuxi Wen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Chunlan Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jiakun Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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22
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Wang Y, Shen S, He C, Zhou Y, Zhang K, Rao B, Han T, Su Y, Duan XH, Liu L. Cu(ii)-mediated direct intramolecular cyclopropanation of distal olefinic acetate: access to cyclopropane-fused γ-lactones. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6663-6668. [PMID: 37350833 PMCID: PMC10284120 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01752d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclopropane-fused ring scaffolds represent one of the most appealing structural motifs in organic chemistry due to their wide presence in bioactive molecules and versatility in organic synthesis. These skeletons are typically prepared from olefinic diazo compounds via transition-metal catalysed intramolecular carbenoid insertion, which suffers from prefunctionalization of starting materials and limited substrate scope. Herein, we disclose a practical copper-mediated direct intramolecular cyclopropanation of distal olefinic acetate to synthesize cyclopropane-fused γ-lactones and lactams. This cascade reaction is postulated to proceed through a hydrogen atom transfer event induced radical cyclization and copper-mediated cyclopropanation sequence. The protocol features high atom- and step-economy, excellent diastereoselectivity, broad tolerance of functional groups, and operational simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wang
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Shenyu Shen
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Chonglong He
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Youkang Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Keyuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Bin Rao
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Tian Han
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Yaqiong Su
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Xin-Hua Duan
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Le Liu
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
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23
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Golden DL, Zhang C, Chen SJ, Vasilopoulos A, Guzei IA, Stahl SS. Benzylic C-H Esterification with Limiting C-H Substrate Enabled by Photochemical Redox Buffering of the Cu Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9434-9440. [PMID: 37084265 PMCID: PMC10510071 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Copper-catalyzed radical-relay reactions provide a versatile strategy for selective C-H functionalization; however, reactions with peroxide-based oxidants often require excess C-H substrate. Here, we report a photochemical strategy to overcome this limitation by using a Cu/2,2'-biquinoline catalyst that supports benzylic C-H esterification with limiting C-H substrate. Mechanistic studies indicate that blue-light irradiation promotes carboxylate-to-copper charge transfer, reducing resting-state CuII to CuI, which activates the peroxide to generate an alkoxyl radical hydrogen-atom-transfer species. This "photochemical redox buffering" introduces a unique strategy to sustain the activity of Cu catalysts in radical-relay reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung L. Golden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Present Address: Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Si-Jie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Present Address: Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Aristidis Vasilopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Present Address: AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ilia A. Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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24
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Zhou J, Zhao Z, Jiang B, Yamamoto K, Sumii Y, Shibata N. Synthesis of triarylmethanes by silyl radical-mediated cross-coupling of aryl fluorides and arylmethanes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4248-4256. [PMID: 37123196 PMCID: PMC10132141 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00154g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the cross-couplings of aryl halides with diarylmethanes are mostly achieved by transition-metal catalysis, aryl fluorides are rarely used as coupling partners owing to the high inertness of C-F bonds. Herein, we describe the efficient silylboronate-mediated cross-coupling reaction of aryl fluorides with arylalkanes under transition-metal-free, room-temperature conditions. The combination of silylboronate and KO t Bu is critical for driving a radical process via the cleavage of C-F and C-H bonds in two appropriate coupling precursors, resulting in a cross-coupling product. This practical cross-coupling protocol is applicable to a wide variety of aryl fluorides with a C(sp2)-F bond. This method can be extended to other coupling partners with a C(sp3)-H bond, including diarylmethanes, diarylethanes, and monoarylalkanes. Many di- and triarylalkanes with tertiary or quaternary carbon centers can be obtained easily in moderate to high yields. We believe that the developed silylboronate-mediated cross-coupling method is a valuable contribution to C-F and C-H activation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Zhengyu Zhao
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Bingyao Jiang
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Yuji Sumii
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
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25
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Bo C, Chen F, Bu Q, Du ZH, Li M, Dai B, Liu N. Visible-Light-Driven Organocatalytic Alkoxylation of Benzylic C-H Bonds. J Org Chem 2023; 88:3532-3538. [PMID: 36881000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
A variety of strategies for direct alkoxylation of the benzyl C-H bond have been developed toward the construction of benzyl ethers. The light-induced benzyl C-H bond alkoxylation provides an alternative strategy for the synthesis of these important intermediates. The photocatalyzed alkoxylation of the benzyl C-H bond has dominated by metal-catalyzed methods. Herein, we reported a light-driven organocatalytic approach for alkoxylation of the benzyl C-H bond by the use of 9,10-dibromoanthracene as a photocatalyst and employing N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide as an oxidant. This reaction proceeds at room temperature and is capable of converting a variety of alkyl biphenyl and coupling partners, including a variety of alcohol and carboxylic acid, as well as peroxide, to the desired products under 400 nm light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Bo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Fei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Qingqing Bu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Bin Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Ning Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
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26
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Ding Y, Wu J, Huang H. Carbonylative Formal Cycloaddition between Alkylarenes and Aldimines Enabled by Palladium-Catalyzed Double C-H Bond Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4982-4988. [PMID: 36821463 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Double C-H bond activation can enable an expeditious reaction pathway to cyclic compounds, offering an efficient tool to synthesize valuable molecules. However, cyclization reaction enabled by double C-H bond activation at one carbon atom is nearly unknown. Herein, we report a carbonylative formal cycloaddition of alkylarenes with imines via double benzylic C-H bond activation at one carbon atom, allowing a straightforward synthesis of β-lactams from readily accessible alkylarenes and imines, which paves the way for developing an annulation reaction through double C-H bond activation at one carbon atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzheng Ding
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jianing Wu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hanmin Huang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
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27
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Paolillo JM, Duke AD, Gogarnoiu ES, Wise DE, Parasram M. Anaerobic Hydroxylation of C(sp 3)-H Bonds Enabled by the Synergistic Nature of Photoexcited Nitroarenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2794-2799. [PMID: 36696364 PMCID: PMC10032565 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A photoexcited-nitroarene-mediated anaerobic C-H hydroxylation of aliphatic systems is reported. The success of this reaction is due to the bifunctional nature of the photoexcited nitroarene, which serves as the C-H bond activator and the oxygen atom source. Compared to previous methods, this approach is cost- and atom-economical due to the commercial availability of the nitroarene, the sole mediator of the reaction. Because of the anaerobic conditions of the transformation, a noteworthy expansion in substrate scope can be obtained compared to prior reports. Mechanistic studies support that the photoexcited nitroarenes engage in successive hydrogen atom transfer and radical recombination events with hydrocarbons, leading to N-arylhydroxylamine ether intermediates. Spontaneous fragmentation of these intermediates leads to the key oxygen atom transfer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Paolillo
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Alana D Duke
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Emma S Gogarnoiu
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Dan E Wise
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Marvin Parasram
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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28
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McCourt RO, Studer A. Bis(arylsulfonyl) Peroxide-Mediated Difunctionalization of Cyclic Enol Ethers. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1860-1864. [PMID: 36695532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A bis(arylsulfonyl) peroxide-mediated 1,2-difunctionalization of cyclic enol ethers is reported. Bis(nosyl) peroxide selectively sulfonylates the 3-position of enol ethers, generating an oxocarbenium ion that is trapped by a carboxylic acid nucleophile at the 2-position. The reaction proceeds in a good yield and tolerates a variety of cyclic enol ethers, including glycals as well as various carboxylic acids, which act as the oxocarbeium ion trapping reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruairí O McCourt
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
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29
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Pan L, Lee KM, Chan YY, Ke Z, Yeung YY. Applications of the DIB-BBr 3 Protocol in Bromination Reactions. Org Lett 2023; 25:53-57. [PMID: 36594727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-symmetrical bromoiodanes are useful for bromination reactions, and some protocols were found to be suitable for specific substrates. Herein, we report the use of a DIB/BBr3 protocol for various bromination reactions, including electrophilic bromination of arenes, carbonyl C-H monobromination, bromolactonization, bromocarbocyclization, intermolecular bromoetherification of olefin, and light-triggered C(sp3)-H bromination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangkun Pan
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Ka-Mei Lee
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Yung-Yin Chan
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihai Ke
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Yeung Yeung
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
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30
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Yu Q, Zhou D, Liu Y, Huang X, Song C, Ma J, Li J. Synthesis of Benzylic Alcohols by Decarboxylative Hydroxylation. Org Lett 2023; 25:47-52. [PMID: 36563335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate an efficient method for the decarboxylative hydroxylation of carboxylic acids with silver(I) as the catalyst and cerium ammonium nitrate as the oxidant and its utility in chemoselective late-stage functionalization of natural products and drug molecules. The chemoselectivity of this protocol arises from a benzylic nitrate intermediate that retards further oxidation and is hydrolyzed to the final benzylic alcohol product. Mechanistic investigation reveals that the facile oxidation of silver carboxylate affords silver(II) species as an intermediate oxidant responsible for decarboxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Donglin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yaoyue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xuejin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Chunlan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Junjun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jiakun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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31
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Wang XW, Li RX, Deng Y, Fu MQH, Zhao YN, Guan Z, He YH. Direct Hydroxylarylation of Benzylic Carbons (sp 3/sp 2/sp) via Radical-Radical Cross-Coupling Powered by Paired Electrolysis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:329-340. [PMID: 36563045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diaryl alcohol moieties are widespread in pharmaceuticals. Existing methods for the synthesis of diaryl alcohols require the use of pre-functionalized benzylic alcohols, aromatic aldehydes, or ketones as starting materials. Herein, the first convergent paired electrochemical approach to the direct hydroxylarylation of unactivated benzylic carbons (sp3/sp2/sp) is proposed. This protocol features direct functionalization of unactivated benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds and benzylic sp2/sp-carbons, mild conditions (open air, room temperature), an environmentally friendly procedure (without any external catalyst/mediator/additive), and direct access to sterically hindered alcohols from inexpensive and readily available alkyl/alkenyl/alkynylbenzenes. Mechanistic studies, including divided-cell experiments, isotope labeling, radical trapping, electron paramagnetic resonance, reaction kinetics, and cyclic voltammetry, strongly support the proposed radical-radical cross-coupling between transient ketyl radicals and persistent radical anions. Gram-scale synthesis and diversification of drug derivatives have visualized the tremendous potential of this protocol for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Rui-Xue Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ming-Qiu-Hao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhao
- Analytical and Testing Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yan-Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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32
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Sequential Iron-Catalyzed C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Cross-Coupling of Chlorobenzamides/Chemoselective Amide Reduction and Reductive Deuteration to Benzylic Alcohols. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010223. [PMID: 36615417 PMCID: PMC9821805 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Benzylic alcohols are among the most important intermediates in organic synthesis. Recently, the use of abundant metals has attracted significant attention due to the issues with the scarcity of platinum group metals. Herein, we report a sequential method for the synthesis of benzylic alcohols by a merger of iron catalyzed cross-coupling and highly chemoselective reduction of benzamides promoted by sodium dispersion in the presence of alcoholic donors. The method has been further extended to the synthesis of deuterated benzylic alcohols. The iron-catalyzed Kumada cross-coupling exploits the high stability of benzamide bonds, enabling challenging C(sp2)-C(sp3) cross-coupling with alkyl Grignard reagents that are prone to dimerization and β-hydride elimination. The subsequent sodium dispersion promoted reduction of carboxamides proceeds with full chemoselectivity for the C-N bond cleavage of the carbinolamine intermediate. The method provides access to valuable benzylic alcohols, including deuterium-labelled benzylic alcohols, which are widely used as synthetic intermediates and pharmacokinetic probes in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. The combination of two benign metals by complementary reaction mechanisms enables to exploit underexplored avenues for organic synthesis.
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33
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Selective functionalization of benzylic C(sp3)–H bonds to synthesize complex molecules. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Sun W, Wang Y, Wen Z, Yao J, Li H. Mechanistic insights on base-DMSO mediated aerobic oxidation of (hetero)benzylic C-H bonds. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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35
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Motiwala HF, Armaly AM, Cacioppo JG, Coombs TC, Koehn KRK, Norwood VM, Aubé J. HFIP in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12544-12747. [PMID: 35848353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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36
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Ma W, Peng C, Song X, Zhang L, Fei H. Efficient and reusable catalysis of benzylic C-H oxidation over layered [Co 5(OH) 6] 4+ derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8444-8447. [PMID: 35797619 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02424a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic oxidation of benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds in a green and heterogeneous manner is a major target in organic catalysis. Herein, we report the synthesis of 3D coordination polymers containing [Co5(OH)6]4+ layers, affording reusable and efficient oxidation of ethylbenezene and tetralin by using O2 as the oxidant. Moreover, the cleavage of CoII-carboxylate bonding renders atomically thin cobaltate nanosheets and enhanced catalytic performance. This is one of the top catalytic performances for CoII-catalyzed benzylic C(sp3)-H oxidation (∼0.02 mol% Co and 76% conversion for nanosheets), ascribed to the exposed, accessible and coordinatively unsaturated CoII species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd., Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China.
| | - Chengdong Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd., Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China.
| | - Xueling Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd., Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China.
| | - Lu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd., Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China.
| | - Honghan Fei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd., Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China.
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37
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Long H, Chen TS, Song J, Zhu S, Xu HC. Electrochemical aromatic C-H hydroxylation in continuous flow. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3945. [PMID: 35803941 PMCID: PMC9270493 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct hydroxylation of arene C-H bonds is a highly sought-after transformation but remains an unsolved challenge due to the difficulty in efficient and regioselective C-H oxygenation and high reactivity of the phenolic products leading to overoxidation. Herein we report electrochemical C-H hydroxylation of arenes in continuous flow for the synthesis of phenols. The method is characterized by broad scope (compatible with arenes of diverse electronic properties), mild conditions without any catalysts or chemical oxidants, and excellent scalability as demonstrated by the continuous production of 1 mol (204 grams) of one of the phenol products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Tian-Sheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaobin Zhu
- NanoFCM INC., Xiamen Pioneering Park for Overseas Chinese Scholars, 361006, Xiamen, China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.
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38
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Prakash D, Mitra S, Murphy M, Chakraborty S. Oxidation and Peroxygenation of C–H Bonds by Artificial Cu Peptides (ArCuPs): Improved Catalysis via Selective Outer Sphere Modifications. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Divyansh Prakash
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Suchitra Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Morgan Murphy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Saumen Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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39
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Hou ZW, Zhang MM, Yang WC, Wang L. Catalyst- and Oxidizing Reagent-Free Electrochemical Benzylic C(sp 3)-H Oxidation of Phenol Derivatives. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7806-7817. [PMID: 35648817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A site-selective electrochemical approach for the benzylic C(sp3)-H oxidation reaction of phenol derivatives along with hydrogen evolution has been developed. The protocol proceeds in an easily available undivided cell at room temperature under catalyst- and oxidizing reagent-free conditions. The corresponding aryl aldehydes and ketones are obtained in satisfactory yields, and the gram-scale synthesis is easy to be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Hou
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, Taizhou 318000, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhang
- Guangling College and School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Chao Yang
- Guangling College and School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, Taizhou 318000, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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40
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Golden DL, Suh SE, Stahl SS. Radical C(sp3)-H functionalization and cross-coupling reactions. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:405-427. [PMID: 35965690 PMCID: PMC9364982 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
C─H functionalization reactions are playing an increasing role in the preparation and modification of complex organic molecules, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and polymer precursors. Radical C─H functionalization reactions, initiated by hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) and proceeding via open-shell radical intermediates, have been expanding rapidly in recent years. These methods introduce strategic opportunities to functionalize C(sp3)─H bonds. Examples include synthetically useful advances in radical-chain reactivity and biomimetic radical-rebound reactions. A growing number of reactions, however, proceed via "radical relay" whereby HAT generates a diffusible radical that is functionalized by a separate reagent or catalyst. The latter methods provide the basis for versatile C─H cross-coupling methods with diverse partners. In the present review, highlights of recent radical-chain and radical-rebound methods provide context for a survey of emerging radical-relay methods, which greatly expand the scope and utility of intermolecular C(sp3)─H functionalization and cross coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung L. Golden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Dung L. Golden, Sung-Eun Suh
| | - Sung-Eun Suh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Dung L. Golden, Sung-Eun Suh
- Department of Chemistry, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI, USA
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Nandi S, Mondal S, Jana R. Chemo- and regioselective benzylic C(sp3)–H oxidation bridging the gap between hetero- and homogeneous copper catalysis. iScience 2022; 25:104341. [PMID: 35602936 PMCID: PMC9118691 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective C‒H functionalization in a pool of proximal C‒H bonds, predictably altering their innate reactivity is a daunting challenge. We disclose here, an expedient synthesis of privileged seven-membered lactones, dibenzo[c,e]oxepin-5(7H)-one through a highly chemoselective benzylic C(sp3)‒H activation. Remarkably, the formation of widely explored six-membered lactone via C(sp2)‒H activation is suppressed under the present conditions. The reaction proceeds smoothly on use of inexpensive metallic copper catalyst and di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP). Owing to the hazards of stoichiometric DTBP, further, we have developed a sustainable metallic copper/rose bengal dual catalytic system coupled with molecular oxygen replacing DTBP. A 1,5-aryl migration through Smiles rearrangement was realized from the corresponding diaryl ether substrates instead of expected eight-membered lactones. The present methodology is scalable, applied to the total synthesis of cytotoxic and neuroprotective natural product alterlactone. The catalyst is recyclable and the reaction can be performed in a copper bottle without any added catalyst. Catalytic strategy for chemo- and regioselective benzylic C–H activation Bulk copper catalysis merging with photocatalysis Reusable copper catalyst Reaction demonstrated in commercial copper bottle without external catalyst
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Nandi
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Shuvam Mondal
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Ranjan Jana
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
- Corresponding author
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42
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Tyagi S, McKillican BP, Salvador TK, Gichinga MG, Eberle WJ, Viner R, Makaravage KJ, Johnson TS, Russell CA, Roy S. Bioinspired Synthesis of Pinoxaden Metabolites Using a Site-Selective C-H Oxidation Strategy. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6202-6211. [PMID: 35442682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A bioinspired synthesis of Pinoxaden metabolites 2-5 is described herein. A site-selective C-H oxidation strategy validated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations was devised for preparing metabolites 2-4. Oxidation of the benzylic C-H bond in tertiary alcohol 7 using K2S2O8 and catalytic AgNO3 formed the desired metabolite 2 that enabled access to metabolites 3 and 4 in a single step. Unlike most metal/persulfate-catalyzed transformations reported for the C-C and C-O bond formation reactions wherein the metal acts as a catalyst, we propose that Ag(I)/K2S2O8 plays the role of an initiator in the oxidation of intermediate 7 to 2. Metabolite 2 was subjected to a ruthenium tetroxide-mediated C-H oxidation to form metabolites 3 and 4 as a mixture that were purified to isolate pure standards of these metabolites. Metabolite 5 was synthesized from readily available advanced intermediate 9 via a House-Meinwald-type rearrangement in one step using a base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Tyagi
- Product Metabolism Analytical Sciences, Syngenta Group, 410 Swing Road, Greensboro, North Carolina 27409, United States
| | - Bruce P McKillican
- Product Metabolism Analytical Sciences, Syngenta Group, 410 Swing Road, Greensboro, North Carolina 27409, United States
| | - Tolani K Salvador
- Product Metabolism Analytical Sciences, Syngenta Group, 410 Swing Road, Greensboro, North Carolina 27409, United States
| | - Moses G Gichinga
- Product Metabolism Analytical Sciences, Syngenta Group, 410 Swing Road, Greensboro, North Carolina 27409, United States
| | - William J Eberle
- Product Metabolism Analytical Sciences, Syngenta Group, 410 Swing Road, Greensboro, North Carolina 27409, United States
| | - Russell Viner
- Research Chemistry, Syngenta Group, Jealott's Hill International Research Center, Bracknell, Berkshire RG 42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Katarina J Makaravage
- Product Metabolism Analytical Sciences, Syngenta Group, 410 Swing Road, Greensboro, North Carolina 27409, United States
| | - Trey S Johnson
- Product Metabolism Analytical Sciences, Syngenta Group, 410 Swing Road, Greensboro, North Carolina 27409, United States
| | - C Adam Russell
- Product Metabolism Analytical Sciences, Syngenta Group, Jealott's Hill International Research Center, Bracknell, Berkshire RG 42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Subho Roy
- TCG Lifesciences, Chembiotek, Block BN, Plot 7, Salt Lake Electronics Complex, Sector V, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
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43
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González JM, Rubial B, Ballesteros A. Silylium‐Catalyzed Alkynylation and Etherification Reactions of Benzylic Acetates. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel González
- Universidad de Oviedo Quimica Organica e Inorganica Julian Claveria 8 33006 Oviedo SPAIN
| | - Belén Rubial
- Universidad de Oviedo Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica "Enrique Moles" SPAIN
| | - Alfredo Ballesteros
- Universidad de Oviedo Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto de Química Organometálica "Enrique Moles" SPAIN
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44
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Bay AV, Farnam EJ, Scheidt KA. Synthesis of Cyclohexanones by a Tandem Photocatalyzed Annulation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7030-7037. [PMID: 35316053 PMCID: PMC9050940 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The rapid synthesis of cyclic scaffolds is of high importance to the chemistry community. Strategies for the convergent synthesis of substituted carbocycles and heterocycles remain underexplored despite the plethora of applications that these cyclic motifs have in the pharmaceutical and materials industries. Reported herein is a tandem carbene and photoredox-catalyzed process for the convergent synthesis of substituted cycloalkanones via a formal [5 + 1] cycloaddition. Featuring two distinct photoredox cycles and a novel α-oxidation of benzylic ketones, this reaction offers a mild approach to construct two contiguous C-C bonds and eliminates the need for strong bases or expensive metal catalysts. The utility of this method is highlighted through various product diversification reactions that allow access to a range of important cyclic scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Bay
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emelia J Farnam
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Karl A Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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45
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Kopf S, Bourriquen F, Li W, Neumann H, Junge K, Beller M. Recent Developments for the Deuterium and Tritium Labeling of Organic Molecules. Chem Rev 2022; 122:6634-6718. [PMID: 35179363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organic compounds labeled with hydrogen isotopes play a crucial role in numerous areas, from materials science to medicinal chemistry. Indeed, while the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium gives rise to improved absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties in drugs and enables the preparation of internal standards for analytical mass spectrometry, the use of tritium-labeled compounds is a key technique all along drug discovery and development in the pharmaceutical industry. For these reasons, the interest in new methodologies for the isotopic enrichment of organic molecules and the extent of their applications are equally rising. In this regard, this Review intends to comprehensively discuss the new developments in this area over the last years (2017-2021). Notably, besides the fundamental hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reactions and the use of isotopically labeled analogues of common organic reagents, a plethora of reductive and dehalogenative deuteration techniques and other transformations with isotope incorporation are emerging and are now part of the labeling toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kopf
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Wu Li
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Kathrin Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., 18059 Rostock, Germany
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46
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Niu K, Shi X, Ding L, Liu Y, Song H, Wang Q. HCl-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Alkylarenes to Carbonyls. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102326. [PMID: 34817114 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The construction of C-O bonds through C-H bond functionalization remains fundamentally challenging. Here, a practical chlorine radical-mediated aerobic oxidation of alkylarenes to carbonyls was developed. This protocol employed commercially available HCl as a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reagent and air as a sustainable oxidant. In addition, this process exhibited excellent functional group tolerance and a broad substrate scope without the requirement for external metal and oxidants. The mechanistic hypothesis was supported by radical trapping, 18 O labeling, and control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Ling Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Qingmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
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Wan NW, Cui HB, Zhao L, Shan J, Chen K, Wang ZQ, Zhou XJ, Cui BD, Han WY, Chen YZ. Directed evolution of cytochrome P450DA hydroxylase activity for stereoselective biohydroxylation. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00164k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A colorimetric high throughput screening method was developed based on a dual-enzyme cascade and used for the directed evolution of cytochrome P450 hydroxylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Wei Wan
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, China
| | - Hai-Bo Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, China
| | - Jing Shan
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, China
| | - Zhong-Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, China
| | - Bao-Dong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, China
| | - Wen-Yong Han
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, China
| | - Yong-Zheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Green Pharmaceuticals Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, China
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48
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Dong Z, Pan H, Yang L, Fan L, Xiao Y, Chen J, Wang W. Porous organic polymer immobilized copper nanoparticles as heterogeneous catalyst for efficient benzylic C–H bond oxidation. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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49
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Gupta A, Kumar J, Rahaman A, Singh AK, Bhadra S. Functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds adjacent to heterocycles catalyzed by earth abundant transition metals. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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50
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Abstract
The Pd-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond formation pioneered by Heck in 1969 has dominated medicinal chemistry development for the ensuing fifty years. As the demand for more complex three-dimensional active pharmaceuticals continues to increase, preparative enzyme-mediated assembly, by virtue of its exquisite selectivity and sustainable nature, is poised to provide a practical and affordable alternative for accessing such compounds. In this minireview, we summarize recent state-of-the-art developments in practical enzyme-mediated assembly of carbocycles. When appropriate, background information on the enzymatic transformation is provided and challenges and/or limitations are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Douglass F Taber
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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